Deck 2: The Self, Perception, and Communication

Question 1

Brandt is very muscular, but thin. This makes him feel like a weakling when he's around his bodybuilder friends at the gym. He feels this way because of his

A) significant other.
B) self-esteem.
C) perceived self.
D) presenting self.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Kerry tends to take the initiative in beginning relationships with others and also tends to show affection to others. This is likely due to Kerry's

A) high self-esteem.
B) supportive self-concept.
C) perceived self.
D) presenting self.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Mary tends to think of herself as shy, thoughtful, serious and compassionate. These characteristics are known as

A) belief systems.
B) social traits.
C) social roles.
D) defining interests.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

James regards being a father to his new-born twins as the most important thing about him. He is therefore emphasizing one of his

A) social roles.
B) social traits.
C) talents.
D) belief systems.

Question 5

Ashley considers herself as someone fearful of public speaking. She is asked to speak to the school board about a new project she's working on. When she speaks to the school board, she is nervous and stumbles on her words. This is likely because

A) self-esteem influences the self-concept.
B) significant others influence the self-concept.
C) culture influences the self-concept.
D) the self-concept influences communication with others.

Question 6

Jared describes himself as a thin, muscular, and talented surfer. His friend Joseph also surfs and affirms that Jared is a good surfer. Jared feels good about his body because being thin and muscular is considered a norm in surfing culture. Which part(s) of this description convey(s) Jared's self-concept?

A) Joseph is his friend.
B) He values Joseph's opinion.
C) He describes himself as a thin, muscular, and talented surfer.
D) Being thin and muscular is a norm in surfing culture.

Question 7

Janet knows her job very well. She considers herself an expert in her field. As a result, she is frequently able to help her co-workers. Even when someone has trouble understanding an idea, Janet doesn't think poorly of them. Taking all this into account, chances are Janet

A) has high self-esteem.
B) has low self-esteem.
C) is driven by defining interests.
D) has an unstable perception of herself.

Question 8

People with _______ are less willing to communicate, more likely to be critical of others and expect rejection from them, and more likely to be critical of their own performances and perform poorly when being watched.

A) intermediate self-esteem
B) high-self-esteem
C) low-self-esteem
D) insecure belief systems

Question 9

The term _______ describes how we develop an image of ourselves from the way we think others view us.

A) self-concept
B) self-esteem
C) perceived self
D) reflected appraisal

Question 10

A _______ occurs when a person's expectation of an outcome, and their subsequent behavior, make the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been the case.

A) self-concept
B) reflected appraisal
C) perceived self
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 11

Ashley gives a speech to the school board and stumbles on her words. The next time she speaks to the school board, she expects to stumble on her words again, which makes her nervous. Her nervousness causes her to stumble on her words again. This is likely the result of

A) self-serving bias.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) her perceived self.
D) her presenting self.

Question 12

Lorie has a teacher whose opinion she highly values. This shows the importance of a

A) reflected appraisal.
B) self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) significant other.
D) self-serving bias.

Question 13

Significant others have a notably prominent role in the formation of

A) social traits.
B) social roles.
C) reflected appraisal.
D) culture.

Question 14

Mass media, significant others, expectations, and _______ are some of the factors influencing people's sense of self.

A) culture
B) prophesies
C) biases
D) concepts

Question 15

Rosa is from Honduras. Her upbringing there has greatly influenced the person she is today. Her father was also a great influence. He was stoic and brave and as a result she is too. Her father believed in her and encouraged her to be brave in the face of adversity. Now she believes she can be brave in almost any situation, and that confidence usually results in her success. Which part of this description conveys reflected appraisal?

A) She is from Honduras.
B) Her father was a great influence.
C) Her father was stoic and brave and now she is.
D) Her father believed in her and that helped her to believe in herself.

Question 16

Esperanza was predicted and expected to do poorly in a math class. At the end of the semester, Esperanza got an F in math. This is an example of

A) social traits.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) self-concept.
D) self-esteem.

Question 17

Psychologists call the process of attaching meaning to behavior

A) the halo effect.
B) self-serving bias.
C) gravitation to the familiar.
D) attribution.

Question 18

The tendency for us to judge ourselves in the most generous terms possible is called

A) confidence.
B) self-serving bias.
C) self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) attribution.

Question 19

Judy interviewed a recent college graduate named Steve who was perfectly qualified for the job, but she didn't hire him because he had a bit of a stutter. In this case, Judy was

A) more influenced by the negative traits.
B) equally influenced by the positive and negative traits.
C) more influenced by the positive traits.
D) perception checking.

Question 20

LaTonya is on a date with Dan. Dan has been polite and kind the whole night. He looks at her when she speaks and really seems to care about what she has to say. At the end of the night, he sneezes into his hand rather than in a napkin. Although LaTonya does this herself quite often, she suddenly decides she won't go out with him again. This is likely because

A) we often judge ourselves more charitably than others.
B) we are all capable of self-fulfilling prophesies.
C) we tend to assume others are similar to us.
D) we tend to think we're better than everyone.

Question 21

People who assume that an individual who is taller than average is also likely to be more intelligent than average are demonstrating

A) self-esteem.
B) self-concept.
C) perception.
D) the halo effect.

Question 22

Harpreet knew who she wanted to vote for in the election, so she only talked with people who were going to vote for the same candidate because she believed they were better informed than other voters. This illustrates what form of misattribution?

A) We often judge ourselves more charitably than others.
B) We pay more attention to negative impressions than positive ones.
C) People gravitate to the familiar.
D) People tend to overgeneralize.

Question 23

If you find explanations outside yourself when you suffer a setback, but tend to blame others' problems on their personal flaws, you are exhibiting

A) overgeneralization.
B) self-serving bias.
C) the halo effect.
D) miscommunication.

Question 24

A socially constructed set of expectations about what it means to be "masculine" or "feminine" is referred to as

A) sex.
B) gender.
C) androgyny.
D) attribution.

Question 25

Which term below goes beyond the dichotomy of masculine and feminine by describing a combination of masculine and feminine traits?

A) Sex
B) Gender
C) Androgynous
D) Attribution

Question 26

Masculine and feminine behaviors are part of

A) our biology.
B) a stereotype.
C) an unvarying set of qualities.
D) multidimensional set of qualities.

Question 27

The outdated view that genders are "opposite" to each other involved a(n) _______ system of understanding genders.

A) binary
B) androgynous
C) undifferentiated
D) transgender

Question 28

Samuel has long hair that some people think is girly. He dresses nicely and is concerned about his looks. While he likes sewing and baking, he is also a die-hard football fan who spends a lot of time restoring classic muscle cars. If you are to base your perception of Samuel on American cultural stereotypes, what gender is he?

A) He is male.
B) He is female.
C) He is androgynous, having both masculine and feminine traits.
D) He is intersex.

Question 29

People who consider it appropriate and normal for men, but less so for women, to compete assertively in the workplace, are demonstrating which element of gendered communication?

A) Gender roles are rooted in biology.
B) Gender roles are learned.
C) Gender roles cannot change.
D) Gender roles are binary.

Question 30

The ability to re-create another person's perspective, to experience the world from the other's point of view is referred to as

A) self-perception.
B) sympathy.
C) empathy.
D) understanding.

Question 31

A person who keeps calm by counting to 10 before addressing an emotional issue is demonstrating

A) self-awareness.
B) self-regulation.
C) internal motivation.
D) empathy.

Question 32

It's important to attempt to understand others accurately, and not to jump to conclusions. We can do this by

A) self-perception.
B) self-regulation.
C) empathy.
D) perception-checking.

Question 33

The theory of emotional intelligence, according to the psychologist who popularized it, has the following five dimensions:

A) self-awareness, self-perception, internal motivation, empathy, and social skills.
B) self-awareness, self-regulation, internal motivation, sympathy, and social skills.
C) self-awareness, self-regulation, sympathy, empathy, and social skills.
D) self-awareness, self-regulation, internal motivation, empathy, and social skills.

Question 34

Janine has not been smiling much the past few days and her husband, Andy, feels that she may be upset. Andy feels like he should talk to her about it. If Andy used a perception check to ask Janine about how she's been, what is he likely to ask?

A) "What's wrong with you?"
B) "Why are you so sad?"
C) "It seems like something is wrong with you. Am I right?"
D) "I noticed you haven't been smiling much lately. I was wondering if something has been bothering you or whether you might be upset with me. Are we okay?"

Question 35

Jorge is in line at the department store when he hears another customer complaining loudly. He has been unhappy with the customer service at this particular store as well and he really feels the guy's pain. How would you classify his reaction?

A) As a self-perception
B) As sympathy
C) As empathy
D) As understanding

Question 36

A tool for helping to understand others accurately instead of assuming that your first interpretation is correct is called

A) self-perception.
B) cognitive checking.
C) empathy.
D) perception checking.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about perception checking is true?

A) Nonverbal behavior has no effect on perception checking.
B) Perception checking is a one-step process.
C) Perception checking minimizes defensiveness.
D) Perception checking has no effect on the accuracy of perceptions.

Question 38

Which of the following statements about empathy is true?

A) It is impossible to achieve total empathy.
B) It requires the equal coexistence of your opinion with another's.
C) It requires critical judgment of another person.
D) It requires reliance on initial assumptions.

Question 39

Carlos's friend Albert is in a predicament. He was trying to make some quick cash and invested his money in a risky stock. Albert is emotionally wrought because he needed that money to pay rent for his family's home. Carlos feels sorry for Albert, and can understand why, in the circumstances, he made a choice that other people would criticize: in Albert's place, he would feel exactly the same way. Which selection below best characterizes how Carlos responds to Albert's situation?

A) Carlos is perception checking.
B) Carlos has often been short of cash himself.
C) Carlos empathizes with Albert.
D) Carlos is showing the value of friendship.

Question 40

Suspending judgment, genuine concern, perception checking, and _______ are the four dimensions we can use to develop empathy.

A) listening
B) sympathy
C) self-regulation
D) understanding

Question 41

Self-regulation and internal motivation are two of the five proposed dimensions of

A) perception checking.
B) empathy.
C) emotional intelligence.
D) good social skills.

Question 42

The verbal and nonverbal ways we act to show a positive image of ourselves to others are called

A) facework.
B) the private self.
C) attribution.
D) the presenting self.

Question 43

The person you believe yourself to be in moments of honest self-examination is referred to as the _______ self.

A) empathic
B) presenting
C) monitored
D) perceived

Question 44

Sometimes we disclose to others how we honestly feel about our bodies and sometimes we don't. This is because of the private nature of

A) facework.
B) identity management.
C) the presenting self.
D) the perceived self.

Question 45

In the same day you may be a joking friend and a consoling parent. This is because

A) identity management can be conscious or unconscious.
B) identity management is collaborative.
C) we have multiple identities.
D) people differ in their degree of identity management.

Question 46

Identity-related communication is a kind of drama in which we perform like actors and connect with other such actors trying to create their own characters-to improvise scenes in which our characters mesh. This is because

A) identity management can be conscious or unconscious.
B) identity management is collaborative.
C) we have multiple identities.
D) people differ in their degree of identity management.

Question 47

High self-monitors are usually more aware of their identity management behaviors, while low self-monitors are not. This is because

A) identity management can be conscious or unconscious.
B) identity management is collaborative.
C) we have multiple identities.
D) people differ in their degree of identity management.

Question 48

Read the following dialogue and choose the statement it best represents.
"I guess you weren't able to make it. Did something come up? I never heard from you."
"Yeah, I meant to be there, but my brother came by unexpectedly and sabotaged my day."

A) Identity management can be conscious or unconscious.
B) Identity management is collaborative.
C) We have multiple identities.
D) People differ in their degree of identity management.

Question 49

Anton is a highly dependable employee at his job. He is always focused and serious at work. When he's with his friends, he's considered a carefree jokester who is chronically late. Which of the following statements might best explain the difference?

A) Identity management can be conscious or unconscious.
B) Identity management is collaborative.
C) We have multiple identities.
D) People differ in their degree of identity management.

Question 50

When Shawna speaks to Trish, she is thoughtful about the things she says and carefully considers Trish's reactions. Trish on the other hand blurts out her thoughts without much thought to how they are received. What best explains the differences between Shawna and Trish?

A) Identity management can be conscious or unconscious.
B) Identity management is collaborative.
C) We have multiple identities.
D) People differ in their degree of identity management.

Question 51

To all of her friends, Andrea is a fun carefree friend. Despite her friends' characterization, she knows she is often quite sad and bombarded with stress. Andrea's understanding of herself primarily relates to

A) her perceived self.
B) her presenting self.
C) facework.
D) attribution.

Question 52

If you normally wear casual clothes, but dress more formally to attend a traffic court in the hope of being treated more sympathetically, you are showing that

A) identity management may be deliberate or unconscious
B) identity management is not necessarily dishonest
C) identity management can be goal-oriented
D) you have both a perceived self and a presenting self

Question 53

Ahmed has only been in the United States for a year and has not completely adjusted to new social norms. He notices his friend has had an acne breakout and says, "Your face looks terrible." His friend is very unhappy with the comment. What could Ahmed have done to better manage his identity to follow social rules?

A) He could have told his friend on social media.
B) He could have told his friend that he was having a breakout rather than that he looked terrible.
C) He could have made an excuse for his comment.
D) He could have chosen not to say anything to avoid making his friend uncomfortable.

Question 54

Hannah wants people to perceive her as fashionable and trendy. How might Hannah engage in identity management online?

A) She could strategically post photos on Instagram that depict upscale brands like Chanel.
B) She could post photos of herself wearing a wide range of clothes.
C) She could keep reminding people about her Instagram page.
D) She could follow a variety of accounts that fashion models also follow.

Question 55

Sonja posted about her recent health struggles on Facebook and was grateful for all of the support from people who lived far away from her. She started to feel better about herself. This demonstrates that

A) social media can boost self-esteem.
B) being genuine leads to benefits.
C) self-esteem can enhance emotional resilience.
D) people tend to pay attention to emotional stories on social media.

Question 56

Mitch wants people to perceive him as attractive and socially engaged. So, he tends to only post carefully edited photos that make him seem perfect. When his close friends point out that this is not an accurate picture, what are they asking him to consider?

A) Social media can boost self-esteem
B) Being genuine matters most.
C) Self-esteem can enhance emotional resilience.
D) Social media can reach an unexpectedly large audience.

Question 57

Which of the following statements about identity management and social media is false?

A) Self-esteem is boosted by posting unrealistically positive images of oneself.
B) Healthy self-esteem can enhance resilience to things like cyberbullying.
C) It is important to try to be genuine on social media.
D) Ultimately, confidence stems from showing the world "the real you."

Question 58

Susan found herself facing criticism online from others, yet it didn't seem to have a negative impact on her when she described the criticism to her friends. This is likely because Susan has

A) low emotional intelligence.
B) high emotional intelligence cues.
C) low self-esteem.
D) high self-esteem.

Question 59

What is the self-concept?

Question 60

What are four factors covered in the chapter that affect and reflect people's sense of self?

Question 61

What are the four psychological misconceptions about gender and communication discussed in the chapter?

Question 62

What is perception checking?

Question 63

Discuss the similarities and differences between the self-concept and self-esteem.

Question 64

Define the term "attribution" and describe the perceptual errors your book mentions that can lead to inaccurate attributions-and to troublesome communication.

Question 65

Describe the dimensions of empathy.

Question 66

Identify three things to keep in mind in order to effectively perceive people in regards to their sex and gender. Be sure to briefly describe each one.

Question 67

Identity management is collaborative. What are the implications of this for communication?