Deck 12: Personality

Question 1

A person from which type of culture would place value and emphasis on a single person's rights and freedoms, and would prioritize that person over the needs of a larger group?

A) selective
B) collectivist
C) nomothetic
D) individualist

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Interdependence, obligation to others, and focusing on group achievement are all core values of a(n) ________.

A) collectivist culture
B) idiographic culture
C) individualist culture
D) nomothetic culture

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Twin studies of certain personality traits show a heritability of ________.

A) 10 to 20 percent
B) 40 to 50 percent
C) 20 to 25 percent
D) 80 to 90 percent

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Studies on extroversion and neuroticism show that these traits correlate ________ with ________ parents than with ________ parents.

A) more strongly; adopted; biological
B) less strongly; biological; adopted
C) the same; biological; adopted
D) more strongly; biological; adopted

Question 5

Factors other than genetic factors, shared environmental factors, and nonshared environmental factors contribute how much to personality?

A) 40-50%
B) 27%
C) 7%
D) 16-26%

Question 6

Which of the following might be used by a psychologist to assess someone's personality?

A) lie detector test
B) an IQ test
C) an unstructured interview
D) objective handwriting analysis

Question 7

Julio is having troubles in his relationships with family, friends, and colleagues. What would the best method be to assess Julio's personality as well as his family dynamics?

A) physiological monitoring
B) observation
C) objective test
D) projective test

Question 8

A person who practices which of these believes that they can predict others' unique personality traits by assessing the bumps on their heads?

A) graphology
B) phrenology
C) alchemy
D) horoscopy

Question 9

The MMPI-2 includes how many scales that help guard against dishonest or inaccurate responding on the part of the test taker?

A) reliability
B) validity
C) scientific
D) predictive

Question 10

Ailsa has been given a card with an abstract shape on it and is asked "What might this be?" It is most likely that Ailsa is taking which personality test?

A) Rorschach
B) TAT
C) MMPI-2
D) WAIS-IV

Question 11

Which choice refers to the tendency to see truths about ourselves in general, nonspecific personality statements or predictions?

A) the confirmation bias
B) the self-fulfilling prophecy
C) the Flynn effect
D) the Barnum effect

Question 12

According to Freud, repressed sexual and aggressive urges as well as irrational thoughts are housed in the ________.

A) conscious mind
B) preconscious mind
C) unconscious mind
D) superego

Question 13

As a young man is having a romantic encounter with his new girlfriend, he addresses his new girlfriend by his old girlfriend's name. This is an example of a ________.

A) Freudian slip
B) repression
C) sublimation
D) regression

Question 14

A student who is hungry in the cafeteria decides to push ahead of the line to get food. What part of his personality is dominating in this situation?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) collective unconscious

Question 15

Eric is very hungry, but instead of cutting the line in the cafeteria, he decides to politely ask the woman standing in front of him if he can pay for his meal first. Which part of his personality is most affecting his behavior at the present moment?

A) id
B) ego
C) unconscious
D) preconscious

Question 16

Jason is twenty-five years old and goes against his parents' house rules by smoking cigarettes inside the house; he feels guilty about it but can't break the smoking habit. The guilt he feels for behaving in this incorrect fashion is produced by the ________.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) unconscious

Question 17

"I'm going to take this candy because I want it NOW!" said the ________. "But, stealing is wrong," said the ________. "Let's ask mom if she'll advance our allowance so we can buy it today," said the ________.

A) animus; anima; archetype
B) superego; id; codependent
C) ego; id; superego
D) id; superego; ego

Question 18

The part of the personality that operates based on the rules of moral behavior is the ________.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) animus

Question 19

Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies employed by the ego to avoid conflict and reduce ________.

A) unconscious guilt
B) anxiety
C) fixation
D) regression

Question 20

According to Freud, if a child's needs are badly frustrated or are overgratified at one particular psychosexual stage, the child may become ________.

A) neurotic at that stage
B) disordered at that stage
C) fixated at that stage
D) regressed at that stage

Question 21

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

A) oral stage: language development
B) anal stage: toilet training
C) phallic stage: establish intimate relationships
D) genital task: Oedipus complex or penis envy

Question 22

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

A) oral stage; mouth
B) phallic stage: anus
C) latency: entire body
D) anal stage: genitals

Question 23

According to Freud, during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, boys develop ________.

A) homosexual tendencies
B) an Oedipus complex
C) retentive-expulsive fantasies
D) oral fixation

Question 24

The latency stage of development typically occurs from ________.

A) birth to 2 years of age
B) 3 to 6 years of age
C) 6 years of age to puberty
D) puberty to adulthood

Question 25

The phallic stage of development typically occurs from ________.

A) birth to 2 years of age
B) 3 to 6 years of age
C) 6 years to puberty
D) puberty to adult

Question 26

Because death is often symbolized by a skeleton, Carl Jung would argue that this image is located in the ________.

A) personal unconscious
B) collective unconscious
C) animus
D) anima

Question 27

Which of the following is the best summary of how modern psychodynamic theorists differ from the classical Freudian approach?

A) They have conducted extensive research into Freud's concept of penis envy in girls and womb envy in boys.
B) They place less emphasis on sexual instincts and more on sociocultural influences on personality development.
C) They have eliminated reference to ego defense mechanisms, having noted that there is no scientific evidence that they exist.
D) They have increased their focus on sexual impulses and the conflicts of the early childhood years.

Question 28

Raymond Cattell reduced the list of over 4500 personality traits to 16 source traits using a method called ________.

A) meta-analysis
B) factor analysis
C) trait theory
D) the Five-Factor Model

Question 29

Susan is a student who always finishes her work on time, is never late, and is consistently reliable when it comes to her responsibilities to others. Susan is most likely ________.

A) high in agreeableness
B) low in agreeableness
C) high in conscientiousness
D) low in conscientiousness

Question 30

Holland's personality job-fit theory predicts that ________.

A) too much fit between personality and occupation can cause severe boredom
B) a good fit between personality and occupation predicts factors such as job satisfaction
C) a bad fit between personality and occupation predicts the incidence of aggressive crimes
D) a partial fit between personality and occupation predicts factors such as job success

Question 31

Which Big Five personality trait was the highest on the list of the Mate Preferences chart for both men and women?

A) conscientiousness
B) agreeable
C) openness
D) extraversion

Question 32

One of the first psychologists to suggest that behaviors are influenced more by situations than personality traits was ________.

A) Zimbardo
B) Rogers
C) Adler
D) Mischel

Question 33

The notion that one's action are affected by both the situation in which the action occurs as well as internal personality traits is called ________.

A) nativism
B) interactionism
C) situationism
D) dispositionism

Question 34

According to Rogers's concept of unconditional positive regard, ________.

A) parents should allow children to engage in whatever behaviors children want to
B) you should separate evaluation of the person from evaluation of their behavior
C) you should combine evaluation of the person and evaluation of their behavior
D) clients should be judged for their poor choices in order to move them forward in therapy

Question 35

Mr. Polanski listens without judgment to his daughter's reasons for being late, then informs her that he disapproves of her behavior, and provides consequences. Before their discussion is over, he gives her a hug and says, "I love you very much." This is an example of ________.

A) phenomenological parenting
B) unconditional positive regard
C) permissive parenting
D) authoritarian parenting

Question 36

Which of the following is a characteristic of self-actualization?

A) taking a non-linear creative approach to life
B) a sense of superiority
C) understanding one's own potential
D) intelligence

Question 37

Which approach to personality has been criticized for being narrow, making naïve assumptions, poor testability, and inadequate evidence?

A) the psychodynamic approach
B) trait theories
C) the social-cognitive approach
D) the humanistic approach

Question 38

Another term for self-efficacy is self-________.

A) actualization
B) esteem
C) control
D) confidence

Question 39

According to which of the following do personal characteristics, behaviors, and environment all work as interacting determinants of one another?

A) reciprocal determinism
B) interactionism
C) confluence theory
D) reverberating circuits theory

Question 40

Marcus is a shy child who was born to shy parents. When other parents took their toddlers to playgrounds, Marcus and his parents went for walks through the park with just the three of them. When Marcus started school, he struggled being away from his home, so his parents decided that homeschool might be best. As a result, Marcus has become more and more shy and is very much a loner. This is an example of Bandura's theory of ________.

A) interaction
B) congruent behavior
C) synergistic success
D) reciprocal determinism

Question 41

With regard to personality testing, ________ refers to the ability of a test to measure the trait it says it will, rather than some other trait; whereas ________ refers to the extent to which the same person receives the same score on a personality test when it is administered more than once.

A) reliability; validity
B) causation; correlation
C) explanation; prediction
D) validity; reliability

Question 42

Bob is doing very poorly in his history course, but keeps telling himself that he'll just "do better on the next exam." When the scores continue to drop, he convinces himself that he will "ace the final exam," and that there is no way his professor would ever give him an F in the class. Bob using the defense mechanism of ________ to avoid the reality of his poor class performance?

Question 43

Marlene enjoys spending time with her same-sex peers. She is convinced that boys are icky, and wants nothing to do with them. Marlene is in the ________ stage of psychosexual development.

Question 44

In order to remember the traits of the five-factor model, you might use the acronym ________.

Question 45

Marianne is very outgoing. She likes to interact with people, and even strangers quickly describe her as the "life of the party." In the Five Factor model, Marianne would probably be described as being high on a measure of ________.

Question 46

According to Rogers, when your "real self" and your "ideal self" do not overlap, you will experience a sense of mismatch that he called ________.

Question 47

The term that Bandura coined that describes a person's sense of their own ability to be successful at a given task is self-________.

Question 48

Describe the role of brain structures, neurochemistry, and genetics in the development of personality. What influence does environment have on personality?

Question 49

Describe and provide examples of the four methods of personality assessment.

Question 50

Describe and illustrate Freud's three levels of consciousness and his three components of personality.

Question 51

Briefly describe each of Freud's psychosexual stages, including the approximate ages, the erogenous zones, the primary conflicts, and an unhealthy resolution for each stage.

Question 52

Describe at least five Freudian defense mechanisms and how they help to keep anxiety in the unconscious mind.

Question 53

Describe at least two concepts that can be attributed to each of the following Neo-Freudians: Adler, Jung, and Horney. State which Neo-Freudian you believe described personality most accurately, and explain your choice.

Question 54

Define humanistic psychology, and describe two concepts that can be attributed to Rogers, and two that can be attributed to Maslow. State which humanist you believe described personality most accurately, and explain your choice.

Question 55

State the social-cognitive perspective on personality, and describe the concepts proposed by the two most influential theorists in this field.