Deck 3: Cognitive Development

Question 1

A(n) ______ is the gap between two neurons.

A) synapse
B) axon
C) neurotransmitter
D) glial cell

Answer 1

A

Question 2

New neurons are born in the hippocampus and will travel along the ______ to the location of the brain where they will function.

A) neurotransmitters
B) glial cells
C) synapse
D) limbic system

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which scenario requires assistance from the hippocampus area of the brain?

A) Julie makes a decision about participating in the play.
B) Maria talks to her friend Jada.
C) Tasha remembers her lunch on the counter.
D) Priya is able to come up with the answer quickly.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The connections made between neurons is a process known as ______.

A) lateralization
B) myelination
C) neurogenesis
D) synaptogenesis

Question 5

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between synaptic pruning and the prefrontal cortex in adolescence?

A) Synaptic pruning occurs at an accelerated rate decreasing the unused synapses therefore thinning and molding the prefrontal cortex
B) Synaptic pruning increases the unmyelinated brain matter adding and molding the prefrontal cortex.
C) Myelinated brain matter is increased by synaptic pruning which then increases the speed of thought and decision-making in the prefrontal cortex.
D) Synaptic pruning decreases so that the molding of the prefrontal cortex may increase in unmyelinated neurons.

Question 6

Which process is defined as the specialization of the right and left hemispheres?

A) myelination
B) lateralization
C) neurogenesis
D) synaptogenesis

Question 7

Carter, a 13-year-old boy, has been playing competitive soccer for a few years. He is even on a travel team in the off season. He enjoys the physicality of the game and the competition. Lately, Carter has been more aggressive. He has even gotten a few red cards for charging too aggressively during his games. This may be due to the peak of which brain structure?

A) corpus callosum
B) hippocampus
C) amygdala
D) cortex

Question 8

Which concept refers to the brain's ability to adapt its structure and function as a result of experiences?

A) lateralization
B) neurogenesis
C) synaptogenesis
D) plasticity

Question 9

What is the relationship between stress and adolescent brain development?

A) Exposure to stress is related to atrophy of dendrites and reduced dendritic growth.
B) Exposure to stress is related to an increase of dendritic growth and therefore synapses.
C) Exposure to stress is associated with an increase of brain volume.
D) Exposure to stress is associated with a decrease in aggression and growth in the amygdala.

Question 10

Which statement is true regarding the brain development in adolescents who use alcohol and other substances?

A) Adolescents who use alcohol and other substances have been found to have normal head trauma.
B) Adolescents who use alcohol and other substances have been found to have abnormal white and gray brain matter trajectories.
C) Adolescents who use alcohol and other substances have increased executive functioning in their prefrontal cortex.
D) Adolescents who use alcohol and other substances show increases in gray matter volume in the brain.

Question 11

______ proposes that adolescent behavior is a result of the prefrontal cortex catching up with the limbic system in development.

A) Postformal reasoning
B) Lateralization
C) The dual systems model
D) Mutual perspective taking

Question 12

Charlotte has been having a lot of arguments with her mother lately. She storms off angrily anytime her mother even brings up her grades in school. Charlotte thinks that her mother is accusing her of slacking off while her mother is merely asking how things are going in school. Charlotte is having difficulties with ______.

A) reasoning abilities
B) substance use
C) decision-making
D) socioemotional perception

Question 13

Which behavior is an example of reward perception?

A) Hector and his friends free climbing without the use of ropes or any safety equipment.
B) Hector and his friends are learning to play a new sport.
C) Hector and his friends make sure to take precautions when they ride their dirt bikes.
D) Hector and his friends are helping one another stay away from using alcohol.

Question 14

Sophia wants to be accepted at her new high school. A group of girls at school have befriended Sophia, but they are pressuring her to drink with them after school. Sophia makes a spur of the moment decision to go ahead because she feels the need for acceptance. This poor decision is due to the ______.

A) underformed amygdala
B) heightened emotional arousal
C) reflective judgment of the situation
D) synaptic pruning in the brain

Question 15

In adolescence, the pinnacle of Piaget's stages of cognitive developmental theory emerges known as ______.

A) triarchic theory
B) dual systems model
C) formal operational reasoning
D) concrete operational reasoning

Question 16

Which person is demonstrating formal operational reasoning?

A) Kathryn is welding her project in class.
B) Jamal is playing his violin.
C) Tucker is matching block patterns.
D) Kayla is testing a hypothesis in science class.

Question 17

Joseph, a 16-year-old boy, is doing a paper on the death penalty. He has to really think about what justice means. Does the death penalty truly serve justice as a punishment? This and other questions along these lines keep presenting themselves in his mind. Joseph is using ______.

A) formal operational reasoning
B) dual systems model
C) lateralization
D) the imaginary audience

Question 18

Carla's group, in psychology class, has been given the task of coming up with a modern day problem and applying one of the psychological perspectives to solve this problem. They first have to consider many of society's problems and then generate a hypothesis based on one of the perspectives. After they complete that part of the task, they must find a way to systematically test the use of this perspective. Carla's group is using ______.

A) social perspective taking
B) hypothetical-deductive reasoning
C) response inhibition
D) selective attention

Question 19

How is college related to formal operational reasoning?

A) The stress of college courses is associated with a decrease in formal operational reasoning.
B) The college readiness of the student is associated with reward perception in reasoning.
C) The completion of college courses is associated with propositional and statistical thought.
D) The decision to undertake college courses is associated with perspective taking in reasoning.

Question 20

Which scenario demonstrates formal operational reasoning as proposed by Jean Piaget?

A) Zion hands each group member an equitable amount of snack.
B) Zion cannot define the concept of peace.
C) Zion believes that a tall skinny glass contains more liquid than the short one.
D) Zion systematically puts together the steps for the experiment in class.

Question 21

Cognitive changes in knowledge, experience, and ______ occur gradually during adolescence affecting formal operational reasoning.

A) information processing capacity
B) egocentrism
C) the amygdala
D) the personal fable

Question 22

The integration of abstract reasoning with practical considerations is known as ______.

A) formal operational reasoning
B) postformal operational reasoning
C) dual systems model
D) lateralization

Question 23

Kobe, an 18-year-old, is a freshman in college taking a general psychology class. At the moment, they are learning about operant conditioning. Kobe believes that everything can be boiled down to a reward or punishment situation as outlined in operant conditioning. He doesn't see any gray area where someone would complete a task without some sort of positive reward. Kobe illustrates ______.

A) dual systems model
B) reflective judgment
C) dualistic thinking
D) hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Question 24

Nicki, a 20-year-old, is taking a philosophy course in college. She has to take a stand on an issue while also considering the other arguments in opposition to her own belief. As she is doing this assignment, she realizes that even though she believes her position to be correct, she can see how another perspective could be defended. Nicki illustrates ______.

A) selective attention
B) divided attention
C) dualistic thinking
D) relativistic thinking

Question 25

Which behavior is an example of reflective judgment?

A) A person who is not able to test a hypothesis.
B) A person who evaluates several options to choose the best solution.
C) A person who chooses one solution but sees a benefit to another.
D) A person who only sees one solution to the problem.

Question 26

How does post-formal operational reasoning differ from formal operational reasoning?

A) Post-formal operational reasoning uses practical considerations along with abstractions.
B) Post-formal operational reasoning uses abstract reasoning only for hypothetical situations.
C) Post-formal operational reasoning deals with concrete reasoning instead of abstractions.
D) Post-formal operational reasoning is associated with the beginning of puberty.

Question 27

Which scenario illustrates postformal reasoning?

A) Gustavo classifies the objects for the experiment by their size.
B) Gustavo believes that everyone is always watching him.
C) Gustavo sees several solutions for his problem but chooses what he thinks is the best one.
D) Gustavo thinks about the meaning of love in the greater scheme of the universe.

Question 28

How is experience related to post-formal reasoning?

A) Post-formal reasoning depends upon experience with the hippocampus.
B) Post-formal reasoning can only be achieved with experience in college.
C) Post-formal reasoning is not related to experience but to comprehension of ideas.
D) Post-formal reasoning is associated with areas an individual has the most experience in.

Question 29

Which aspect of perception filters incoming information in its original form?

A) sensory register
B) working memory
C) short-term memory
D) hippocampus

Question 30

Sarah is aware of all the different smells in the arboretum. She can close her eyes and smell the lavender which is different from the roses. By doing this, she can move this information from her sensory memory into her short term and eventually her long term so that she will always remember what lavender smells like. Sarah's awareness of the different smells is the process of ______.

A) lateralization
B) attention
C) neurogenesis
D) metacognition

Question 31

Working memory is comprised of a short-term store of information to process and the ______.

A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) central executive
D) response inhibition

Question 32

Miguel is taking notes in his English class. He is able to both listen to his teacher and recreate the synopsis of the short story the class is working on. He puts his notes into his own words instead of just repeating exactly what the teacher is saying. Miguel is illustrating ______.

A) selective attention
B) divided attention
C) lateralization
D) dual systems model

Question 33

How is neurological development related to working memory in adolescence?

A) With the continuing neurological development, adolescents are better able to use the executive function in working memory.
B) With the continuing neurological development, adolescents are better able to store information indefinitely in working memory.
C) With the continuing neurological development, adolescents decrease the amount of information that they process in working memory.
D) With the continuing neurological development, adolescents decrease the attention they pay to information as it goes through working memory.

Question 34

______ is the ability to control and stop acknowledging a stimulus.

A) Postformal reasoning
B) Reflective judgment
C) Response inhibition
D) Selective attention

Question 35

Alison loves her English class. In fact, every time the class has a discussion on the classic novel they are reading, Alison has to blurt out what she thinks. She becomes so excited by the prospect of interpreting the themes and characterizations that she does not think about the consequences of interrupting the teacher. Alison is illustrating ______.

A) reflective judgment
B) cognitive control
C) response inhibition
D) immature inhibitory processes

Question 36

Which behavior is an example of immature response inhibition?

A) speaking out of turn
B) thinking before you speak
C) remembering what you want to say
D) solving a difficult problem

Question 37

In childhood and adolescence, ______ underlies improvements in processing speed.

A) lateralization
B) myelination
C) neurogenesis
D) synaptogenesis

Question 38

A scientist focused on the amount of cognitive effort required to process information is most likely interested in ______.

A) lateralization
B) attention
C) automaticity
D) gray matter

Question 39

Ahmed, a 17-year-old-boy, has been driving for a year and a half now having earned his permit when he was 15 ½ and his license at 16-years-old. He drives to and from school every day along with running errands for his mother after school. He does not really think about driving the way he used to when he was first learning. Ahmed is experiencing ______.

A) post-formal reasoning
B) myelination
C) mutual perspective taking
D) automaticity

Question 40

______ refers to thinking about thinking through adolescence.

A) Metacognition
B) Lateralization
C) Myelination
D) Synaptogenesis

Question 41

Travis knows he is a visual learner. He draws mind maps and pictures to help himself remember the terms that he needs for biology. Travis plans to go into graphic design so he often enjoys dreaming up new ways he can think about art. Travis is illustrating ______.

A) reflective judgment
B) metacognition
C) relativist thinking
D) dual systems model

Question 42

How is metacognition related to academic achievement in adolescence?

A) Metacognition allows for the dual systems model to increase academic gains.
B) Metacognition proficiency is associated with lower academic gains.
C) Metacognition proficiency is associated with increased academic gains.
D) Metacognition is associated with the limbic system decreasing academic gains.

Question 43

The WISC-V and WAIS-IV are examples of IQ tests that have been ______.

A) made to test alternative views of intelligence
B) constructed by Robert Sternberg
C) normed with individuals under age 16
D) standardized across ethnicities

Question 44

A scientist focused on assessing IQ in individuals between the ages of 12 and 13 would most likely use the ______.

A) WISC-V
B) WAIS-IV
C) multiple intelligence theory
D) triarchic theory of intelligence

Question 45

Isaac, a 17-year-old, has been having some issues at school with applying information. He has always struggled in school, but this year has been particularly difficult. His school psychologist would like to run some assessments to determine any learning issues as well as an IQ test. Isaac would most likely complete the ______.

A) WISC-V
B) WAIS-IV
C) multiple intelligence
D) triarchic intelligence

Question 46

How are IQ scores associated with cognitive development?

A) Changes in IQ scores decrease the possibility of cognitive development.
B) IQ scores are higher in those with later cognitive development.
C) Changes in IQ scores run parallel with cognitive development.
D) IQ scores are decreased during the period of time for cognitive development.

Question 47

Which region of the brain is intelligence thought to arise from activity and interaction of the brain regions?

A) Corpus callosum
B) Amygdala
C) Hippocampus
D) Frontal cortex

Question 48

Which statement is true about IQ differences within a population?

A) There are more differences among individuals within a given population than between given ethnic groups.
B) There are no differences among individuals within a given population than between given ethnic groups.
C) There are more similarities among individuals within a given population than between given ethnic groups.
D) There are no similarities among individuals within a given population than between given ethnic groups.

Question 49

How is socioeconomic status related to IQ scores?

A) Lower socioeconomic status has been negatively correlated with lower IQ scores.
B) Lower socioeconomic status has been positively correlated with lower IQ scores.
C) Higher socioeconomic status has been negatively correlated with lower IQ scores.
D) Higher socioeconomic status has been positively correlated with lower IQ scores.

Question 50

What is the relationship between ethnicity, IQ, and SES?

A) When SES is controlled for, ethnicity and IQ appear to have great differences.
B) When SES is controlled for, the disparity between IQ and ethnicity is increased.
C) When SES is controlled for, the disparity between IQ and ethnicity is greatly reduced.
D) When SES is controlled for, IQ is lower for all ethnicities.

Question 51

What is the relationship between summer vacation and IQ scores?

A) There is a mild increase in IQ for some ethnicities during summer vacation.
B) There is no relationship between IQ scores and summer vacation.
C) There is an increase in IQ scores during summer vacation.
D) There is a decrease in IQ scores during summer vacation.

Question 52

The ability to solve problems and create culturally valued products is the definition of intelligence by which theorist?

A) Howard Gardner
B) Robert Sternberg
C) Jean Piaget
D) Robert Selman

Question 53

Tatiana is an average student. She has a decent GPA and understands most of the information that is presented. Her extracurricular activity is ballet. She excels in this arena. She has even been invited by a prestigious ballet program in New York to audition. According to Howard Gardner, Tatiana excels in ______.

A) verbal intelligence
B) kinesthetic intelligence
C) musical intelligence
D) creative intelligence

Question 54

A scientist focused on several types of intelligence such as linguistic and musical is most likely interested in ______.

A) lateralization
B) IQ tests
C) multiple intelligence theory
D) triarchic theory of intelligence

Question 55

How is the triarchic theory of intelligence as proposed by Sternberg related to IQ tests?

A) Linguistic intelligence within this theory is measured by traditional IQ tests.
B) Practical intelligence within this theory is measured by traditional IQ tests.
C) Creative intelligence within this theory is measured by traditional IQ tests.
D) Analytical intelligence within this theory is measured by traditional IQ tests.

Question 56

Liam is particularly good at assessing what he needs to do in different situations. He can tell which tool he should use to build his motor. He finds it relatively easy to respond to different situations with different people. Sternberg would say that Liam is high in ______ intelligence.

A) practical
B) analytical
C) verbal
D) creative

Question 57

Which theorist posed that adolescents follow a developmental path from adolescent egocentrism to mature perspective taking?

A) Howard Gardner
B) Jean Piaget
C) Robert Selman
D) Robert Sternberg

Question 58

A scientist focused on how adolescents' beliefs and perspectives are influenced is most likely interested in ______.

A) reflective judgment
B) postformal reasoning
C) societal perspective taking
D) information processing system

Question 59

Mohamed has been interacting with social media a lot lately. He has even been finding his news about the world on social media. He has noticed that some of his beliefs are starting to change in agreement with the media he is consuming. Mohamed is experiencing ______.

A) dualistic thinking
B) reflective judgment
C) mutual perspective taking
D) societal perspective taking

Question 60

How is working memory associated with perspective taking?

A) As working memory advances in adolescence, perspective taking ability also improves.
B) As working memory declines in adolescence, perspective taking ability improves.
C) As working memory improves with lateralization of the hemispheres, perspective taking declines.
D) As working memory is subjected to hormones during puberty, perspective taking operates at the extreme.

Question 61

Faith used to believe that everyone felt the same way as she did about dogs. She thought that everyone loved them. As Faith has entered into early adolescence, she has realized that her aunt does not like dogs because one bit her when she was young. Faith can understand her aunt's perspective about dogs now. Faith is illustrating ______.

A) societal perspective taking
B) mutual perspective taking
C) dualistic thinking
D) relativist thinking

Question 62

How is perspective taking related to peer relationships?

A) Those adolescents who made advances in social perspective taking were not received well by others.
B) Those adolescents who were behind in social perspective taking were better received by others.
C) Those adolescents who made advances in social perspective taking were better received by others.
D) Those adolescents who were behind in social perspective taking were popular experience popularity.

Question 63

In adolescence, feeling as if all eyes are on you is known as ______.

A) a sensitive period
B) relativist thinking
C) the personal fable
D) the imaginary audience

Question 64

Which scenario demonstrates the imaginary audience?

A) Kayla thinks everyone is looking at her pimple.
B) Kayla texts and drives but doesn't think she will ever get into an accident.
C) Kayla drinks alcohol with her friends on the weekends.
D) Kayla thinks that no one has ever experience this kind of love before.

Question 65

Victoria has just started seventh grade. She wants this year to go better than the last one in middle school. She searched and searched for just the right outfit to wear the first day of school. Once she got to school she remembered that she forgot to put on the scarf that she felt tied the entire outfit together. For the whole day, Victoria felt like everyone was commenting on what was missing from her outfit. Victoria is illustrating ______.

A) the personal fable
B) the imaginary audience
C) a sensitive period
D) reflective judgment

Question 66

The belief that one is invincible and unique is referred to as ______.

A) societal perspective taking
B) dualistic thinking
C) the personal fable
D) the imaginary audience

Question 67

Which person is demonstrating the personal fable?

A) Ali is worried everyone is looking at her pimple.
B) Carter feels very self-conscious in gym class.
C) Kumar wants to make sure he wears the right clothes to the party.
D) Rosa feels that she is the only one who has ever been in love like this.

Question 68

Isabella and her boyfriend just broke up. Her friends try and tell her that they understand that she is upset. Isabella responds to her friends that none of them could possibly understand the depth of her feelings for her boyfriend and just how devastating this break up is in her life. Isabella is illustrating ______.

A) the personal fable
B) the imaginary audience
C) divided attention
D) plasticity

Question 69

David has decided that he wants to learn how to rock climb. He went to his local indoor gym and learned how to boulder without ropes but still close to the ground. Since he did this pretty well, he has decided that he doesn't need to use ropes when doing higher climbs outside. He has told his friends that he is going to "free solo" meaning he is going to climb without ropes and by himself because he is really good at climbing. David is illustrating ______.

A) reflective judgment
B) relativist thinking
C) the personal fable
D) the imaginary audience

Question 70

How are the personal fable and imaginary audience related to late adolescence?

A) The personal fable declines in late adolescence, while the imaginary audience increases.
B) The imaginary audience declines in late adolescence, while the personal fable increases.
C) The imaginary audience and personal fable increase in late adolescence.
D) The imaginary audience and personal fable decrease in late adolescence.

Question 71

Myelination predicts cognitive functioning by aiding the processing speed of thought and behavior.

Question 72

Language is mostly specialized in the right hemisphere of the brain which is known as lateralization.

Question 73

Stress and/or trauma are contextual factors that have an effect on brain structure.

Question 74

According to Piaget, the discomfort of disequilibrium helps to propel cognitive development.

Question 75

Individuals will use formal-operational reasoning more likely with new information.

Question 76

Dualistic thinkers believe knowledge and theories are either right or wrong.

Question 77

Incoming sensory information is filtered through the short-term memory.

Question 78

Divided attention is demonstrated by reading and listening to music at the same time.

Question 79

Metacognition would be demonstrated by the pruning of unused synapses to allow for better thinking.

Question 80

An adolescent may be administered either the WAIS-IV or the WISC-V to ascertain IQ.