Deck 5: States of Consciousness

Question 1

Which of these can be generally defined as our awareness of our environments and ourselves?

A) meditation
B) consciousness
C) hypnosis
D) priming

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which one of the following is an altered state of consciousness?

A) feeling dizzy
B) reading a book
C) sleeping
D) cooking a complicated meal

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Functions that demand attention and focus and can interfere with other ongoing activities are called ________.

A) automatic functions
B) psychoactive functions
C) psychedelic functions
D) controlled functions

Answer 3

D

Question 4

While she is brushing her teeth, Judith is thinking about her work meeting tomorrow and is mentally rehearsing the presentation she is going to give to the company's board of directors. In this moment brushing her teeth is a(n) ________.

A) automatic function
B) controlled function
C) primary function
D) secondary function

Question 5

Javon likes to check his social media account while he's in class because he thinks the lessons are boring. He is sure that he can take adequate notes while still posting on his account, but research suggests otherwise. What process is Javon using?

A) selective attention
B) a meditative process
C) automatic functioning
D) multitasking

Question 6

Which of the following is synchronized with the circadian rhythm?

A) core body temperature
B) a woman's menstrual cycle
C) patterns of pheromone release
D) the lunar cycle

Question 7

Body temperature, reaches its peak during ________.

A) early morning
B) daytime hours
C) early evening
D) late night

Question 8

Body temperature is lowest at what time of day?

A) between 10 a.m. and 12 noon
B) between 1 p.m. and 3 p.m.
C) between 3 p.m. and 5 p.m.
D) between midnight and 6 a.m.

Question 9

Disruptions in circadian rhythms caused by sleep deprivation can lead to which of the following?

A) improved memory
B) reduced concentration
C) lack of appetite
D) reduced fatigue

Question 10

Marcus is required to travel to a national sales meeting for his company. He doesn't like to travel very much because he knows that he is going to experience jet lag and will not sleep very well for several days. Which travel plan would cause Marcus the most difficulty?

A) Chicago to Houston (north to south)
B) Houston to Chicago (south to north)
C) Boston to Los Angeles (east to west)
D) Los Angeles to Boston (west to east)

Question 11

Which part of the brain is involved in the operation of circadian rhythms?

A) cerebellum
B) thalamus
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus
D) cerebral cortex

Question 12

In a sleep lab, electrodes hooked up to the patient will probably measure ________.

A) heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
B) brain waves, muscle activity, and eye movements
C) heart rate, muscle movements, and sexual arousal
D) brain waves, myocardial functioning, and ocular movements

Question 13

During a normal night of sleep, sleep cycles typically last for about ________ minutes.

A) 30
B) 60
C) 90
D) 120

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic of REM sleep?

A) sleepwalking
B) unresponsive muscles
C) slow, regular breathing
D) less dream activity

Question 15

________ spend more time in REM sleep than ________.

A) Infants; adults
B) Adults; infants
C) Adolescents; infants
D) Older adults; younger adults

Question 16

Which animal spends the least amount of time sleeping in a given night?

A) human
B) gorilla
C) opossum
D) horse

Question 17

Freud believed that dreams provide an outlet for ________.

A) conscious wishes
B) unacceptable desires
C) latent wishes
D) acceptable desires

Question 18

In Freud's wish-fulfillment theory of dreaming, which type of content of a dream is the true, unconscious meaning of the dream?

A) expressed
B) counter-transferent
C) latent
D) repressed

Question 19

A man has a dream about a train traveling through a tunnel, which represents his desire to engage in sexual intercourse. According to Freud's view of dreaming, what would be the latent content of this dream?

A) the train traveling through the tunnel
B) a desire for sexual intercourse
C) his relationship with his wife
D) his masculinity

Question 20

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming, what part of the brain is being randomly stimulated?

A) cortex
B) limbic system
C) brain stem
D) hypothalamus

Question 21

According to research, which of the following is one of the three most common dream themes?

A) being embarrassed
B) winning an award
C) falling
D) flying

Question 22

When Giselle wakes up in the morning, her wife Mellia asks her if she had a good night of sleep. Giselle responds by saying, "I had the strangest dream last night," and proceeds to tell Mellia all about the dream. If Giselle's dream was consistent with the most common dream theme that has been found in research, she will report that she dreamt about ________.

A) becoming paralyzed.
B) being lost.
C) being attacked or pursued.
D) arriving too late for an important event.

Question 23

What types of drugs are typically given to reduce the frequency and intensity of symptoms associated with narcolepsy?

A) benzodiazepines and anti-anxiety medications
B) depressants and pain relievers
C) narcotics and MAO inhibitors
D) antidepressants and stimulants

Question 24

Sleep apnea is ________.

A) more prevalent in women than in men
B) marked by repeated awakenings with gasping for breath
C) a suspected factor in narcolepsy
D) the least serious sleep disorder

Question 25

Sleep apnea can be treated with ________.

A) exercising throat muscles
B) a CPAP machine to keep the airway open
C) barbiturates
D) tranquilizers

Question 26

Sleep apnea is a risk factor for ________.

A) stroke
B) low blood pressure
C) diabetes
D) narcolepsy

Question 27

Which of the following methods would be BEST for dealing with a sleep problem such as insomnia?

A) Drink alcohol to relax yourself before you go to sleep.
B) Perform a moderate jog on your treadmill right before bed.
C) Perform progressive muscle relaxation.
D) Try to go to sleep at a different time each night to "shock" your system.

Question 28

Most psychoactive drugs create their changes in mood, energy, or perception by changing ________.

A) the body's supply of neurotransmitters
B) the balance of drugs in the body
C) the way the neuron synthesizes neurotransmitters
D) the brain's ability to receive sensory inputs

Question 29

Psychoactive drugs can ________.

A) increase the production of neurotransmitters
B) alter the transmissions between neuropeptides
C) enhance or inhibit the effect of neurotransmitters.
D) change neurotransmitters into hormones

Question 30

Which of the following is true about antagonist drugs?

A) They inhibit the effect of neurotransmitters.
B) They increase the ability to synthesize neurotransmissions.
C) They cause reuptake of a neurotransmitter.
D) They increase the release of neurotransmitters.

Question 31

The term drug abuse implies that the individual ________.

A) uses a substance in a way that causes emotional or physical harm to self or to others
B) uses the substance long enough and intensely enough to develop tolerance
C) develops a physical addiction to the substance being abused
D) develops an emotional addiction to the substance being used

Question 32

If an individual taking a drug has a pathological need or craving to achieve a drug's effect, the individual is most accurately said to be ________.

A) addicted
B) physically dependent
C) psychologically dependent
D) a drug abuser

Question 33

Which term describes a condition in which the body requires a drug (or specific activity) in order to function without physical and psychological reactions to its absence?

A) drug abuse
B) addiction
C) cross-tolerance
D) drug dependence

Question 34

Amanda is really preoccupied with finding more cocaine and craves the high she experienced. Amanda is experiencing ________.

A) drug dependence
B) psychological dependence
C) psychological addiction
D) drug addiction

Question 35

John was given a prescription for an opiate following knee surgery and found that he liked how it made him feel. Now, he often seeks it out, legally or illegally, because he craves that feeling. Assuming that he doesn't experience tolerance or withdrawal symptoms, John appears to have become ________.

A) addicted to prescription drugs
B) psychologically dependent on opiates
C) cross-tolerant to sedatives
D) physically dependent on opiates

Question 36

Joe is a heavy drinker and when he occasionally goes longer than usual without drinking alcohol, he experiences unpleasant physical symptoms. Joe has developed ________.

A) drug-induced brain damage
B) psychoactive addiction
C) physical dependence
D) drug dependence

Question 37

Brianna regularly uses benzodiazepines in rather large quantities, and when she cannot use them, she gets sick to her stomach, has diarrhea, and experiences agitation, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. Brianna is experiencing ________.

A) psychological addiction
B) dual diagnostic effects
C) withdrawal
D) tolerance

Question 38

Needing higher amounts of Drug B as a result of developing a tolerance to Drug A is called ________.

A) dualistic effects
B) synergistic effects
C) cross-tolerance
D) cross addiction

Question 39

Which of the following statements about alcohol is accurate?

A) It is a depressant that reduces inhibition.
B) It stimulates and speeds up the body and brain at higher doses.
C) At high levels (> 0.5%) it can cause fewer symptoms.
D) It is classified as an opiate.

Question 40

Which of the following statements about alcohol is accurate?

A) It has no effects at low doses.
B) It stimulates and speeds up the body and brain at higher doses.
C) At high levels (> 0.5%) it can cause coma or death.
D) It is safer when combined with other drugs.

Question 41

If Max ingests a small amount of a particular psychoactive substance, he may be livelier and more outgoing at a party. If he then continues to consume more of the substance, he will find that it actually slows his system down and impairs his thinking. The substance in this case is most likely ________.

A) nicotine
B) caffeine
C) alcohol
D) heroin

Question 42

Which of the following college students most likely has a .10 blood alcohol content?

A) Sarah is relaxed and more sociable than usual.
B) Jimmy notices his every day stress has lessened and he feels better.
C) Alex's friends observe he is loud and thinks he is far funnier than he is.
D) Maya is clumsy and tripping over everything and her speech is slurred.

Question 43

Marijuana is generally categorized as which type of drug, although it has effects of other drug categories as well?

A) opiate
B) hallucinogen
C) stimulant
D) depressant

Question 44

Heroin belongs to which category of drugs?

A) opiates
B) hallucinogens
C) stimulants
D) antibiotics

Question 45

MDMA, which is more commonly known as Ecstasy or Molly, belongs to which category of drugs?

A) opiates
B) hallucinogens
C) stimulants
D) depressants

Question 46

Which drug contains THC, that blocks naturally-occurring receptors throughout the brain?

A) heroin
B) marijuana
C) cocaine
D) tobacco

Question 47

Marty, a middle-aged man, took a small dose of a drug just to experiment, and he ended up in the hospital with a stroke. The drug interfered with the electrical system of his heart and constricted blood vessels in his brain. Marty most likely took ________.

A) valium
B) cocaine
C) alcohol
D) barbiturates

Question 48

Which of these people engages in a behavior that is the single most preventable cause of death and disease in the United States?

A) Ben, who drives fast and sometimes is drunk behind the wheel
B) Amit, who drinks six cups of coffee a day
C) Dante, who is 15 years old and obese
D) Terri, who has smoked a pack of cigarettes a day for years

Question 49

When appropriately prescribed, opiates are used to achieve ________.

A) pain relief
B) increased activity and responsiveness
C) lowering of mood and feeling numb
D) an increase in endorphins

Question 50

After repeated flooding with artificial opiates, the brain eventually does what to the production of its own opiates?

A) reduces or stops
B) increases slightly
C) has the same level of
D) increases significantly

Question 51

Hallucinogens are ________.

A) drugs that produce sensory or perceptual distortions
B) often smoked in the form of crack or rock
C) psychodynamic drugs
D) almost always addictive

Question 52

Hallucinogens are commonly referred to as ________.

A) anxiolytics
B) psychedelics
C) benzodiazepines
D) neuroleptics

Question 53

Which of the following persons most likely ingested a hallucinogen?

A) Al, who claimed he could taste the color of the sky and see the sound of the birds chirping
B) Steve, who is usually quiet and shy, stood up at a party and recited Shakespeare.
C) Rebecca, who had a lot of energy, stayed up all night dancing and went to a party the next day.
D) Stacia, who fell asleep immediately after taking the drug and felt groggy all day

Question 54

"Dropping acid" refers to the use of ________.

A) mescaline
B) psilocybin
C) LSD
D) phencyclidine

Question 55

Which of the following is accurate about LSD?

A) It is highly addictive.
B) It is derived from the peyote cactus.
C) It can lead to accidents, death, or suicide.
D) It is frequently abused by those who use it.

Question 56

Which of the following is true about marijuana?

A) It is metabolized and excreted rapidly.
B) It increases sperm production.
C) It can enhance immune functioning by promoting relaxation.
D) It dissolves in the body's fat and leaves the body very slowly.

Question 57

According to research, which of the following drugs is associated with increased throat and respiratory disorders, impaired lung functioning and immune response, declines in testosterone levels, reduced sperm count, and disruption of the menstrual cycle and ovulation?

A) opiates
B) barbiturates
C) marijuana
D) alcohol

Question 58

Though generally categorized as a hallucinogen, marijuana can also produce the effects of ________.

A) a depressant
B) an antidepressant
C) an appetite suppressant
D) a stimulant

Question 59

Which drug, also called the date rape drug, is odorless, colorless, and tasteless and can easily be given to someone without her or his knowledge?

A) rohypnol
B) ecstasy
C) LSD
D) PCP

Question 60

Chronic use of which of the following can produce an ongoing reduction in the neurotransmitter serotonin?

A) aspirin
B) MDMA
C) marijuana
D) valium

Question 61

Which of the following club drugs has recently shown promise as a potential treatment for major depression, suicidal behaviors, and bipolar disorder?

A) Special K
B) molly
C) ecstasy
D) GHB

Question 62

During meditation, which structure diminishes the sympathetic response and increases the parasympathetic response?

A) corpus callosum
B) amygdala
C) cerebellum
D) hypothalamus

Question 63

If you are planning to bring a hypnotist to class to demonstrate her skills, which student is likely to be the most successful under hypnosis?

A) Elly, who is very narrowly focused
B) James, who is the class clown and can fake hypnosis
C) Julie, who wants to be hypnotized to perform acts of superhuman strength
D) Mitch, who hopes the hypnotist can improve his memory dramatically under hypnosis

Question 64

Which of the following is the MOST accurate statement regarding self-control during a hypnotic trance?

A) A person retains all self-control and hypnotism isn't effective or real.
B) A person surrenders all self-control and will do whatever the hypnotist suggests.
C) A person is unaware of what's happening and afterwards won't remember what happened.
D) A person voluntarily relinquishes control but remains aware of what suggestions are being made.

Question 65

Hypnosis is BEST used for ________.

A) improving eyewitness testimonies in a courtroom
B) helping to reduce anxiety
C) entertainment purposes
D) helping with memory and recall

Question 66

Which of the following is a characteristic of hypnosis?

A) highly diffused attention
B) use of imagination and hallucination
C) an active attitude
D) increased responsiveness to pain

Question 67

A failure to notice an unexpected stimulus when we are focused or distracted by another stimulus is called inattentional ________.

Question 68

When you have to make do on significantly too little sleep, your body may produce higher levels of a stress hormone called ________.

Question 69

When Jennifer has just fallen asleep and is in the first stage of NREM sleep, an EEG of her brain would likely show a high amount of ________ activity.

Question 70

The hallucinogen that is derived as an extract from a specific form of mushroom is called ________.

Question 71

________ is an altered state of consciousness characterized by a trancelike state and a sense of deep relaxation.

Question 72

Define circadian rhythms and explain what happens when rhythms are disrupted and when you are deprived of sleep.

Question 73

State three common myths about sleep and dreaming, and provide an explanation for why each one is a myth.

Question 74

State the sequence of sleep stages you pass through during an average night of sleep, describe the physiological changes and other experiences in each stage.

Question 75

Describe four theories of why we sleep.

Question 76

Interpret the following dream using TWO of the three major dream theories. Be sure to use and define the terms associated with each theory, and explain the dream in those terms.
"The night before my final exam I dreamt I was on a desert island. All of a sudden, a boat appeared on the horizon with my teacher and parents in it. I became quite anxious as the boat came closer. Just before it landed, I awoke."

Question 77

Describe the symptoms, consequences, and possible treatments for each of the following sleep disorders: narcolepsy, insomnia, sleep apnea, nightmares, and sleep terrors.

Question 78

Define psychoactive drugs and list several examples of these kinds of drugs. Define and differentiate between drug abuse and addiction, psychological and physical dependence, and withdrawal and tolerance.

Question 79

Describe the effects of each of the following types of drugs on the nervous system and behavior, and provide an example of a specific drug for each category: depressants, stimulants, opiates, hallucinogens, and club drugs.

Question 80

Describe the characteristics associated with meditation, and discuss the major physiological processes that can be affected by this alternate state of consciousness. Write a brief description of one method of entering a meditative state.