Deck 8: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

Which of the following are examples of concrete concepts?

A) reading and writing
B) pride and prejudice
C) orange and blue
D) books and tools

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of these are essential to thinking and communication because they simplify and organize information?

A) maps
B) images
C) concepts
D) ideas

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When shown a picture of a poodle we will most likely first classify it in the middle of the conceptual hierarchy, as a(n) ________.

A) animal
B) dog
C) mammal
D) highbred

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a higher-order concept?

A) animal
B) bird
C) fish
D) parakeet

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a basic-level concept?

A) mammal
B) cat
C) tabby
D) whiskers

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a lower-order concept?

A) animal
B) fish
C) water
D) salmon

Question 7

If you are designing a complex and novel experiment and are coming up with possible ways to control for extraneous variables, you are engaging in the process of ________.

A) hierarchies
B) problem solving
C) artificial concepts
D) mental set

Question 8

When you are defining an ultimate goal, outlining your limits and/or desires, and separating the negotiable from non-negotiable, you are in which stage of problem solving?

A) production
B) preparation
C) distributed practice
D) attribution

Question 9

In figuring out all the ways that you can come up with the money you need to buy the used car you saw advertised in the newspaper, you are working in which stage of problem-solving?

A) algorithm
B) evaluation
C) preparation
D) production

Question 10

The correct sequences of the steps to problem solving are ________.

A) evaluation, preparation, production
B) preparation, production, evaluation
C) production, evaluation. preparation
D) evaluation, production, preparation

Question 11

Dr. Stewart is a foot surgeon who has a regular procedure for critiquing the results of his surgeries. He reviews the case of his patient and asks himself if the surgical outcome matches the goal that was set before the operation. What stage of problem-solving is this?

A) brainstorming
B) preparation
C) production
D) evaluation

Question 12

Algorithm is to problem solving as ________.

A) recipe is to cake
B) shoes are to feet
C) inductive is to deductive
D) syntax is to grammar

Question 13

When trying to solve a math problem, Anna realizes that the rule "add 2 to each side of the equation, then multiply by 3" is what is needed. Anna has discovered which of the following to solve this problem?

A) an algorithm
B) a heuristic
C) a goal
D) a subgoal

Question 14

Working backwards is an example of a(n) ________.

A) mnemonic device
B) algorithmic solution
C) heuristic
D) problem-solving set

Question 15

A fixed thinking approach to problem solving that only sees solutions that have previously proven to be successful is called ________.

A) mental rigidity
B) a mental set
C) functional rigidity
D) a functional set

Question 16

Elise wants to get an apple off of a tree but she only has a baseball bat with her, rather than a ladder or stepstool. She does not think to use the bat to gently knock a few apples off of the tree. The fact that Elise believes that the baseball bat can be used only to play baseball is an example of ________.

A) functional rigidity
B) problem-solving fixedness
C) functional fixedness
D) preparedness

Question 17

During naturalistic observation research, you focused only on information that supported your hypothesis; later research proved that your hypothesis was incorrect. What type of bias did you exhibit?

A) availability
B) functional fixedness
C) confirmation
D) representativeness heuristic

Question 18

Judging the likelihood or probability of events based on the information that is readily accessible in our memories is known as the ________.

A) representativeness heuristic
B) availability heuristic
C) prototype heuristic
D) functional heuristic

Question 19

James was walking near a dog park when he saw what he thought was a rather large, short, oddly colored dog being walked on a leash. It took him a moment to realize that he was not looking at a dog but at a pot-bellied pig. James has fallen prey to the ________.

A) probability heuristic
B) representativeness heuristic
C) confirmation heuristic
D) convergence heuristic

Question 20

Elise sees an older woman setting on the ground outside a building and assumes that she must be begging for money as many others do in that area. As it happens, the woman had become dizzy and was sitting until she safely regained her balance. Elise likely used which of the following in making her judgment?

A) a mental set
B) acalculia
C) the availability heuristic
D) the representativeness heuristic

Question 21

If you guess that a slender young woman who is soft-spoken and athletic is a ballet dancer, rather than a CEO of a Fortune-500 company, then you used which of the following in your judgment of her?

A) a mental set
B) confirmation bias
C) the availability heuristic
D) the representativeness heuristic

Question 22

Which of the following are two of the three characteristics of creativity that are noted in the textbook?

A) originality and intelligence
B) intelligence and fluency
C) flexibility and intelligence
D) flexibility and originality

Question 23

Seeing unique or different solutions to a problem is known as ________.

A) creativity
B) innovativeness
C) originality
D) thinking outside of the box

Question 24

Shifting with ease from one type of problem-solving strategy to another is called ________.

A) flexibility
B) versatility
C) originality
D) open-mindedness

Question 25

Katya has come up with 10 ways to use a screwdriver other than for tightening screws. This is an example of ________.

A) flexibility
B) fluency
C) originality
D) problem-solving

Question 26

When Don gets stuck in traffic, he decides to take an alternative route to the mall. What aspect of creative thinking is this?

A) flexibility
B) fluency
C) originality
D) problem-solving

Question 27

The set of rules that governs the use and structure of language is called ________.

A) syntax
B) pragmatics
C) semantics
D) grammar

Question 28

The "a" sound in the word "answer" is an example of a ________.

A) morpheme
B) grammar
C) phoneme
D) pragmatic

Question 29

The root "accept" in the word "unacceptable" is an example of ________.

A) a morpheme
B) grammar
C) a phoneme
D) pragmatics

Question 30

The word "blanket" has ________.

A) the same number of phonemes and morphemes
B) more morphemes than phonemes
C) more phonemes than morphemes
D) a variable number of phonemes and morphemes, depending on how the word is used

Question 31

A toddler makes the following erroneous statement: "park can go now we." This demonstrates an error in ________.

A) syntax
B) semantics
C) morphemes
D) prefixes

Question 32

Which one of the following phrases illustrates improper use of semantics?

A) a screaming bouquet of flowers
B) the hustle and bustle of a busy street
C) every student's worst nightmare
D) three coins in a fountain

Question 33

The fact that the word "compass" has multiple definitions refers to the idea of ________.

A) syntax
B) semantics
C) morphemes
D) prefixes

Question 34

Broca's area is responsible for ________.

A) language comprehension
B) speech generation
C) movement
D) balance

Question 35

Wernicke's area is responsible for ________.

A) language comprehension
B) speech generation
C) movement
D) balance

Question 36

Multi-word sentences that contain only the most necessary words and omit connecting words are called ________.

A) telegraphic speech
B) simplistic speech
C) babbling
D) telescoped communication

Question 37

A child who is 2.5 years of age would probably demonstrate which of the following in their attempts to use language?

A) cooing and babbling
B) overgeneralization and overextension
C) one-word utterances and telegraphic speech
D) overgeneralization and telegraphic speech

Question 38

The idea of the language acquisition device supports the role of which perspective in language development?

A) nativist
B) nurturist
C) social-cognitive
D) Gestalt

Question 39

According to some theorists, nonhuman language may be a result of ________.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) modeling and imitation
D) observational learning

Question 40

Intelligence stresses the capacity to ________.

A) perform in school and on the job to a level that matches one's same-aged peers or equally-placed colleagues
B) read, write, and make computations with and without the aid of technology
C) perform verbally and physically in a number of different contexts
D) think rationally, act purposefully, profit from experience, and deal effectively with the environment

Question 41

Which type of intelligence is biologically determined, independent of education and experience?

A) g
B) gf
C) go
D) fc

Question 42

Physicians, teachers, musicians, and politicians often continue to work well into old age largely due to ________.

A) age-related ego inflation
B) the hot-air factor
C) crystallized intelligence (gc)
D) their own bull-headedness

Question 43

Which of the following skills was measured on the original Stanford-Binet intelligence test?

A) copying geometric designs
B) analogies
C) sentence completion
D) reading comprehension

Question 44

An intelligence quotient (IQ), as calculated on the original Stanford-Binet test, was ________.

A) mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100
B) determined by the number of intelligences a person has
C) determined by a person's age and education
D) chronological age divided by mental age and multiplied by 100

Question 45

About what percentage of of children score within 15 points above or below the national average, which is 100 points?

A) 95
B) 70
C) 50
D) 33

Question 46

What percentage of people have an IQ score higher than 115?

A) 68
B) 16
C) 50
D) 32

Question 47

Which of the following is one of the index scores produced by the WAIS?

A) verbal comprehension
B) perceptual acuity
C) long-term memory
D) physical strength

Question 48

Average scores developed by giving the test to a representative sample are called ________.

A) standardization curves
B) means
C) norms
D) patterns

Question 49

If a test has a high level of criterion-related validity, then its scores will be useful in ________.

A) predicting how the test taker would perform on a different test of similar skills
B) establishing a standardization curve
C) determining a person's genetic capacity for the behavior that was tested
D) establishing specific cognitive traits

Question 50

According to the textbook, the most important type of validity is ________.

A) standardization validity
B) test validity
C) criterion-related validity
D) reliability-related validity

Question 51

The term intellectual disability applies to an individual with a score significantly below average on a standard IQ test and significant deficits in ________.

A) language
B) performance skills
C) adaptive functioning
D) processing speed

Question 52

The causes of intellectual disabilities are ________.

A) limited to genetic abnormalities
B) based on parental predispositions
C) often unknown
D) unrelated to prenatal exposure to drugs

Question 53

People with limited mental abilities who demonstrate exceptional ability in specific areas may be diagnosed with ________.

A) savant syndrome
B) Asperger's syndrome
C) autistic syndrome
D) intellectual genius syndrome

Question 54

Ethnic group differences in IQ scores can be due to ________.

A) familial characteristics and socioeconomic differences
B) environmental factors and cultural biases in IQ tests
C) cultural biases in IQ tests and familial characteristics
D) familial characteristics and environmental biases

Question 55

The term disidentify in the area of stereotype threat refers to the idea of ________.

A) individuals belonging to a minority group no longer identifying with the group
B) individuals telling themselves that they do not care about their test scores
C) feelings of anxiety around their own group
D) reduced motivation to makes friends from different cultural backgrounds

Question 56

Which of the following did Robert Sternberg emphasize in his triarchic theory of intelligence?

A) the process underlying thinking rather than product
B) separation of mental abilities from real-life situations
C) kinesthetic abilities
D) people differ in their profiles of intelligence

Question 57

Persons who work as engineers, architects, and pilots may be high in which type of intelligence?

A) fluid
B) linguistic
C) spatial
D) naturalistic

Question 58

Persons who work as sales managers, therapists, and teachers may be high in which type of intelligence?

A) interpersonal
B) intrapersonal
C) crystallized
D) linguistic

Question 59

A biologist might be ranked as being high in what type of intelligence?

A) naturalistic
B) kinesthetic
C) linguistic
D) intrapersonal

Question 60

Emotional intelligence was popularized by which researcher, even though it was originally conceived of by others?

A) Sternberg
B) Salovey
C) Gardner
D) Goleman

Question 61

Less than ________ of the general population is classified as having an intellectual disability and, of that number, only ________ have profound intellectual disabilities.

A) 5%; 3-4%
B) 3%; 1-2%
C) 2%; 3-4%
D) 2%; 3-5%

Question 62

While sitting and waiting for an important job interview, Stuart looks down and notice that the hem of his slacks has come undone and his pants are loosely hanging to the floor. He's very embarrassed, and in a moment of panic takes the receptionist's stapler and staples his pants back in place. Later he has a tailor repair the hem. Stuart has overcome ________ by using the stapler in such an unusual and creative way.

Question 63

Pamela does not believe that we are born with any innate tendency to develop language. Instead, she feels that language is developed based on imitation and conditioning. Pamela advocates for the ________ position in language development.

Question 64

According to Raymond Cattell, ________ intelligence tends to increase as we age, while ________ does not.

Question 65

Studies have found that ________, which affects more than 113 million children worldwide, can impair a child's intellectual development, curiosity, and motivation for learning.

Question 66

With each generation in society, the overall intelligence scores of the population seems to increase. This is called the ________ effect, and it may be due to a number of environmental factors.

Question 67

Define cognition, thinking, and concepts, and describe the three strategies for learning concepts, illustrating your answer with examples.

Question 68

Use the following problem to list and illustrate each of the three steps in problem solving. Describe how the five problem-solving barriers might or might not affect your ability to solve this problem. "Imagine that you are running late for a job interview and you spill coffee on the front of your only clean shirt just before you walk out the door. It is important to make a good first impression with the panel who will be interviewing you. What should you do?"

Question 69

Define and illustrate of each of the following building blocks of language: phonemes, morphemes, grammar, and syntax.

Question 70

Imagine that you have just had a baby who will follow normal developmental milestones. Name your baby, and describe his or her language development from birth through age 5.

Question 71

Discuss the idea of Chomsky's language acquisition device and the nature/nurture debate surrounding it.

Question 72

Contrast Spearman's, Thurston's, and Cattell's concepts of intelligence, and illustrate the differences between fluid and crystallized intelligence.

Question 73

Contrast Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences with Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence. State which theory you think better explains intelligence, and justify your choice.

Question 74

Discuss intelligence testing in terms of standardization, reliability, and validity.

Question 75

Describe biological, genetic, and environmental influences on intelligence.

Question 76

Discuss the role of stereotype threat and how it might endanger the performance of minority groups on measures of intelligence.

Question 77

List and describe the different levels of severity with regard to intellectual disability, and note the proportions of each that would be seen among those who are afflicted with these challenges.