Deck 10: Measuring Concentration

Question 1

What causes hyponatremia?

A) excess of water
B) not enough water
C) excess of electrolytes
D) consuming too much salt

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Hyponatremia occurs when

A) sodium concentration in the blood drops below the normal level.
B) sodium concentration in the blood increases above the normal level.
C) calcium concentration in the blood drops below the normal level.
D) potassium concentration in the blood drops below the normal level.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In the story at the beginning of the chapter, the woman in the 2002 Boston marathon dies of

A) heat exhaustion.
B) diabetic shock.
C) hyponatremia.
D) hypernatremia.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Concentration is a measure of

A) specific volume of solution.
B) amount of solute.
C) amount of solute in a specific volume of solution.
D) mass of solution.

Question 5

How may the quantity of solute be measured?

A) volume
B) mass
C) moles
D) any of the above

Question 6

What volume of solution is in a cubic container that is 10 cm on each side?

A) 1 microliter
B) 1 milliliter
C) 1 liter
D) 1 kiloliter

Question 7

Which unit of volume is 1000 times smaller than one liter?

A) microliter
B) milliliter
C) kiloliter
D) megaliter

Question 8

What volume of ethanol in mL is found in a 0.500 L bottle of beer with 4.8% (v/v) alcohol?

A) 24 mL
B) 2.4 mL
C) 0.0024 mL
D) 2400 mL

Question 9

What volume of ethanol in mL is found in a 750 mL bottle of 40% (v/v) vodka (80 proof)?

A) 0.300 mL
B) 3.00mL
C) 30.0 mL
D) 300 mL

Question 10

A 12.5 g quantity of dextrose is dissolved in enough water to produce 250 ml of solution. What is the concentration in percentage (w/v)?

A) 0.0500%
B) 0.500%
C) 5.00%
D) 50.0%

Question 11

A 142 gram package of dextrose was dissolved into 19.0 liters of water. What is the concentration in percentage (w/v)?

A) 0.00747%
B) 0.0747%
C) 0.747%
D) 7.47%

Question 12

A concentration of 1 microgram per 1 liter of solution is

A) 1%.
B) 1 ppt.
C) 1 ppm.
D) 1 ppb.

Question 13

One ppm is

A) $\frac{1 g}{1 L}$
B) $\frac{1 d g}{1 L}$
C) $\frac{1 m g}{1 L}$
D) $\frac{1 \mu g}{1 L}$

Question 14

How much mercury would you consume if you consumed 8.00 fl. oz. of water containing 500 ppm of mercury? [1 fl. oz = 30 mL]

A) 12.0 mg
B) 120 mg
C) 4000 mg
D) 120,000 mg

Question 15

What is the concentration in molarity of a solution in which 1.10 grams of potassium iodide, KI, is dissolved in water to produce 125 mL of solution?

A) 0.880 M
B) 0.0530 M
C) 0.0000530 M
D) 8.80 M

Question 16

A solution of sodium carbonate, Na₂CO₃, is prepared by dissolving 25 grams of sodium carbonate in water to produce 450 mL of solution. What is the molar concentration? [MM = 105.9888 grams/mole]

A) 0.0556 M
B) 0.524 M
C) 0.000524 M
D) 5.56 M

Question 17

What mass in grams of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is required to prepare 375 mL of a 0.00100 M solution?

A) 0.0150 grams
B) 3.75 grams
C) 15.0 grams
D) 0.0400 grams

Question 18

What mass of iron (III) nitrate, Fe (NO₃)₃, is needed to prepare a 125 mL solution of 0.250 M?

A) 7.56 grams
B) 60.5 grams
C) 2.68 grams
D) 30.2 grams

Question 19

What is the molar concentration of a solution prepared by dissolving 4.25 grams of sodium nitrate, NaNO₃, in water to produce 250 mL of solution?

A) 17.0 M
B) 0.0200 M
C) 0.200 M
D) 1.00 M

Question 20

A 14.6% (w/v) sodium chloride, NaCl, is available for injection. What is its concentration in molarity?

A) 2.50 M
B) 0.00250 M
C) 0.146 M
D) 0.250 M

Question 21

What is the molar concentration of a 50% (w/v) dextrose solution for injection? [MM = 180.16 gram/mole]

A) 0.500 M
B) 0.900 M
C) 2.78 M
D) 0.00278 M

Question 22

A 0.230 M solution of KCl may also be described as

A) 23 mM.
B) 230 mM.
C) 23 μM.
D) 230 μM.

Question 23

Describe a 0.000450 M AgNO₃ solution in μM.

A) 4.50 μM
B) 45.0 μM
C) 450 μM
D) 450,000 μM

Question 24

Which of the following is the legally enforced limit for a contaminant in a municipal water supply?

A) EPA
B) MCLG
C) MCL
D) M

Question 25

The MCL of cadmium is 0.005 ppm. What is the concentration in molarity?

A) 5.00  10^-6 M
B) 4.45  10^-2 M
C) 4.45  10^-5 M
D) 4.45  10^-8 M

Question 26

Arsenic is a poisonous metal whose MCL is 0.0100 ppm. What is this concentration in molarity?

A) 1.33  10^-7 M
B) 1.33  10^-4 M
C) 7.49  10^-4 M
D) 7.49  10^-7 M

Question 27

The MCL for lead, Pb, is 0.015 ppm. How many atoms of lead are present in 250 mL of solution?

A) 9.03  10¹⁸ atoms
B) 1.09  10¹⁶ atoms
C) 4.36  10¹⁶ atoms
D) 1.09  10¹³ atoms

Question 28

You need to prepare 500 mL of a 0.200 M solution of perchloric acid. How much concentrated perchloric acid (11.6 M) would you need to prepare this solution?

A) 0.00862 M
B) 8.62 mL
C) 58.0 mL
D) 17.2 mL

Question 29

What volume in milliliters of a 1.00 M solution of sodium hydroxide is required to make 125 mL of a 0.0600 M solution?

A) 7.50 mL
B) 12.5 mL
C) 16.7 mL
D) 208 mL

Question 30

A specific volume of a stock solution of potassium chloride, KCl, is diluted with water to prepare a working solution. Which solution has the greatest number of moles of KCl?

A) the stock solution
B) the working solution
C) Both solutions have the same number of moles.
D) This cannot be determined.

Question 31

Tonicity of a solution arises from

A) the concentration of water in the solution.
B) the concentration of solutes that may pass through the selectively permeable membrane.
C) the concentration of solutes that may not pass through the selectively permeable membrane.
D) All solutes in the solution, regardless of whether they can pass through the selectively permeable membrane.

Question 32

When cells are in an isotonic solution,

A) the flow of water into the cell is greater than the flow of water out of the cell.
B) there is an equal flow of water into and out of the cell.
C) the flow of water into the cell is less than the flow of water out of the cell.
D) they swell and possibly burst.

Question 33

Which statement about osmosis is correct.

A) The solute moves across the membrane from a region of higher solvent concentration to lower solvent concentration.
B) The solute moves across the membrane from a region of lower solvent concentration to higher solvent concentration.
C) Water moves across the membrane from a region of higher solvent concentration to lower solvent concentration.
D) Water moves across the membrane from a region of lower solvent concentration to higher solvent concentration.

Question 34

A popular soft drink contains 100 mg of sodium in 591 mL. Determine the concentration in mM.

A) 4.35 mM
B) 169 mM
C) 7.36 mM
D) 0.00736 mM

Question 35

Hyponatremia causes

A) water to flow from the cells into the blood.
B) water to be expelled as urine.
C) water to flow from the blood into the cells.
D) a strong desire to drink more fluids.

Question 36

Hyponatremia causes

A) cells to swell and possibly burst.
B) cells to shrivel and shrink.
C) cell growth to slow.
D) cell growth to increase.

Question 37

Hyponatremia is particularly dangerous to ___________ cells.

A) epithelial
B) red blood
C) endothelial
D) brain

Question 38

Hyponatremia is diagnosed when the sodium in the blood is

A) equal to or less than 100 mM.
B) equal to or less than 135 mM.
C) 135 - 145 mM.
D) equal to or greater than 145 mM.

Question 39

In pharmacokinetics half-life, which of the following processes constitute the elimination phase?

A) absorption
B) metabolism
C) excretion
D) both b and c

Question 40

A pharmacokinetic profile has time on the horizontal axis. What is shown on the vertical axis?

A) the quantity of drug administered
B) blood plasma concentration of the drug
C) a measure of the effectiveness of the drug
D) urine concentration of the drug

Question 41

Which factor or factors decrease the blood concentration of the drug?

A) metabolism
B) excretion
C) metabolism and excretion
D) distribution, metabolism, and excretion

Question 42

Which process describes the movement of the drug into the bloodstream?

A) adsorption
B) distribution
C) metabolism
D) excretion

Question 43

In pharmacokinetics, the liver is involved with

A) absorption.
B) distribution.
C) metabolism.
D) excretion.

Question 44

The peak blood alcohol content (BAC) for vodka was found to be 77.4 mg/dL. What is this value in %BAC?

A) 0.000774%
B) 0.00774%
C) 0.0774%
D) 0.774%

Question 45

The process of adding more solvent to a solution is ____________________.

Question 46

The process of water passing selectively through a permeable membrane is ____________________.

Question 47

The process where molecules move from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration is called ____________________.

Question 48

When the ion concentration in the solution is greater than the ion concentration inside the cell, the solution is called ____________________.

Question 49

When the ion concentration in the solution is less than the ion concentration inside the cell, the solution is called ____________________.

Question 50

The total molar concentration of solutes that cannot cross the cell membrane determines the ____________________ of the solution.

Question 51

The study of how drugs move through the body is ____________________.

Question 52

Why is it possible to describe 1 ppm as 1 gram for 1,000,000 mL of solution?

Question 53

What are the EPA's terms MCLG and MCL. Make sure your descriptions explain how they are different.

Question 54

Explain why scientists prefer molarity as a concentration term rather than percentage, part per million, or part per billion.

Question 55

In osmosis, only water moves across the membrane. The solute does not move across the membrane. Explain why.

Question 56

What happens to cells when they are in a hypertonic solution?

Question 57

What happens to cells when they are in a hypotonic solution?

Question 58

Name four factors that influence blood concentrations of a drug.

Question 59

Explain why brain cells are particularly affected by hyponatremia.