Deck 6: Gender at the Intersections

Question 1

How did the International Olympic Committee (IOC) confirm the sex of female athletes until 1968?

A) The athletes had to parade nude in front of female judges.
B) Blood samples were taken and chromosomes compared.
C) The committee just took the athlete's word for it.
D) Athletes had to submit to frisking and pat downs.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

How did the case of Spanish athlete Maria Jose Martinez-Patino illustrate flaws in using chromosomes to determine sex for Olympic athletes?

A) Her chromosome test revealed birth defects that gave her a competitive advantage.
B) Her body morphology is male, but the chromosome test showed she is female.
C) She has all the physical traits of a female, but her chromosomes indicate she is male.
D) The chromosome test indicated that Maria has features of both sexes.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What praise has been given to the International Olympic Committee related to its sex/gender policy?

A) Women are now allowed to compete against men.
B) Men now also have to parade nude in front of judges.
C) Transgender athletes are required to have surgery.
D) The policy acknowledges the difference between sex and gender.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Sex and race are both based on percieved biology, while ethnicity and gender are based on ______.

A) social and cultural factors
B) biological and social elements
C) cultural and biological distinctions
D) genetic and chromosomal studies

Question 5

Alex was born with male genitals, but has always felt female. Her sex is male, but her gender refers to her ______.

A) biological imperitives
B) expected behaviors
C) genetic makeup
D) affectation

Question 6

Aponi is a Native American woman who fulfills the role of a man in her family and town. Her masculine behavior is accepted because ______.

A) her society has three genders
B) Aponi's husband left her to raise the family
C) Native Americans do not oppress women
D) only Europeans restrict women's roles

Question 7

The 1% of babies born with ambiguous genitalia in North America are considered ______.

A) male
B) female
C) intersex
D) defective

Question 8

How has the treatment of babies born with ambiguous genitalia changed in recent times?

A) Babies born this way are no longer euthanized.
B) Sex assignment surgery is now delayed.
C) Surgeons choose which gentials to construct.
D) Parents decide which sex they want for the baby.

Question 9

How has modern concepts of transgender challenged traditional ideas about gender?

A) Transgender identity has been classified as a disorder.
B) American society now recognizes three genders.
C) Most people think transgendered people are confused.
D) Gender is now considered more fluid, rather than binary.

Question 10

Parents who choose to raise their children without any gender identity are part of the ______ parenting movement.

A) gender creative
B) anti-patriarchy
C) up with women
D) social freedom

Question 11

Why do people categorize each other when first meeting?

A) Categories help us figure out how to win a transaction.
B) The way we interact is largely determined by categorization.
C) We seek others' weaknesses in first impressions.
D) We decide who to respect based on their category.

Question 12

In what context are gender roles first socialized to children?

A) School
B) Sports
C) Home
D) Friends

Question 13

The behaviors, beliefs and norms associated with performing gender are collectively known as gender ______.

A) stages
B) roles
C) assignment
D) performativity

Question 14

According to feminist scholar Judith Butler, how is gender created and sustained?

A) Performativity
B) Experimentation
C) Innate identity
D) Genetics

Question 15

What does feminist scholar Judith Butler say is wrong with viewing gender as binary?

A) It leads to people accepting homosexuality.
B) People are led to believe sexuality is binary, too.
C) The support for viewing gender as a continuum increases.
D) It could lead to women being masculine and vice versa.

Question 16

The idea that men must like fast cars, show little emotion, be aggressive, and avoid feminine things is expressed by sociologist Michael Messner as ______.

A) homophobia
B) avoiding softness
C) the costs of masculinity
D) heteronormative

Question 17

What did researcher Jessica Streeter discover regarding gender and what people drink?

A) Men and women drink the same types of alcohol, just in differing quantities.
B) Men are encouraged to drink beers with alcohol, while women are encouraged to drink non-alcoholic beers.
C) Women drink beer and wines, while men prefer to drink non-alcoholic beverages.
D) Men are encouraged to drink bolder-flavored and higher-alcohol beers, while women are offered lighter styles.

Question 18

Halpern and Perry-Jenkins researched how gender ideology and gender behaviors are socialized by parents to children. What is their main result?

A) Mothers shape gender behaviors, and fathers shape their son's gender stereotypes.
B) Fathers influence their daughters more, and mothers influence their sons more.
C) Mothers help form ideology, while fathers model behaviors for sons and daughters.
D) Fathers model behavior and ideology for sons, mothers do the same for daughters.

Question 19

What is one novel or different aspect to Halpern's and Perry-Jenkins's research?

A) Mothers were included, rather than only relying on the father's reports.
B) It was observational, meaning data was based on the researcher's observations.
C) Children were excluded, and researchers relied on observations of them.
D) Fathers directly reported, rather than relying on their wives' impressions.

Question 20

What is a micro-level example of how sports influences gender stereotypes?

A) Atta-girl!
B) Man up!
C) Nice catch!
D) Great save!

Question 21

Which is a macro-level example of unequal gender treatment in sports?

A) Women are rarely hired to provide play-by-play commentary for sports television networks.
B) Sports television networks give roughly equal coverage to men's and women's sports.
C) Serena Williams is the highest paid tennis player in the world, especially when endorsements are included.
D) The women's USA soccer team wins more than the men's team, but is paid 60% less than the male players.

Question 22

Why are most elementary school teachers female?

A) This job requires less heavy lifting than others.
B) Elementary school teachers are seen as nurturers, a feminine role.
C) Young children prefer looking to mother figures for guidance.
D) Male teachers are suspected of being homosexual.

Question 23

What is one way work is gendered?

A) Some occupations require higher education.
B) Most women only want part time jobs.
C) There is gender concentration in some fields.
D) Men do not want to be teachers.

Question 24

"Pink collar" jobs are those that were filled predominately by men, but now are mostly staffed by women, are known as ______.

A) feminized
B) emasculated
C) neutralized
D) purified

Question 25

Why did companies begin to consider women better suited to secretarial work than men?

A) They discovered that women have more dexterity for faster typing speed.
B) They found that more clerical staff were needed to do smaller parts of the overall job, with fewer opportunities for advancement.
C) They determined that women prefer repetitive tasks that do not require much attention.
D) They found that men do not like working in office buildings.

Question 26

What did Hochschild mean by asserting that women have to work a second shift?

A) Most women are paid so little that they need a second job to make ends meet.
B) The average woman does not have enough seniority to get off the second shift.
C) Men are less likely to work the afternoon shift, and get preference for the day shift.
D) Women take on more unpaid housework than men, even if they also work outside the home.

Question 27

Studies show that, if women got gender parity, approximately ______ would be added to the GDP of the United States.

A) $1 billion
B) $5 billion
C) $4 trillion
D) $9 trillion

Question 28

The United States leads the world in what measure of gender equality?

A) Educational attainment
B) Political empowerment
C) Health and survival
D) Economic opportunity

Question 29

What is one suggestion for how to improve gender equality in the workplace?

A) Provide mentors for women
B) Replace men with women
C) Require all corporations to hire 50% women
D) Hire only female supervisors

Question 30

What evidence best supports the current U.S. status in political empowerment for women?

A) Women are much more likely to prioritize gender equality issues and to put them on the political agenda.
B) Women still make up only 20% of elected officials in the United States.
C) Many women in the U.S. need to shift to more productive and higher paying industries.
D) The U.S. ranks first in educational attainment for women.

Question 31

Of the following, which country has the highest proportion of women in politics?

A) United States
B) Cuba
C) Rwanda
D) Sweden

Question 32

Why are few women elected to high office in the United States?

A) Men do not think women are qualified to hold elected office.
B) Women are excluded from informal party networks used to build support.
C) Men are reluctant to give up power they percieve as their right.
D) Women generally do not aspire to political leadership positions.

Question 33

What is one benefit of electing women to political office?

A) Women rarely lead their country to war or other violence.
B) Men have been in charge long enough, and have made a mess of things.
C) Female politicians are less likely to embrace strict partisanship than male politicians.
D) In places with more female politicians, girls report higher self-esteem.

Question 34

The effort to gain equality for women in economics and politics through cultural and social change is known as ______.

A) feminism
B) essentialism
C) sexism
D) progressivism

Question 35

Women's right to vote and own property were the main focus of ______ wave feminism.

A) first-
B) second-
C) third-
D) radical-

Question 36

Beginning in the 1960s in the United States, the ______ wave of feminism focused on reproductive rights, workplace equality, and violence against women.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) radical

Question 37

What is the primary difference between second- and third-wave feminism?

A) The second was mostly about economics, the third is about violence.
B) The third wave excludes white women, the second excluded black women.
C) The second wave concerned only homosexual women, the third includes all women.
D) The third wave adds the concerns of women of color and other sexual orientations.

Question 38

What is one of the foci of third-wave feminism?

A) How women are portrayed in the media
B) Equal access to abortion and family planning
C) Maintaining voting rights for women
D) Domestic violence and spousal abuse

Question 39

Why did Karl Marx not write about women's issues in his manifesto?

A) He was only concerned with working-class men, not working-class women.
B) Gender equality was not a popular topic of his time.
C) In Marx's day, women were not allowed to work outside the home.
D) He was male, and could not understand the concerns of women.

Question 40

How do feminists respond to Marx's assertion about women and capitalism?

A) They assert that the home is a safe place for women to avoid exploitation that would come from capitalists.
B) They feel that women who are dominant in the home will avoid exploitation by capitalists if they work outside the home.
C) They say that talented women can rise above exploitation by forcing their husbands to do more housework.
D) They argue that women are exploited in the home by their husbands, as well as outside the home by capitalists.

Question 41

How does women's unpaid domestic labor benefit capitalists?

A) Women care for and raise future workers for free.
B) Keeping women at home opens more jobs for men.
C) It frees up more money to pay men higher wages.
D) It provides valuable experience for when women get jobs outside the home.

Question 42

One result of the third wave of feminism is the study of how different aspects of inequality can combine, known as ______.

A) essentialism
B) post-feminism
C) intersectionality
D) structuralism

Question 43

What is the basic idea of Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw's theory?

A) It is not always easy to understand situations in which sex and race discrimination have overlapped.
B) Most people will deny any responsibility when race and sex discrimination cause conflict.
C) It is usually straightforward to understand who is at fault and why they committed discrimination.
D) Some people who discriminate are very good at confusing the issue as a way to avoid responsibility.

Question 44

Tonya was passed over for a promotion at work in favor of a white man for the third time. She is not sure if she is discriminated against because she is a woman or because she is black, or if it was a coincidence. This illustrates the confusion that can result from ______.

A) essentialism
B) intersectionality
C) sexism
D) racism

Question 45

Feelings of attraction and related behaviors are categorized as ______.

A) sexual orientation
B) gender identity
C) sexuality
D) pansexuality

Question 46

Whom a person feels connected with, whom they sexually desire, and whom they have sexual relations with is summed up as ______.

A) affectation
B) sexuality
C) gender identity
D) sexual orientation

Question 47

Lance feels attracted to men and women, and identifies his ______ as bisexual.

A) sexuality
B) sexual orientation
C) gender
D) disposition

Question 48

Jordyn is NOT attracted to a particular type or gender. Her ______ could be described as pansexual.

A) sexual orientation
B) sexuality
C) gender
D) affectation

Question 49

What was revealed by Alfred Kinsey's research in the 1940s?

A) He found that most people lie about the frequency and type of sex they enjoy.
B) His study showed greater diversity in sexual behavior than expected.
C) Most people have strictly conservative attitudes towards sexual behavior.
D) The results indicated that nearly half of American men are homosexual.

Question 50

Kinsey found that desires can change over a person's life, and categorizing them as gay or straight is misleading. He developed an alternate way of understanding sexual orientation, the ______.

A) sexuality continuum
B) gender-sexuality dilemma
C) heterosexual-homosexual rating scale
D) queerness quotient

Question 51

By finding that men of a higher social class were more likely to experiment sexually than those in lower classes, Kinsey's study illustrated the role of ______ in sexuality.

A) religion
B) marital status
C) gender
D) social context

Question 52

A negative set of feelings, attitudes, and beliefs about non-heterosexual people is called ______.

A) essentialism
B) homophobia
C) heteronormative
D) discrimination

Question 53

What is a collective term for people who may be lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer/questioning?

A) Homosexual
B) Deviant
C) LGBTQ
D) Confused

Question 54

According to the 2010 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, approximately what percentage of men and women identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual?

A) 1.4%
B) 3%
C) 7%
D) 15%

Question 55

Herek's research revealed that people most likely to be homophobic are those identified as ______.

A) high income, high self-esteem, and higher education
B) low income, low education, low self-esteem
C) high income, low self-esteem, urban dweller
D) rural dweller, high income, low self-esteem

Question 56

In the 1990s, about 9% of men reported having sex with other men, but only 1.4% identified as gay. What is the most likely reason for this?

A) Fear of homophobia
B) Essentialism
C) Rejection of heteronormativity
D) Experimentation

Question 57

Our social norms, practices, and institutions all presuppose that people are heterosexual, a concept known as ______.

A) discrimination
B) homophobia
C) heteronormative
D) ethnocentrism

Question 58

Michelle thinks she can prevent her child from being homosexual by modeling heterosexual relationships and making sure her child knows Michelle thinks homosexuality is a sin. This is an example of ______ behavior.

A) heteronormative
B) homophilic
C) essentialist
D) sexist

Question 59

When Karin A. Martin studied how mothers help perpetuate heteronormative bias, what proportion of mothers said they actively tried to prevent their children from identifying as gay?

A) None
B) One-tenth
C) One-third
D) Almost all

Question 60

What evidence is there for increasingly tolerant attitudes towards LGBTQ people in society?

A) More advertisements feature same-sex couples.
B) Many televison shows ridicule homophobic people.
C) Homosexual people are portrayed as villains in most media.
D) Fewer people are publicly identifying as homosexual.

Question 61

A person's sex is based on biology.

Question 62

Gender is a social construct that sets up norms and expectations for males and females in a society.

Question 63

The binary distinction between masculine and feminine is an illusion.

Question 64

Sports are considered a social institution that reinforces our social norms and values.

Question 65

The percentage of women working outside the home has remained relatively stable since the end of World War II.

Question 66

Today, women are paid about 60% of what a man is paid in the same job.

Question 67

The double shift and the second shift for women refer to two different types of cultural discrimination.

Question 68

The United States ranks low (102^nd) in the rate of women serving in politics.

Question 69

De jure inequality is based on laws, like those preventing women from voting in the nineteenth century.

Question 70

Second-wave feminism has been criticized as essentialist and only considering the experience of white women.

Question 71

People have different stereotypes for gay men and lesbians.

Question 72

Sexual orientation is a part of sexuality.

Question 73

Alfred Kinsey said that homosexuality should NOT be considered abnormal.

Question 74

The reported rate of cheating on a spouse has increased in recent years.

Question 75

Sixty-five percent of hate crimes based on sexual orientation are violent.

Question 76

Describe a situation that illustrates at least three of Messner's costs of masculinity. How does society restrict the behavior of men? What could be done to change these norms?

Question 77

Describe the process of socialization of gender norms in society. Be sure to include at least three groups or situations in which this process takes place. Which do you think is the most influential for children? Support your opinion with details and examples.

Question 78

Which wave of feminism has had the most impact on society today? Explain and evaluate each wave and support your opinion with details and examples.

Question 79

Describe a situation in which intersectionality plays a role, and how it can make interpretation more complex. How would people on each side of the situation feel about it? Use details and examples to support your answer.

Question 80

Why are more people identifying as other than heterosexual in recent years? Be sure to define and apply Kinsey's research, homophobia, heteronormative ideals, and Herek's research.