Deck 2: Biological Development

Question 1

The part of the body that produces and regulates hormone levels is ______.

A) the endocrine system
B) leptin
C) the delayed phase preference
D) adrenarche

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which statement accurately describes hormone level regulation in the human body?

A) Hormone levels always remain at a certain level without increasing or decreasing.
B) Hormone levels fluctuate as the body releases more hormones if needed.
C) Hormone levels are on a rigid 24-hr schedule that replicates each day.
D) Hormone levels remain constant as long as the temperature inside and outside the body remains constant.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which item is responsible for hormone production along with eating, drinking, and temperature regulation?

A) pituitary gland
B) gonads
C) hypothalamus
D) testes

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which part of the body stimulates the sex glands to mature, enlarge, and produce their own hormones?

A) melatonin
B) hypothalamus
C) gonads
D) pituitary gland

Question 5

A scientist interested in studying metabolism prior to puberty would benefit from focusing on ______.

A) adrenal hormones
B) gonads
C) hypothalamus
D) melatonin

Question 6

Luis, a 13-year-old boy, has been experiencing some mental health problems lately. Before puberty, this was not an issue for Luis. His mother recently lost her job, and his family had to relocate to a new place. Luis' sensitivity to stress could be attributed to ______.

A) increased leptin
B) heightened cortisol responses
C) decreased kisspeptin
D) lack of melatonin

Question 7

Kiesha, an 11-year-old girl, is experiencing rapid physical changes. Her body is changing so fast she has to buy new pants and shoes after only a couple of months. Keisha has most likely begun her ______.

A) adrenarche
B) menarche
C) adolescent growth spurt
D) delayed phase preference

Question 8

How is the adolescent growth spurt related to biological sex?

A) Boys and girls begin their adolescent growth spurt around the same time, although boys spend a longer time within the growth spurt as most will be taller than girls.
B) Girls begin their adolescent growth spurt later than boys, which supports the finding that boys usually end up taller than girls as a whole.
C) Boys begin their adolescent growth spurt earlier, although the delay in growth for girls allows them to experience more prepubertal growth allowing them more cognitive affectation.
D) Girls begin their adolescent growth spurt earlier, although the delay for boys allows them longer prepubertal growth leading them to be taller than girls in the end.

Question 9

Tucker, a 13-year-old boy, noticed that his voice is changing. It cracks sometimes when he is answering a question in class. He is very embarrassed about the situation and has started to become much quieter. He has also noticed that he has more acne on his face and sweats more during soccer practice. He sometimes feels like he needs to shower twice a day so that he won't have any body odor. Tucker is experiencing ______.

A) primary sex characteristics
B) secondary sex characteristics
C) gonadarche
D) adrenarche

Question 10

Which is directly related to fertility in boys and girls?

A) secondary sex characteristics
B) primary sex characteristics
C) adrenarche
D) cortisol

Question 11

How are nocturnal emissions related to the spermarche?

A) Nocturnal emissions take place during the adrenarche prior to the spermarche.
B) Nocturnal emissions have no relation to the spermarche rather it is related to the menarche.
C) Nocturnal emissions are the form that most boys experience the spermarche.
D) Nocturnal emissions are part of the delayed phase preference.

Question 12

Hannah, a 12-year-old girl, is experiencing a lot of growth in height and weight. She has also noticed that she is growing body hair under her arms. Most recently, Hannah has experienced her menarche. This latest development is ______.

A) due to an increase in testosterone
B) due to melatonin levels
C) a secondary sex characteristic
D) a primary sex characteristic

Question 13

How is the experience of the menarche related to pubertal knowledge?

A) Girls with more knowledge of menstruation tend to view it positively.
B) Girls with more knowledge of menstruation tend to view it negatively.
C) Girls with little knowledge of menstruation are less likely to be scared by it.
D) Girls with little knowledge of menstruation tend to think it won't happen to them.

Question 14

Which statement describes the differing cultural and contextual experience of puberty between boys and girls?

A) Boys are rarely educated about ejaculation, while girls are often educated about menarche.
B) Girls may be forbidden from socializing or going to school while menstruating.
C) Boys are dismissed from school to attend work resulting in women completing more education.
D) Girls feel a sense of pride about menarche because it is recognized as an honorary transition to adulthood.

Question 15

Jamal, a 13-year-old boy, has just experienced his spermarche. His parents did not discuss this marker of puberty with him. Every time his mother or father try to discuss reproduction and puberty with him, they feel uneasy. Because of this interaction, Jamal's reaction to his spermarche tends to be more about ______.

A) depression
B) happiness
C) confusion
D) anxiety

Question 16

The delayed phase preference is triggered by a change in the release of ______.

A) leptin
B) kisspeptin
C) estrogen
D) melatonin

Question 17

How is melatonin related to sleep patterns in adolescence?

A) Melatonin is released, on average, about 2 hr later than it was during childhood.
B) Melatonin is released the same time it was during childhood.
C) Melatonin is released, on average, about 2 hr earlier than it was during childhood.
D) Melatonin is released in greater quantities during adolescence.

Question 18

Adolescents in Western countries such as the United States and Germany typically ______.

A) get more than 9 hr of sleep per night
B) get less than 9 hr of sleep per night
C) sleep too long which results in more fatigue
D) supplement sleep with melatonin capsules

Question 19

Which is an example of a contextual factor that interferes with sleep patterns in adolescence?

A) amount of melatonin released in the body
B) device use before bedtime
C) kisspeptin in the body
D) the secular trend

Question 20

Chan has been getting to school early for a meeting with his quiz bowl team as they are getting ready to compete. In order to keep up with his schoolwork, he has been on his laptop later and later in the evening. Even when he is finished, it seems to take his body more time to become sleepy even though he is tired throughout much of the day. This didn't happen when he was in elementary school, even when he went to before school practices. Chan is most likely experiencing the ______.

A) fight or flight response
B) HPG axis
C) secular trend
D) delayed phase preference

Question 21

Riverside High School's test scores have been dropping for several years since they instituted a start time before the middle and elementary schools. The test scores for the same students in middle school were all in line with state standards, and many are not now. The school board has recently learned about the delayed phase preference. With this knowledge, they have decided to delay start times that will greatly affect the students' ______ and hopefully test scores.

A) amount of sleep
B) cortisol levels
C) substance use
D) HPG axis

Question 22

Which factor is associated with poor sleep in adolescence?

A) prepubertal growth
B) depression
C) leptin
D) menarche

Question 23

How does pubertal timing affect parent-child relationships?

A) Pubertal timing is not a factor in the parent-child relationship.
B) Only contextual factors affect the parent-child relationship.
C) Early-maturing adolescents experience the parent-child conflict earlier.
D) Early-maturing adolescents experience the parent-child conflict later.

Question 24

Maria is watching her son become a man right before her eyes. He has grown so much taller. He has developed an athletic musculature due to puberty and his involvement in sports. Maria knows he wants to date but she is just not ready for that to happen. This is creating a problem in their relationship as she is ______.

A) allowing her son independence
B) keeping him on the right path
C) helping her child stay safe
D) mourning the child she once had

Question 25

Puberty is usually associated with ______ in the parent-child relationship.

A) conflict
B) depression
C) violence
D) happiness

Question 26

Which rate of maturation results in the greatest challenges to adaptation?

A) maturing at the same rate as other peers
B) maturing before peers
C) maturing after peers
D) boys maturing before girls

Question 27

Caleb, a 13-year-old boy, is 6'2" tall. He has some well-developed musculature as well as a deep voice. Caleb is still just in middle school but when he meets people, they treat him as if he was older. Sometimes, his teachers talk to him like he should already know the information that they are teaching instead of being in the same position as the other students in the class. Caleb is most likely treated this way because he ______.

A) matured on time
B) matured late
C) matured with all his peers
D) matured early

Question 28

Susan is 13 years old but she looks a lot like her new 16-year-old friends. She has a boyfriend and attends high school events with her older friends. Susan's parents are concerned about her because ______.

A) she is experiencing late maturation
B) abusing drugs causes girls to experience menarche sooner
C) late-maturing girls experience higher rates of anxiety and depression
D) relative to other girls her age she has a higher risk for problematic drinking

Question 29

A pair of fraternal twins in high school are experiencing puberty later than their peers. Which outcome is most probably related to pubertal timing?

A) Isais, the boy fraternal twin, was not popular in middle school.
B) Tia, the girl twin, is experiencing depression.
C) Isais, the boy fraternal twin, is engaging in high-risk behaviors.
D) Tia, the girl twin, may have experienced adolescent dating abuse.

Question 30

Which scenario reflects a typical situation for an early-maturing girl?

A) Aaliyah goes to sleep earlier now that she has hit puberty.
B) Jenny is more physically active since starting puberty.
C) Someone spread rumors about Tana's sexual activity around school.
D) Keisha is more prone to delayed phase preference than her peers.

Question 31

Early-maturing boys tend to be ______.

A) rejected by peers
B) depressed
C) less athletic
D) more athletic

Question 32

How is alcohol use related to early maturation in boys?

A) They tend to use alcohol earlier and persist in this use into early adulthood.
B) They tend to stop using alcohol earlier than late-maturing boys.
C) They tend to not use alcohol due to their increased athleticism.
D) They tend to use alcohol less often than their late-maturing peers.

Question 33

In addition to fewer instances of teasing, which would late-maturing girls experience less relative to their peers?

A) sleep deprivation
B) appearance-related anxiety
C) melatonin loss
D) flight responses

Question 34

How does pubertal timing relate to mental well-being in girls?

A) Early maturation acts as a happiness boost for girls.
B) Early maturation acts as a protective factor for depression in girls.
C) Late maturation acts as a protective factor for depression in girls.
D) Late maturation acts as a depressive factor for girls.

Question 35

Ryan, a 15-year-old boy, is the smallest boy in his high school class. His voice still hasn't dropped much and his musculature has not developed. He wants to play sports but usually does not make the team. He really likes a girl in his English class, but she usually only looks at the much taller and larger boys. He has started to find himself more and more anxious and depressed due to his ______.

A) peer maturation
B) on-time maturation
C) early maturation
D) late maturation

Question 36

Which is a contextual explanation for problems that early maturers face?

A) Early maturers tend to seek older adolescents for their peer group.
B) Early maturers have an increase in melatonin.
C) Early maturers have more irritability due to the HPG axis.
D) Early maturers' endocrine system works faster than their peers.

Question 37

Alyson, a 13-year-old girl, is an early maturer. Her body development is on the same pace as most of the 16-year-old girls in her neighborhood. After school, her peer group tends to be older girls and boys. The inclusion of a lot of older boys into her peer group puts Alyson at risk for ______.

A) peer rejection
B) dating violence
C) obesity
D) delayed phase preference

Question 38

How is heredity related to pubertal timing?

A) Heredity determines the exact age of pubertal timing.
B) Heredity plays no role in pubertal timing.
C) Heredity sets the boundaries for pubertal timing.
D) Heredity sets the stage for melatonin release triggering puberty.

Question 39

Sophia and Olivia are 12-year-old identical twins. They have not yet experienced their menarche. They have both developed some secondary sex characteristics about the same time. Their mother had her menarche at age 13. The girls expect to experience their menarche at about the same time as each other due to their ______.

A) 50% shared DNA
B) contextual factors
C) 100% shared DNA
D) melatonin release

Question 40

From an evolutionary perspective, which biological trigger for puberty is adaptive?

A) hormone release
B) HPG axis
C) high body weight and body fat
D) estrogen increase

Question 41

Which chemical stimulates the HPG axis to increase production and secretion of hormones?

A) testosterone
B) leptin
C) melatonin
D) kisspeptin

Question 42

How is body mass index related to pubertal timing in girls?

A) Girls with a higher body mass index are triggered for puberty earlier.
B) Girls with a lower body mass index are triggered for puberty earlier.
C) Girls with a set body mass index are triggered for puberty later.
D) Girls with a higher body mass index are triggered for puberty later.

Question 43

Carla, a 12-year-old girl, is overweight for her age and height. She does not play any sports and is not very physically active. She is menstruating regularly. Her mother did not have her menarche until she was 15 years old. Carla's early pubertal timing may be due to ______.

A) heredity
B) higher body mass index
C) lower amounts of body fat
D) an eating disorder

Question 44

Which contextual factor can affect hormone production throughout the life span?

A) ethnicity
B) secular trend
C) stress
D) heredity

Question 45

Which question is a researcher focused on family stress most likely to ask about pubertal timing in girls?

A) When was your child's menarche?
B) When did your child exhibit the delayed phase preference?
C) When did your child experience a growth spurt?
D) Was your child sedentary before puberty?

Question 46

Jackie, an 11-year-old girl, has recently been through her parents' divorce. As a result of the divorce, her mother has begun dating again. Next month, her mother plans to move her boyfriend into the house. This stress and an unrelated male in the household may have which affect on Jackie?

A) absence of a menarche
B) on-time menarche
C) late menarche
D) early menarche

Question 47

What is the relationship between pubertal timing and socioeconomic status?

A) Lower socioeconomic status is related to early onset of puberty.
B) Lower socioeconomic status is related to late onset of puberty.
C) Higher socioeconomic status is related to early onset of puberty.
D) Higher socioeconomic status is related to late onset of puberty.

Question 48

Ethnic differences in pubertal timing are greatly reduced or disappear when ______ is controlled for.

A) genetics
B) socioeconomic status
C) obesity
D) melatonin

Question 49

A scientist focused on early onset of puberty among peer groups and ethnicities is most likely interested in ______.

A) genetics
B) delayed phase preference
C) low socioeconomic status
D) eating disorders

Question 50

Rosa, a 12-year-old girl, is rarely allowed to play outside due to her neighborhood crime level. Her mother is just barely able to pay rent and put food on the table for both of them. The food that Rosa eats is not the most nutritious or fresh but she is able to eat more fruit at school. Rosa and her mother have a good relationship but she can still feel her mother's stress due to their situation. Rosa may be at risk for ______.

A) increased melatonin production
B) delayed phase preference
C) late onset of puberty
D) early onset of puberty

Question 51

The lowering of the average age of puberty from prehistoric times to present day is known as ______.

A) the secular trend
B) delayed phase preference
C) HPG axis
D) the gonadarche

Question 52

Ann's daughter, Chloe, has just experienced her menarche at age 12. Chloe has normal body weight with a lot of physical activity in her day. Ann remembers that she had her menarche at age 13 while her mother, Chloe's grandmother, experienced hers at age 14. This exemplifies the ______.

A) delayed phase preference
B) secular trend
C) HPG axis
D) adrenarche

Question 53

Adolescents consume about one half of the daily recommended fruits and vegetables, while their bodies require more calories and energy due to ______.

A) delayed phase preference
B) health literacy
C) the adolescent growth spurt
D) increased lung capacity

Question 54

Which behavior is associated with healthier eating habits into young adulthood?

A) electronic device use
B) stress responses
C) skipping breakfast
D) family meals

Question 55

The decline in physical activity tends to begin in ______.

A) early adolescence
B) middle adolescence
C) early childhood
D) middle childhood

Question 56

How are contextual factors related to physical activity?

A) Physical activity is lower among adolescents across all contextual factors.
B) Physical activity is not affected by contextual factors among adolescents.
C) Physical activity is higher among adolescents across all contextual factors.
D) Physical activity is only affected by the contextual factor of electronic use among adolescents.

Question 57

Chandler is in the 96th percentile in weight for his height and age. He eats a Western-style diet like most of his peers. Chandler does not participate in any extracurricular sports and rarely gets any vigorous physical exercise. Chandler would most likely be classified as ______.

A) overweight
B) obese
C) fit
D) healthy

Question 58

How is socioeconomic status related to obesity?

A) Higher socioecononomic status adolescents have greater risk for obesity.
B) Lower socioeconomic status adolescents have greater risk for obesity.
C) Socioeconomic status does not factor into risk for obesity.
D) Socioeconomic status is the only factor for adolescent risk for obesity.

Question 59

Which eating disorder is characterized by periods of overeating and purging?

A) binge eating disorder
B) anorexia nervosa
C) bulimia nervosa
D) delayed phase preference

Question 60

Which eating disorder is characterized by self-starvation and a body weight substantially lower than normal for height and age?

A) bulimia nervosa
B) binge eating disorder
C) anorexia nervosa
D) delayed phase preference

Question 61

A researcher interested in understanding purging behaviors would most likely focus on ______.

A) delayed phase preference
B) anorexia nervosa
C) binge eating disorder
D) bulimia nervosa

Question 62

What statement is true about lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents and eating disorders?

A) They experience fewer rates of disordered eating than their peers.
B) They have the same risks for disordered eating as their peers.
C) They experience more risks for disordered eating than their peers.
D) They do not have any risk factors for disordered eating.

Question 63

Which is an example of bulimia nervosa?

A) Tara is preoccupied with being thin and has begun to starve herself to achieve this body type.
B) Tara eats away from everyone else and feels out of control while eating large amounts of food.
C) Tara eats uncontrollably and then uses laxatives to rid her body of the food she just ingested.
D) Tara is substantially lower in weight for her height and age while still seeing herself as "heavy."

Question 64

A scientist interested in self-starvation would focus on ______.

A) binge eating disorder
B) delayed phase preference
C) bulimia nervosa
D) anorexia nervosa

Question 65

Keisha, a 15-year-old girl, is preoccupied with being thin. She has a very low BMI and has stopped menstruating. She believes she is "fat" whenever she looks at herself in the mirror. She has begun to only eat "raw" foods and drink water every day. Keisha believes that she must be "perfect" for anyone to pay attention to her. She most likely suffers from ______.

A) anorexia nervosa
B) bulimia nervosa
C) binge eating
D) depression

Question 66

Which is an example of binge eating disorder?

A) Kayla is preoccupied with being thin and has begun to starve herself to achieve this body type.
B) Kayla eats away from everyone else and feels out of control while eating large amounts of food.
C) Kayla eats uncontrollably and then uses laxatives to rid her body of the food she just ingested.
D) Kayla is substantially lower in weight for her height and age while still seeing herself as "heavy."

Question 67

Joey, a 17-year-old African American male, lives in the inner city. He is a good student and plays sports for his school. He lives with his mother and brother in an apartment building. His neighborhood does not have safe places for him to be outside or gather with his friends. His mother has a job, but they are still classified as having a lower socioeconomic status. Joey has ______.

A) a lower risk for mortality
B) a higher risk for mortality
C) the same risk for homicide as all adolescents
D) a lower risk for homicide

Question 68

Carter, a 16-year-old boy, is scheduled to have his sports examination for school. Carter is homosexual. He is afraid to discuss this with the doctor. The last time he saw the doctor and attempted to discuss his orientation, the doctor seemed to be uncomfortable with the topic. This left Carter feeling as though he could not be honest with the doctor. Carter is experiencing ______ due to his sexual orientation.

A) health literacy
B) health care access
C) unmet medical needs
D) body dissatisfaction

Question 69

The endocrine system produces and regulates the levels of hormones in the body.

Question 70

The adrenal glands secrete low levels of estrogen and hormones that support body growth.

Question 71

Adolescent bodies appear to be lanky and awkward due to the pattern of growth from the torso outward to the extremities and finally the fingers and toes.

Question 72

Health education classes help to reduce fright about menstruation in girls.

Question 73

Adolescents go to sleep earlier due to the delayed phase preference increasing the melatonin their bodies release.

Question 74

To reduce a sleep deficit, it is advantageous and effective for adolescents to "catch up" on sleep on the weekends.

Question 75

Early-maturing girls are more at risk for dating violence than late-maturing girls.

Question 76

Popularity is a characteristic for early-maturing boys and girls.

Question 77

The peer group is a contextual factor that does not have any effect on the experience of puberty.

Question 78

The accumulation of leptin is important in the influence of pubertal timing.

Question 79

The experience of extreme stress can speed up the timing of the menarche.

Question 80

The secular trend is the increased age at which puberty occurs with each generation.