Deck 12: Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases

Question 1

Sexual receptivity, often corresponding with ovulation in female mammals, is necessary for

A) copulation.
B) estrus.
C) sexual attraction.
D) aromatization.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is not considered one of the stages of reproductive behavior?

A) Appetitive behavior
B) Sexual attraction
C) Organizational behavior
D) Copulation

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following factors is most important in determining whether an adult male rat and a female rat will mate?

A) Willingness of the female
B) Size of the female
C) Size of the male
D) Assertiveness of the male

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is not a proceptive behavior displayed by female rats?

A) Ear-wiggling
B) A hopping and darting gait
C) Lordosis
D) All of the above are proceptive behaviors displayed by female rats.

Question 5

The main activity of male and female rats following intromission is

A) grooming.
B) sleeping.
C) vocalization.
D) locomotion.

Question 6

The Coolidge effect is the

A) resumption of sexual activity by female rats when exposed to a novel male.
B) resumption of sexual activity by male rats when exposed to a novel female.
C) spontaneous abortion of pregnancy by female mice exposed to the urine of a strange male.
D) synchronization of ovulation in many species of primates.

Question 7

In which of the following groups of animals is oviparity never observed?

A) Reptiles
B) Mammals
C) Birds
D) None of the above; oviparity is observed in all of these groups.

Question 8

Sperm and ova are known as _______, and when they fuse they form a(n) _______.

A) undifferentiated cells; zygote
B) zygotes; embryo
C) zygotes; gamete
D) gametes; zygote

Question 9

Which of the following is necessary for receptive behaviors in female rats?

A) Estrogen
B) Progesterone
C) Testosterone
D) Both a and b

Question 10

In the brain of the male rat, the region especially important for reproductive behavior is the

A) medial preoptic area.
B) anterior hypothalamus.
C) sexually dimorphic nucleus.
D) nucleus of the bulbocavernosus.

Question 11

In males, the _______ projects to the spinal cord, where it normally _______ phallic erection.

A) SDN-POA; facilitates
B) paragigantocellular nucleus; inhibits
C) SNB; inhibits
D) VMH; facilitates

Question 12

Male mice have been studied to see how an individual's brain responds when an intruder is introduced into his cage. Neurons that respond to male vs. female intruders can be found in the

A) medial amygdala.
B) vomeronasal organ.
C) ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.
D) medial preoptic area.

Question 13

After estrogen treatment, increases in the size of _______ may be observed in the VMH of female rats.

A) neuronal cell bodies
B) axons
C) glial cells
D) dendrites

Question 14

In male rats, the medial amygdala plays an important role in sexual behavior by conveying information about _______ to the hypothalamus.

A) testosterone levels
B) pheromone signals
C) proceptive behavior
D) None of the above

Question 15

In order for sexual behavior to occur normally in female rats, _______ receptors must be activated in order to increase the production of proteins necessary for lordosis.

A) androgen
B) progesterone
C) AMH
D) opiate

Question 16

The hormone _______ plays a role in goldfish ovulation but also appears to act as a pheromone.

A) estrogen
B) 11-ketotestosterone
C) F prostaglandin
D) androstenedione

Question 17

Refer to the figure.
Which statement most accurately describes the animal in this figure?

A) A male elephant in a refractory phase following copulation
B) A female elephant indicating her fertility to male elephants
C) A male elephant sending chemical signals to both other males and females
D) A juvenile male elephant indicating the approach of sexual maturity

Question 18

Which of the following is true about sexual arousal in men?

A) During sexual arousal and especially ejaculation in men, the VTA is activated.
B) During sexual arousal and especially ejaculation in men, the right basal forebrain is activated.
C) Penile stimulation activates the insula and secondary somatosensory cortex.
D) All of the above

Question 19

Refer to the figure.
This graph most likely represents the

A) reponse of rats to exposure to pheromones.
B) timeline of sexual differentiation in early development.
C) typical sexual response pattern of human females.
D) behavior of male elephants during the mating season.

Question 20

The first standardized information about human sex behavior was obtained by

A) Beach.
B) Kinsey.
C) Masters and Johnson.
D) Money and Ehrhardt.

Question 21

A functional brain imaging procedures carried out while men and women were copulating would show that during orgasm,

A) very few sites in the male brain are activated, while in women activity is widespread.
B) both men and women show activation of portions the basal forebrain.
C) women and men experience extensive but entirely different types of brain activity.
D) brain activity in men follows a clear pattern but is highly individualized in women.

Question 22

Research indicates that treating postmenopausal women with low doses of _______ can revive sexual interest.

A) androgen
B) estrogen
C) progesterone
D) cortisol

Question 23

Animals born in a rather early stage of bodily development are called

A) altricial.
B) ectotherms.
C) glabrous.
D) precocial.

Question 24

5-reductase is necessary for the development of the

A) gonads.
B) wolffian ducts in males.
C) external genitalia in typical males.
D) testes.

Question 25

The SRY protein is expressed in the

A) ovaries.
B) testes.
C) prenatal indifferent gonad.
D) brain.

Question 26

In the absence of the SRY protein, the indifferent gonad

A) atrophies.
B) becomes an ovary.
C) becomes a testicle.
D) becomes both an ovary and a testicle.

Question 27

A female rat that is bracketed by two brothers in utero, and therefore exposed prenatally to their androgens, will

A) be infertile as an adult.
B) be born with masculinized genitalia.
C) exhibit mounting behavior in adulthood.
D) have a greater anogenital distance than that of a female that developed between sisters.

Question 28

Whether an individual is XX or XY refers to her or his

A) gonadal sex.
B) genetic sex.
C) phenotypic sex.
D) psychosocial gender.

Question 29

Development of masculine external genitalia is guaranteed by the presence of

A) the XY chromosome pattern.
B) the wolffian duct system.
C) estrogens.
D) None of the above

Question 30

Which of the following is not involved in peripheral masculinization of the mammalian body?

A) DHT
B) Testosterone
C) Aromatase
D) 5-reductase

Question 31

Which of the following statements about CAH females is false?

A) They have a fully developed müllerian duct system.
B) They are likely to be described as "tomboys" by their parents.
C) They have a partially masculinized phallus.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 32

Which of the following does not develop from either the genital tubercle or genital epithelium?

A) Labia
B) Penis
C) Clitoris
D) Uterus

Question 33

Which of the following are the organs derived from the wolffian duct system?

A) Seminal vesicles, vas deferens, testes, epididymis, prostate
B) Seminal vesicles, vas deferens, prostate, epididymis
C) Seminal vesicles, epididymis, prostate, testes
D) Seminal vesicles, vas deferens, epididymis

Question 34

The gonads

A) are the last sex organs to become differentiated.
B) originate from identical tissue-the indifferent gonad-in males and females.
C) develop as a result of either estrogens or androgens.
D) None of the above

Question 35

The internal sex organs

A) require hormonal stimulation in both males and females for proper development.
B) are already fully differentiated before the gonads and need no hormonal intervention.
C) develop from the müllerian system in males.
D) require testicular secretions for male-typical development.

Question 36

Which of the following is part of the female external genitalia?

A) Uterus
B) Fallopian tubes
C) Clitoris
D) Ovary

Question 37

Which of the following statements about sex characteristics is true?

A) The androgens that affect male sexual development are released by the adrenal gland.
B) The ratio of estradiol to testosterone stimulation determines breast development.
C) Estradiol and testosterone enhance skeletal growth.
D) Axillary and pubic hair in females is produced by the androgen testosterone.

Question 38

In mammals, whether the body (not brain) develops in a male or female pattern during a particular species' sensitive period for sexual differentiation depends

A) neither on estrogen nor androgen.
B) mostly on testosterone.
C) on autosomes.
D) on adrenal steroids.

Question 39

An XY adult with androgen insensitivity syndrome would have a phenotype that includes which of the following?

A) Testes, uterus, fallopian tubes, labia, breasts
B) Testes, vas deferens, uterus, fallopian tubes, breasts
C) Testes, labia, clitoris
D) Ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, labia, breasts

Question 40

Which of the following individuals would be likely to have normal, functioning ovaries?

A) A XY individual treated with estrogen in utero
B) A XX individual with CAH
C) An individual labeled guevedoces
D) An androgen-insensitive individual

Question 41

The external genitalia of a human female with an XX genotype can have a masculine form at birth as a result of overproduction of androgens by the fetal

A) adrenal glands.
B) ovaries.
C) pituitary gland.
D) testes.

Question 42

Which of the following would be possessed at birth by an XY individual with genetically disabled 5-reductase enzyme?

A) Ovaries
B) Fully developed mullerian duct
C) Labia
D) Penis

Question 43

Which of the following statements about external genitalia is true?

A) Ovarian hormones are responsible for development of the labial folds, clitoris, and outer part of the vagina.
B) The external genitalia are female-like in people with androgen insensitivity syndrome.
C) The external genitals develop in males and females from different types of estrogens.
D) AMH masculinizes the male external genitalia.

Question 44

The external genitalia of a genetic male can have a feminine form at birth as a result of

A) overproduction of gonadal progesterone.
B) insensitivity to androgens.
C) oversecretion of gonadal estrogens.
D) excessive conversion of androgens into estrogens.

Question 45

The SDN-POA of the female spotted hyena is

A) masculine.
B) feminine.
C) virtually absent.
D) very large.

Question 46

Which of the following will show a great deal of lordosis?

A) A female rat with ovaries removed in adulthood that is given progesterone
B) A female rat with ovaries removed in adulthood
C) A female rat with ovaries removed in adulthood that is given estrogen followed by progesterone
D) A male rat castrated in adulthood that is given estrogen followed by progesterone

Question 47

If a male rat is castrated in adulthood, administration of which hormone will be most effective for maintaining male copulatory behavior?

A) Estradiol
B) Progesterone
C) DHT
D) Cortisone

Question 48

Which of the following statements about female hyenas is true?

A) They are larger than males.
B) They are more aggressive than males.
C) They are socially dominant.
D) All of the above

Question 49

Androgen-insensitive rats have _______ SNBs and _______ SDN-POAs.

A) small; large
B) large; large
C) large; small
D) small; small

Question 50

In the canary, gonadal steroids _______ the masculine song system.

A) organize
B) activate
C) Both a and b
D) None of the above

Question 51

The masculinization of female hyenas may be a consequence of a lack of _______ in the _______ during early development.

A) aromatase; brain
B) aromatase; placenta
C) 5-reductase; placenta
D) 5-reductase; brain

Question 52

The process by which testosterone is converted to estradiol is

A) 5-reduction.
B) estrogenization.
C) 5-oxidization.
D) aromatization.

Question 53

The clitoris of the female spotted hyena has an opening in the tip through which she

A) urinates.
B) gives birth.
C) copulates.
D) All of the above

Question 54

A female zebra finch treated with _______ shortly after hatching and with ______ in adulthood will sing a male-like song.

A) estradiol; testosterone
B) dihydrotestosterone; dihydrotestosterone
C) nothing; testosterone
D) testosterone; nothing

Question 55

The sensitive period for the organizing effects of androgens may occur postnatally in some _______ species.

A) precocial
B) altricial
C) monomorphic
D) dimorphic

Question 56

Administering estrogens as well as androgens can masculinize female rat pups, but normal females are not masculinized by their own estrogen secretion because they have

A) the müllerian duct system.
B) the XX chromosome pattern.
C) female gender identity.
D) a circulating estrogen-binding protein.

Question 57

One function of -fetoprotein in rats is to

A) bind maternal estrogen in both males and females.
B) bind maternal estrogen in females only.
C) convert testosterone to DHT in males and females.
D) prevent the fetus from implanting in the uterus.

Question 58

The sexually dimorphic HVC and RA nuclei in zebra finches have been shown to be involved in

A) ingestive behaviors.
B) singing behaviors.
C) sexual behaviors.
D) lordosis.

Question 59

The appearance of the sexually dimorphic nucleus in the spinal cord of the adult rat is different in males and females because

A) the female does not have these cells at birth.
B) the cells have proliferated more rapidly in the males than in the females.
C) the cells stain more readily in the males than in the females.
D) perinatal cell death in this nucleus occurs more completely in females.

Question 60

Which of the following is not used as a marker of fetal androgen exposure in women?

A) Eye blink patterns
B) Otoacoustic emissions from the ears
C) Skeletal features
D) Right-handedness

Question 61

Refer to the figure.
This data supports which of these conclusions?

A) Differences in early development may help explain differences between sexual orientation groups.
B) There must be a strong social component to explain differences between sexual orientation groups.
C) Homosexual men likely experienced low exposure to fetal androgen.
D) Factors and indicators associated with homosexuality in males differ from those in females.

Question 62

Which of the following may potentially be influenced by socio-cultural learning effects on brain plasticity during development?

A) AI females continuing to identify strongly as female
B) AI females identifying heterosexual
C) CAH girls who know from birth their genitals have been masculinized being "tomboyish."
D) All of the above

Question 63

As a result of many correlative studies, scientists have concluded that with respect to the relative contributions of nature and nurture on sexual orientation in humans,

A) the role of biology is greater.
B) the role of environmental learning is greater.
C) the role of developmental experience shaping the brain is greater.
D) the jury is still out as to the causes of the diverse, complex array of sexual orientation and other human sexual patterns.

Question 64

In terms of the stages of reproductive behavior, parental behaviors are classified as _______ behaviors.

Question 65

Of all the stages of reproductive and sexual behavior, _______ is required before other behaviors can occur.

Question 66

Female rats engage in _______ behavior to promote sexual contact with male rats.

Question 67

Male rats do not engage in sexual behavior during the _______ period that follows ejaculation.

Question 68

Viviparity, or _______, is found in some fish, some reptiles, and almost all mammals.

Question 69

The restoration of sexual function in a castrated male treated with testosterone demonstrates the _______ effect of hormones.

Question 70

The _______ of the pons exerts a steady inhibitory influence on spinal mechanisms of phallic erection.

Question 71

In the circuit mediating lordosis behavior in female rats, the VMH sends axons to the _______ region of the midbrain. Lesions in this region reduce lordosis.

Question 72

Estradiol applied directly to the _______ in female rats can induce receptivity.

Question 73

The _______ appears to be specialized for the detection of pheromones.

Question 74

Pregnant female voles may abort their pregnancies if they encounter _______ from a strange male.

Question 75

Among humans, the only behavior that is displayed exclusively by one sex is _______.

Question 76

Refer to the figure.
The sexual response pattern illustrated here is typical of a _______.

Question 77

During the process of sexual differentiation in mammals, the male internal reproductive tract develops from the _______ ducts.

Question 78

Human females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia typically exhibit _______ genitalia and heterosexual orientation.

Question 79

_______ act on BC muscles, consequently rescuing SNB motor neurons during sexual differentiation.

Question 80

Exposure of female rat pups to testosterone during the period from just before birth to 10 days of age results in greatly reduced frequency of _______ in adulthood.