Deck 5: Informed Consent

Question 1

Patients are legitimately judged incompetent in cases of

A) reluctance by the patient to undergo treatment.
B) intellectual disability and dementia.
C) the patient's refusal of treatment.
D) terminal disease.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Physicians are often not obligated to provide disclosure in cases of

A) waiver.
B) serious illness.
C) dubious medical procedures.
D) physician incompetence.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Tom L. Beauchamp defines informed consent as

A) shared decision-making.
B) transparency.
C) autonomous authorization.
D) universal validity.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The consent of an informed, competent, understanding patient cannot be legitimate unless it is given

A) with permission from family members.
B) without fear.
C) by a legal authority.
D) voluntarily.

Question 5

From a strictly Kantian viewpoint, therapeutic privilege is

A) always permissible.
B) respectful to persons.
C) never permissible.
D) necessary.

Question 6

A(n) _______ would judge whether a physician should obtain informed consent according to the benefits generated for all concerned.

A) Kantian
B) rule-utilitarian
C) act-utilitarian
D) Rawlsian contract theorist

Question 7

A(n) _______ would judge whether a physician should obtain informed consent according to the consequences that would result if physicians were consistently required to secure informed consent.

A) Kantian
B) rule-utilitarian
C) act-utilitarian
D) Rawlsian contract theorist

Question 8

A(n) _______ would judge that informed consent is an absolute requirement on the basis of respecting individual autonomy.

A) Kantian
B) rule-utilitarian
C) act-utilitarian
D) Rawlsian contract theorist

Question 9

A(n) _______ would argue in support of the doctrine of informed consent on the grounds that treating people without their informed authorization would be a violation of basic liberties.

A) Kantian
B) rule-utilitarian
C) act-utilitarian
D) Rawlsian contract theorist

Question 10

The case of Canterbury v. Spence was an important ruling regarding informed consent. It focused primarily on

A) patient competence.
B) adequacy of disclosure.
C) waiver of informed consent.
D) coercion.

Question 11

The idea of _______ arises from the intuition that patients, as autonomous persons, should have the ultimate say in what is done to their bodies, and that they ought not to be treated without their voluntary, knowledgeable agreement.

A) confidentiality
B) therapeutic privilege
C) informed consent
D) competence

Question 12

In the ethical ideal, consent is more than _______-more than the patient's giving into the physician's wishes or doing what is expected.

A) assent
B) autonomous authorization
C) shared decision-making
D) therapeutic privilege

Question 13

Physicians are not obligated to provide disclosure in all situations. Which of the following describes an exception to physicians' duty to obtain informed consent?

A) An emergency, when stopping to obtain consent could seriously harm the patient
B) Patient incompetence
C) Patient waiver
D) All of the above

Question 14

A physician is treating a 23-year-old patient for a terminal illness. The patient is already extremely distraught and depressed, so the physician decides to withhold relevant information-reasoning that the disclosure would likely do great harm and not much good. The physical is exercising

A) therapeutic privilege.
B) informed consent.
C) confidentiality.
D) respect for persons.

Question 15

A patient is generally considered to possess decision-making capacity if they

A) appreciate the nature of the recommended care.
B) understand their medical diagnosis and prognosis.
C) make decisions consistent with their values.
D) All of the above

Question 16

Philosophers have justified informed consent through appeals to the principles of autonomy and beneficence.

Question 17

Throughout medical history, physicians have practiced the healing arts while putting great emphasis on informed consent.

Question 18

Many critics see huge discrepancies between the ethical ideal of informed consent and the laws or rules meant to implement it.

Question 19

True informed consent is merely a matter of warning the patient of the risks of treatment.

Question 20

To determine a patient's decision-making capacity, a court must usually get involved.

Question 21

Courts currently uphold the view that that disclosure is adequate if it meets the customary standards of medical practice

Question 22

Most of the time, people are presumed to be competent unless there are good reasons to think otherwise.

Question 23

A patient might be judged incompetent due to alcoholism.

Question 24

The ethical doctrine of informed consent says that disclosure is adequate if it allows patients to intelligently weigh the risks and benefits of available choices.

Question 25

The duty of physicians to obtain informed consent has no exceptions.

Question 26

Refusal to submit to a recommended treatment can be taken as evidence of a lack of understanding.

Question 27

Manipulation is the intentional use of a credible and severe threat of harm or force to control another.

Question 28

Giving false or misleading information or withholding relevant facts is a form of coercion.

Question 29

From a Kantian viewpoint, waiving informed consent is allowed.

Question 30

In medicine, the attending physician is often the one who determines whether a patient is able to make decisions regarding his/her medical care.

Question 31

What are the five conditions required for informed consent?

Question 32

What are the four pieces of information courts currently mandate to fulfill the obligation of adequate disclosure of information for informed consent?

Question 33

Define and contrast informed consent as autonomous authorization and informed consent as shared decision making.

Question 34

In determining whether a patient has decision-making capacity, physicians must often talk to the patient's friends or family members. Explain why this can be an important resource.

Question 35

Imagine you are a physician trying to determine whether a patient has decision-making capacity. What are some questions you could ask to determine that they a) understand the information you have disclosed to them, and b) appreciate the consequences of their choices?

Question 36

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Concept of Informed Consent," Ruth R. Faden and Tom L. Beauchamp
-Faden and Beauchamp believe that the tendency to equate informed consent with shared decision-making is

A) irrelevant.
B) rare.
C) confused.
D) untimely.

Question 37

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Concept of Informed Consent," Ruth R. Faden and Tom L. Beauchamp
-Faden and Beauchamp say that the idea of real informed consent suggests that a patient in the act of consent

A) yields all control to medical professionals.
B) does not really authorize anything.
C) never really acts autonomously.
D) actively authorizes a proposal or action.

Question 38

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Concept of Informed Consent," Ruth R. Faden and Tom L. Beauchamp
-Faden and Beauchamp believe that the idea of informed consent

A) does not entail that the patient and physician "share decision-making."
B) entails that the patient and physician "share decision-making."
C) entails that the patient and physician always reach a decision together.
D) entails that the patient and physician never reach a decision together.

Question 39

The Following Questions For Readings: "Informed Consent-Must It Remain a Fairy Tale?," Jay Katz
-Katz says that the most formidable obstacle to disclosure and consent is

A) medical technology.
B) medical uncertainty.
C) bureaucratic regulations.
D) poor decision-making skills.

Question 40

The Following Questions For Readings: "Informed Consent-Must It Remain a Fairy Tale?," Jay Katz
-Katz says that genuine self-determination in patient decision-making is

A) nonexistent.
B) exercised in most situations.
C) still not the norm.
D) the norm.

Question 41

The Following Questions For Readings: "Informed Consent-Must It Remain a Fairy Tale?," Jay Katz
-Katz says that the goal of joint decision-making between physicians and patients is

A) fulfilled in modern medicine.
B) unintelligible.
C) still unfulfilled.
D) misguided.

Question 42

The Following Questions For Readings: "Transparency: Informed Consent in Primary Care," Howard Brody
-According to Brody, the "conversation standard"

A) does not lend itself to ready translation into a useful legal standard.
B) lends itself well to legal review.
C) is the model that gives the best guidance in informed consent.
D) is rejected by Jay Katz.

Question 43

The Following Questions For Readings: "Transparency: Informed Consent in Primary Care," Howard Brody
-According to Brody, informed consent is still seen by physicians as

A) an essential part of patient care.
B) bureaucratic legalism.
C) a realistic and useful part of patient care.
D) a way to satisfy the low demand for information among patients.

Question 44

The Following Questions For Readings: "Transparency: Informed Consent in Primary Care," Howard Brody
-To operationalize the best features of the conversation model in medical practice, Brody proposes the _______ standard.

A) legal
B) bureaucratic
C) full disclosure
D) transparency

Question 45

The Following Questions For Readings: Canterbury v. Spence, U.S. Court of Appeals
-In the Canterbury ruling, the court said the adequacy of disclosure by a physician should be judged by

A) the patient's need for relevant information.
B) the medical profession.
C) legal standards.
D) the state of medical technology.

Question 46

The Following Questions For Readings: Canterbury v. Spence, U.S. Court of Appeals
-In Canterbury v. Spence, the court said that the patient's right of self-decision

A) shapes the boundaries of the duty to treat.
B) shapes the boundaries of the duty to reveal.
C) dictates what the physician can and cannot say.
D) shapes the boundaries of medical practice.

Question 47

The Following Questions For Readings: Canterbury v. Spence, U.S. Court of Appeals
-In Canterbury v. Spence, the court declared that the topics importantly demanding communication of information include the

A) costs of the treatment.
B) inherent and potential hazards of the proposed treatment.
C) physician's formal education.
D) inherent hazards of following the physician's advice.