Deck 11: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Based on instinct theory, which one of the following is true?

A) The list of possible instincts is incredibly large.
B) Instincts provide logical explanations for behavior.
C) Instincts are shown only in nonhuman species.
D) Instincts lead to scientific explanations of behavior.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is explained by the drive-reduction theory of motivation?

A) Jafar decides to stay in the pool even after he has cooled down.
B) Even though he is not thirsty, Joshua decides to drink another delicious cup of lemonade.
C) Jeffrey stops running in the marathon once of all his vital signs are working overtime.
D) Sally decides to stay under the blanket once she is all warmed up.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Oriana was kidnapped and deprived of water for three days. Drive-reduction theory suggests that her internal need for water will ________.

A) reduce her self-esteem if she cooperates with her captors
B) discourage her from cooperating with her captors
C) push her towards cooperating with her captors
D) cause her to quit cooperating with her captors

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to drive-reduction theory, needs create drives, which in turn motivate ________.

A) homeostasis
B) theories
C) actions
D) need satisfaction

Question 5

The Yerkes-Dodson curve, which describes the relationship between arousal and performance, is shaped like a(n) ________.

A) straight horizontal line
B) straight diagonal line
C) perfectly symmetrical V
D) upside-down U

Question 6

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, performance is typically best for most tasks when you are experiencing ________.

A) high levels of arousal
B) low levels of arousal
C) moderate levels of arousal
D) either low or high levels of arousal

Question 7

Mary's car just broke down, so she has to run the rest of the way to school and arrives 5 minutes late for her psychology exam. Her heart is pounding, and she can hardly catch her breath. According to arousal theory, how well will Mary perform on her exam if it is on material that is complicated and took a lot of time to understand?

A) She will get a perfect score on the exam.
B) She will be average in her performance.
C) She will do poorly on the exam.
D) There is not enough information to determine how well she will perform.

Question 8

A widely researched model for sensation seeking suggests that people be examined in which set of personality dimensions?

A) dangerousness, antisocial traits, "letting loose," and intolerance for boredom
B) thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and susceptibility to boredom
C) adventurousness, physical prowess, creative morality, and charisma
D) dangerousness, adventurousness, creativity, and thrill seeking

Question 9

According to your textbook, sensation seeking is a trait thought to be ________.

A) biologically prewired
B) a result of being raised in a sensation-seeking type of environment
C) an interaction between nature and nurture
D) a compensatory response to childhood boredom

Question 10

The notion that the relationship between one's best performance and their level of arousal is mediated by the complexity of the task being performed is the crux of the ________.

A) hypothesis of regression to the mean
B) Law of Effect
C) Flynn Effect
D) Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 11

The ________ theory says people are "pulled" by external stimuli to act a certain way, whereas the ________ theory says people are "pushed" by internal stimuli to act that way.

A) cognitive; incentive
B) incentive; drive-reduction
C) Maslow's hierarchy of needs; incentive
D) incentive; cognitive

Question 12

Chelsea believes that even though she works long hours and produces high-quality work, her boss will never give her a promotion. This is an example of a(n) ________.

A) attribution
B) expectancy
C) incentive
D) arousal

Question 13

Which theory of motivation would be best described as a biopsychosocial approach?

A) the drive reduction theory
B) the incentive model
C) instinct theory
D) Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Question 14

Which set of needs is at the top of Maslow's original hierarchy of needs?

A) self-esteem
B) belongingness and love
C) safety
D) self-actualization

Question 15

According to your textbook, which of the following statements is a criticism of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) It is biased toward Western preferences for individualism.
B) The model is not well-researched.
C) People sometimes seek to satisfy lower-level needs before higher-level needs.
D) Belongingness and love are not really needs.

Question 16

The need to seek pleasure and avoid pain would fall under which category of needs on Maslow's hierarchy?

A) esteem needs
B) belongingness and love needs
C) safety needs
D) self-actualization needs

Question 17

The hypothalamus regulates which of the following?

A) eating and body temperature only
B) body temperature only
C) eating and drinking only
D) eating, drinking, and body temperature

Question 18

When the ventromedial hypothalamus is lesioned, animals will ________.

A) stop eating and must be force-fed
B) eat every 2-3 days
C) eat to the point of extreme obesity
D) experience a decrease in insulin

Question 19

Hunger and eating are influenced by ________.

A) numerous neural circuits that run throughout the brain
B) only two neural circuits that run throughout the brain
C) the hypothalamus only
D) enzymatic activity.

Question 20

Which of these is an important psychological influence on when, what, where, and why we eat?

A) advertising
B) sound
C) cultural conditioning
D) vision

Question 21

A single numerical value that calculates height in relation to weight is ________.

A) HWR or height-weight ratio
B) BMR or body mass ratio
C) BMI or body mass index
D) HWI or height-weight index

Question 22

Some people are able to burn calories faster than others due, in part, to ________.

A) a lower metabolic rate
B) less efficient thermogenesis
C) the use of supplements
D) more efficient thermogenesis

Question 23

Which of the following accurately lists consequences of anorexia nervosa?

A) bone fractures, osteoporosis, interruption of menstruation, and loss of brain tissue
B) an acceptance of one's shape once their "ideal" weight is achieved
C) loss of teeth, and severe throat and stomach damage
D) a death rate of 30-35% in those diagnosed with the condition

Question 24

If you were to take the symptoms of bulimia nervosa but remove the purging efforts to "undo" the calories that were taken in, you'd be left with ________.

A) binge eating disorder
B) anorexia nervosa
C) pica
D) orthorexia nervosa

Question 25

After a person with binge-eating disorder has completed their episode of eating, they are often gripped with several different emotions, including ________.

A) guilt
B) fascination
C) relief
D) obsessiveness

Question 26

Which of the following has been linked to the origin of eating disorders?

A) a history of emotional or sexual abuse
B) a satisfied view of one's body image
C) a functional, supportive family structure
D) positive comments about diverse body types

Question 27

Research suggests that which pattern of social media use is associated with increased risk of body dissatisfaction and even eating disorders?

A) trying to mediate social media disagreements
B) placing undue emphasis on others liking their posts
C) preferring videos to static images
D) limiting use to weekends and holidays

Question 28

Someone who has a desire to excel, especially in competition with others, ________.

A) has a personality disorder
B) has a high need for arousal
C) has a high achievement motivation
D) is a success-seeker

Question 29

Which of the following is true of persons who are high in nAch?

A) They are not concerned with feedback about their performance.
B) They like moderately difficult tasks.
C) They do not take responsibility for their actions.
D) They tend to be less successful in their professions.

Question 30

Why do people with a high nAch tend to avoid tasks that are very difficult?

A) They have poor self-esteem based on past failures.
B) They will find the tasks boring and uninspiring.
C) They are convinced that someone else will do such tasks more effectively.
D) They know that the probability of success is low.

Question 31

Achievement motivation is mostly determined by ________.

A) the size of different brain areas related to personality
B) environmental factors, such as parental upbringing
C) an interaction of biology and environment
D) There is not enough research on the origin of achievement motivation.

Question 32

Jennifer has a high need for achievement, and she is coming up for her six-month review at her new job. What kind of feedback will she be most likely to want?

A) criticism from an honest and competent evaluator
B) friendly input from a "softy" boss
C) a list of things that she has done wrong with no suggestions about how to improve
D) no feedback at all as she is a professional

Question 33

Extrinsic motivation is based on the desire ________.

A) for external rewards or the avoidance of punishment
B) to achieve self-actualization without much effort
C) for widespread approval and self-aggrandizement
D) to be recognized and rewarded for achievements

Question 34

Kevin works hard, no matter the difficulty of the job or how well he will be rewarded for it. He is fond of saying that anything worth doing is doing well, and even if his efforts will not be recognized, he devotes himself to every task. Kevin appears to be ________.

A) largely disinterested in life
B) under-aroused
C) intrinsically motivated
D) driven by the incentive motive

Question 35

Some research indicates that giving extrinsic rewards for something a person is intrinsically motivated to do will lead to ________.

A) increased time spent on the activity
B) less time spent on the activity
C) greater enjoyment of the task
D) greater interest in a task

Question 36

The parental statement to a child, "We want you to get high grades like the neighbor's son" will tend to lead to ________.

A) extrinsic motivation
B) obedience
C) intrinsic motivation
D) compliance

Question 37

Which of the following strategies is beneficial for parents to use to get their child to practice the violin?

A) Reward him with extrinsic rewards only after he reaches a level of competence.
B) Ignore his efforts to practice so he won't know how important it is.
C) Reward his practice efforts even when done poorly or without enthusiasm.
D) Encourage him to focus on how playing the violin is personally rewarding.

Question 38

The part of the nervous system that produces obvious signs of emotional arousal, such as increased heart and respiration, perspiration, and goose bumps, is the ________.

A) somatic branch
B) central branch
C) autonomic branch
D) parasympathetic branch

Question 39

During the emotion of fear, which one of the following physiological reactions would take place?

A) piloerection
B) decreased heart rate
C) decreased perspiration
D) increased digestion

Question 40

What part of the nervous system controls strong emotions such as fear and anger?

A) somatic
B) central
C) autonomic
D) lateral

Question 41

LeDoux proposed that sensory input arrives in a brain structure splits the signal, sending part of the message to the cortex and part of the message to the amygdala. What brain structure does the splitting and transmitting?

A) hypothalamus
B) cerebellum
C) frontal lobe
D) thalamus

Question 42

During emotional arousal, the ________ nervous system prepares the body for fight or flight and the ________ nervous system restores the body to homeostasis.

A) sympathetic; parasympathetic
B) parasympathetic; sympathetic
C) autonomic; somatic
D) somatic; autonomic

Question 43

Which one of the components of emotion is the most difficult to measure in a scientific fashion?

A) biological
B) cognitive
C) behavioral
D) social

Question 44

If verbal and nonverbal behaviors do not match, most people will use which behavior to make their judgments about others?

A) verbal
B) nonverbal
C) a mix of verbal and nonverbal
D) situationally dependent

Question 45

Which theory says that emotion results from physiological arousal followed by expression of the emotion?

A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
D) Schachter's two-factor

Question 46

Recent research suggests that which of the following may be biological in origin, even by family members who have been blind since birth?

A) emotional catharsis
B) emotional expression
C) facial expressions
D) scowls

Question 47

The idea that emotions are universal can be supported by the following evidence:

A) Infants only a few hours old do not show facial expressions that match those of adults.
B) Infants who are born deaf and blind fail to show similar facial expressions to hearing and sighted infants.
C) There are similar facial expressions for emotions across some cultures.
D) There are substantially different facial expressions of emotions across cultures.

Question 48

Which of the following is consistent with evidence regarding display rules?

A) North Americans and Asians are more likely to display physical contact such as hugging in public.
B) Latin Americans and Middle Easterners are not likely to embrace or hold hands as a display of friendship.
C) They involve rules for when, how, and where it is appropriate to display emotions.
D) They do not vary as a function of culture.

Question 49

Which of the following is a typical physiological measure obtained by polygraph tests?

A) body temperature
B) brain electrical activity
C) respiration
D) cortisol secretion

Question 50

According to the ________ law, one's maximum performance is most likely to occur at low levels of arousal for a complex task, and higher levels of arousal for a simple task.

Question 51

The ________ hypothalamus is known to be a stimulatory center for eating; that is, it prompts us to begin eating when it is activated.

Question 52

The disorder that involves recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food in a discrete period of time, while feeling a lack of control over eating, that is NOT followed by compensatory purging behaviors is called ________ disorder.

Question 53

According to the ________ theory of emotions, we feel sad because we are crying.

Question 54

The ________ test, which is commonly and somewhat inaccurately referred to as a lie detector, can be defeated by manipulating one's results during control questions.

Question 55

Contrast the instinct, drive-reduction, incentive, and cognitive theories of motivation, providing an original example of each motive in action.

Question 56

Describe the arousal motive and state how it affects human functioning. Describe and illustrate the four factors that have been associated with the sensation-seeking motive.

Question 57

Define and illustrate the needs at each level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Describe a time in your (or a friend's) life when (1) a "higher" motive had to wait until a "lower" motive was met, and (2) a "higher" motive occurred before a "lower" need was met.

Question 58

Define obesity, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. State your textbook's summary of the causes and dangers of each.

Question 59

Identify the six traits that distinguish people with high achievement motivation. How do these traits develop?

Question 60

Imagine that you are a teacher. Define the concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and use them to describe how you would encourage students to learn lecture and text material.

Question 61

Identify the three components of emotion and their related physiological and/or behavioral aspects.

Question 62

Contrast the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion using joy/happiness to illustrate your answer. Describe how Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory combines elements from each of these theories.

Question 63

What is the facial feedback hypothesis? How might it apply to the emotions that people feel?

Question 64

List and briefly discuss the five research-based suggestions for increasing happiness in one's life. Give examples of how you might employ these suggestions in your own life.

Question 65

Describe the polygraph and discuss the controversy regarding its use as a "lie detector."