Deck 19: Bone Marrow and Immune Organ Toxicity Via Lymphatic and Blood Transport

Question 1

How does benzene cause immune suppression similar to radiation?

Answer 1

Benzene is metabolized in the bone marrow by myeloperoxidase following hepatic CYP metabolism to a phenoxy radical, while ionizing radiation from X-rays or gamma rays are absorbed by the bone and cause hydroxyl radical formation in the marrow. Both types of radicals at low doses can lead to leukemia and high doses to pancytopenia, when no blood cells are capable of forming due to the damage.

Question 2

Why are small molecules not necessarily recognized by the immune system?

Answer 2

The binding site of an antibody or recognition by a T helper cell requires many small molecules to bind to protein. Haptens are allergens that usually are reactive and electrophilic molecules or are chemicals that are activated to a form that covalently binds to nucleophilic centers on proteins.

Question 3

Which interleukins recruit T4 helper cells or is produced by T4 helper cells to stimulate cytotoxic T cell clonal selection or antibody clonal selection?

Answer 3

IL-1 is released by a macrophage or monocyte and recruits the T4 helper cell to evaluate whether this is self (programmed from the thymus to recognize self and not react) versus foreign. IL-2 is released by the T helper cell and stimulates both cytotoxic T8 cell generation (works on cells or infections inside cells) and B lymphocyte proliferation (plasma cells generate antibodies that react to haptens on the surface of cells or in the plasma).

Question 4

What happens if a chemical or genetic abnormality eliminates or reduces Treg or Breg cells or both?

Question 5

What is the effect of topic naphthalene on immunity?

Question 6

Why are the presence of M1 macrophages an indication of acetaminophen toxicity in the liver while M2 macrophages indicates less toxicity?

Question 7

When someone spills formaldehyde solution on the skin and a day or so later starts noticing a red area despite having washed most of it off, what likely is happening?

Question 8

A person takes penicillin for the second time orally and develops a rash in the mouth, the tongues starts to swell, feels itchy and dizzy. Quickly it is hard to breath. What is happening?

Question 9

Why are autoimmune reactions of blood cells (type II) or kidney glomeruli (type III) likely to come from chronic gold or mercury exposure?

Question 10

Why do many cytotoxic agents cause immune suppression?