Deck 5: Hormones and the Brain

Question 1

If a hormone-secreting cell is affected by the hormone that it synthesizes, the hormone is said to act in a(n) _______ fashion.

A) autocrine
B) exocrine
C) paracrine
D) endocrine

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Refer to the figure.
The dotted lines in this figure represent

A) nectar.
B) pheromones.
C) pollen.
D) allomones.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Refer to the figure.
The dotted lines in this figure represent

A) nectar.
B) pheromones.
C) pollen.
D) allomones.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Neuronal and hormonal communication both involve

A) all-or-none impulses.
B) specialized receptor molecules.
C) movement of materials through the bloodstream.
D) voluntary control.

Question 5

Compared to neurotransmitters, hormone effects are generally

A) more widespread in the body.
B) produced by comparable quantities of substance.
C) more limited with respect to target sites.
D) shorter lasting.

Question 6

As a result of his experiments with roosters, Berthold concluded that

A) the testes secrete testosterone.
B) the testes release a masculinizing chemical into the blood.
C) hormones are important for homeostasis.
D) castration has different effects in birds than in mammals.

Question 7

Neuromodulators

A) have a rapid action and directly activate synapses.
B) enter cells and alter gene transcription.
C) directly generate action potentials.
D) are released into synapses and act gradually.

Question 8

The two hormones secreted by the pancreas (islets of Langerhans) are

A) oxytocin and vasopressin.
B) estradiol and estrone.
C) calcitonin and ghrelin.
D) insulin and glucagon.

Question 9

Which substance is an amine hormone?

A) Testosterone
B) Estrogen
C) Cortisol
D) Melatonin

Question 10

Taking supplemental testosterone may

A) increase aggressive or manic behaviors.
B) facilitate increased concentration.
C) induce calm and contentment.
D) increase cognitive processing speed.

Question 11

Which of the following is an amine hormone?

A) Glucagon
B) Prolactin
C) Thyroxine
D) Growth hormone

Question 12

Which substance is not a peptide hormone?

A) LH
B) oxytocin
C) aldosterone
D) GH

Question 13

The molecular structure of steroid hormones involves

A) four interconnected rings of carbon atoms.
B) short chains of amino acids.
C) long chains of amino acids.
D) modified tyrosine molecules.

Question 14

The molecular structure of peptide hormones involves

A) four interconnected rings of carbon atoms.
B) short chains of amino acids.
C) long chains of amino acids.
D) modified tyrosine molecules.

Question 15

A newly developed drug that blocks cell membrane receptors would likely have the greatest effect on

A) aldosterone.
B) testosterone.
C) cortisol.
D) vasopressin.

Question 16

After a meal, glucose from the food enters the bloodstream, causing insulin to be released from the

A) stomach.
B) thyroid.
C) pancreas.
D) pineal gland.

Question 17

Two cells that contain similar steroid receptors may nevertheless respond differently to the steroid if they

A) contain different DNA strands.
B) make different steroid receptor cofactors.
C) have been down-regulated.
D) lack differentiation.

Question 18

Typically, steroid hormones exert their effects by

A) changing the composition of the myelin sheath.
B) entering cells and altering gene expression.
C) altering synaptic functioning.
D) binding to receptors of the cell membrane.

Question 19

When _______ is released from the cells of the pancreas, blood levels of glucose _______.

A) glucagon; stay level
B) insulin; rise
C) glucagon; fall
D) insulin; fall

Question 20

Which enzyme converts testosterone to estradiol?

A) α-Fetoprotein
B) 5α-reductase
C) Aromatase
D) Acetylcholinesterase

Question 21

Peptide hormone effects are often mediated by the second messenger

A) cyclic GMP.
B) calcium.
C) cyclic AMP.
D) cyclic TMP.

Question 22

The more rapid effects of estrogen on neuronal membranes is an example of

A) nonspecific binding.
B) cross-reactivity.
C) nongenomic steroid action.
D) None of the above

Question 23

______ hormones control ______ hormones which control _____.

A) steroid; peptide; behavior.
B) releasing; tropic; endocrine glands throughout the body.
C) peptide; steroid; behavior.
D) tropic; releasing; endocrine glands throughout the body .

Question 24

Insulin causes blood levels of glucose to _______, while glucagon causes blood levels of glucose to _______.

A) increase; decrease
B) decrease; increase
C) remain the same; remain the same
D) none of the above

Question 25

Hormones that induce cells to release their hormones are collectively known as _______ hormones.

A) tropic
B) autocrine
C) allomone
D) corpora lutea

Question 26

Refer to the figure.
The sequence illustrated here is best described as a

A) nongenomic effect.
B) second messenger system.
C) negative feedback loop.
D) neuromodulation.

Question 27

_______ is a major precursor for making _______.

A) Progesterone; estrogens
B) Testosterone; estrogens
C) Progesterone; testosterone
D) Estrogen; testosterone

Question 28

Which technique could be used to determine whether the receptors of a particular hormone are located in a specific type of cell?

A) Immunocytochemistry
B) Radioimmunoassay
C) Autoradiography
D) Both a and c

Question 29

Concentrations of hormones in the blood may be quantified using the _______ technique.

A) knockout
B) radioimmunoassay
C) autoradiography
D) immunocytochemistry

Question 30

If a person does not release sufficient amounts of oxytocin and vasopressin, the sources of the problem are likely to be found in the _______ or the _______.

A) hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
B) hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
C) posterior pituitary; median eminence
D) anterior pituitary; median eminence

Question 31

Vasopressin is secreted by the

A) kidneys.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) posterior pituitary.
D) adrenal cortex.

Question 32

In mammals, postpartum female nipple sensitivity is required for

A) oxytocin synthesis.
B) milk production.
C) a normal milk letdown reflex.
D) All of the above

Question 33

Oxytocin and vasopressin are

A) both secreted in response to suckling in postpartum female mammals as part of a milk production and release process.
B) both amine hormones transported along the hypophyseal portal system to the posterior pituitary.
C) anterior pituitary hormones controlled by hypothalamic releasing hormones.
D) synthesized in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and transported along axon terminals to the posterior pituitary.

Question 34

The anterior pituitary is also known as the

A) neurohypophysis.
B) adenohypophysis.
C) infundibulum.
D) median eminence.

Question 35

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei are important for the

A) production of releasing hormones.
B) production of oxytocin and vasopressin.
C) release of ACTH.
D) production of melatonin.

Question 36

Which hormones have been implicated in the formation of social bonds?

A) Estrogen and oxytocin
B) Aldosterone and vasopressin
C) Oxytocin and vasopressin
D) Thyroxine and estrogen

Question 37

The _______ is a clear example of _______ found in the _______.

A) paraventricular nucleus; neurosecretory cells; anterior pituitary
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus; a neuromodulator; hypothalamus
C) supraoptic nucleus; neurosecretory cells; hypothalamus
D) paraventricular nucleus; a neuromodulator; anterior pituitary

Question 38

Stimulation of the nipple of a breastfeeding mother stimulates the release of _______ from the _______ pituitary.

A) prolactin; anterior
B) oxytocin; anterior
C) growth hormone; posterior
D) oxytocin; posterior

Question 39

Which substance acts by passing through plasma membranes to enter cells to couple with receptors inside the cell then interact with DNA, thereby altering gene expression?

A) Steroid hormones
B) Amine hormones
C) Peptide hormones
D) Pheromones

Question 40

Which hormone is secreted particularly during non-REM sleep?

A) ACTH
B) Growth hormone
C) Androstenedione
D) Cortisol

Question 41

Normal levels of blood plasma TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH, prolactin, and growth hormone are maintained by the

A) posterior pituitary.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) adrenal gland.
D) GnRH-secreting cells.

Question 42

The steroid hormones cortisol and corticosterone are released by the _______ in response to the hormone _______ from the ______.

A) kidney; ACTH; posterior pituitary
B) kidney; AVP; anterior pituitary
C) adrenal cortex; ACTH; anterior pituitary
D) adrenal medulla; AVP; posterior pituitary

Question 43

The hormone epinephrine is secreted from the

A) anterior pituitary.
B) adrenal cortex.
C) thyroid.
D) adrenal medulla.

Question 44

One of the developmental consequences of a diet that is insufficient in iodine is

A) diabetes.
B) memory disorders.
C) dwarfism.
D) cretinism.

Question 45

Which substance is a mineralocorticoid?

A) Aldosterone
B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
C) Glucagon
D) Androstenedione

Question 46

Refer to the figure.
This diagram illustrates the mechanism leading to the release of

A) androstenedione.
B) cortisol.
C) melatonin.
D) aldosterone.

Question 47

Which factor probably does not contribute to psychosocial dwarfism in children?

A) Over production of growth hormone
B) Elevated cortisol levels
C) Stress
D) Increased production of epinephrine

Question 48

Which dietary measure is helpful in preventing goiter?

A) Adequate tyrosine in the diet
B) Consumption of iodized salt
C) Consumption of bananas (high potassium content)
D) Decreasing the amount of salt in one's diet

Question 49

Sympathetic nervous system activation leads to the release of _______ from the adrenal medulla.

A) glucocorticoids
B) mineralocorticoids
C) epinephrine and norepinephrine
D) androstenedione

Question 50

The symptoms of "jet lag" experienced following a few hours of eastward travel is caused by a(n)

A) excessive secretion of melatonin.
B) under-secretion of melatonin.
C) exposure to sunlight at the end of one's melatonin secretion phase.
D) disruption of one's activity routine.

Question 51

The principal hormones of the adrenal medulla are _______ and _______, which are secreted in response to signals from the _______.

A) cortisol; hydrocortisone; pituitary
B) epinephrine; norepinephrine; parasympathetic nervous system
C) epinephrine; norepinephrine; sympathetic nervous system
D) cortisol; hydrocortisone; sympathetic nervous system

Question 52

Cortisol is classified as a _______; it is secreted by the _______ in response to ______ from the _______.

A) glucocorticoid; adrenal cortex; ACTH; anterior pituitary
B) mineralocorticoid; adrenal medulla; TSH; posterior pituitary
C) glucocorticoid; adrenal cortex; TSH; anterior pituitary
D) glucocorticoid; adrenal cortex; ACTH; posterior pituitary

Question 53

The principal secretion of the pineal gland is _______, which is an ______ hormone that is secreted during the _______ phase/hours of the day.

A) melatonin; peptide; dark
B) somatocrinin; amine; light
C) melatonin; amine; dark
D) growth hormone; peptide; dark

Question 54

A hormone that is normally found only in males is

A) testosterone.
B) androstenedione.
C) LH.
D) None of the above

Question 55

_______ appears to play an important role in governing the onset of puberty.

A) Kisspeptin
B) Aldosterone
C) Testosterone
D) Estrogen

Question 56

The _______ cells of the testes produce testosterone under the influence of _______.

A) Sertoli; FSH
B) Leydig; LH
C) Sertoli; LH
D) Leydig; FSH

Question 57

Without gonadal hormone negative feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, which of the following would be disrupted?

A) Regulation of GnRH release
B) Follicle development and spermatogenesis
C) Postpartum maternal milk production
D) All of the above

Question 58

In the testes, _______ cells produce testosterone and _______ cells produce sperm.

A) Leydig; Sertoli
B) seminal; seminiferous
C) Sertoli; Leydig
D) seminiferous; seminal

Question 59

In the ovaries, estrogen is produced by _______ and progesterone is produced by _______.

A) corpora lutea; follicles
B) ova; follicles
C) follicles; ova
D) follicles; corpora lutea

Question 60

Among ovarian hormones, _______ promote(s) development of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics and _______ prepare(s) the endometrium to house and nourish a fertilized egg.

A) estrogens; oxytocin
B) estrogens; progestins
C) estrogens; prolactin
D) progestins; estrogens

Question 61

The main role of FSH is to

A) stimulate general body growth.
B) develop gametes.
C) induce estrogen and testosterone production.
D) stimulate follicle development in the ovaries.

Question 62

Which statement about oxytocin is true?

A) Oxytocin receptors are found only in females.
B) Infusions of oxytocin impair male recognition of familiar female mice.
C) It improves maze navigation in female mice.
D) It induces satisfaction, thereby reducing interaction or contact with others.

Question 63

Male mice with the oxytocin gene knocked out can be cured of _______ with brain infusions of ______.

A) impotence; prolactin
B) social amnesia; vasopressin
C) social amnesia; oxytocin
D) impotence; oxytocin

Question 64

A male ringdove that is castrated in adulthood would have trouble with

A) neural‒neural transmission when first seeing a female.
B) endocrine‒endocrine transmission involving the anterior pituitary.
C) endocrine‒neural transmission for initiating courtship behavior.
D) making sperm, although courtship behavior would be normal.

Question 65

Normal growth of the body is stimulated not only by growth hormone but also by _______, which are released by the _______.

A) glucocorticoids; adrenal cortex
B) peptides; gut (duodenum and mucosa)
C) amine hormones; adrenal medulla
D) somatomedins; liver

Question 66

Men rooting for a sports team will produce more _______ if their team wins.

A) oxytocin
B) testosterone
C) thyroxine
D) TRH

Question 67

Hormones that induce cells to release their hormones are collectively known as _______ hormones.

Question 68

Concentrations of hormones in the blood may be quantified using the _______ technique.

Question 69

Peptide hormone effects are often mediated by the second messenger _______.

Question 70

Growth hormone secretion can be prompted by the release of the hormone _______ from the stomach.

Question 71

A lack of thyroid hormones during development can cause a syndrome called _______, which is characterized by mental retardation.

Question 72

Cells of the hypothalamus can respond to levels of hormones in the blood because the _______ are/is weakened in this location.

Question 73

You feel excited by a peer at a party. Primping your hair, walking up to them, smiling, and striking up a conversation are all behaviors that are an example of a(n) _______ link.

Question 74

Describe the six basic categories of chemical signals used to communicate between cells within the body as well as between individuals.

Question 75

Compare and contrast functional similarities and differences in endocrine and neural communication systems.

Question 76

Describe how typical neural communication and endocrine communication work at the cellular level. How are neuroendocrine cells similar to and different from each?

Question 77

Describe how the molecular structure of the three major classes of hormones influence differences in their interactions with target cells.

Question 78

Describe the mechanisms of peptide hormones on and within cells.

Question 79

Describe the mechanisms of steroid action within cells.

Question 80

Describe how G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activate second messenger systems.