Deck 15: Applied Social Psychology

Question 1

With regard to eyewitness testimony, research has shown that:

A) trained police officers are more accurate than the general public in their memory of a crime
B) trained police officers are no more accurate than the general public in their memory of a crime
C) people who express high certainty that they are correct are more accurate
D) high certainty does not guarantee accuracy
E) both b and d

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following has NOT been shown to be associated with the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?

A) a high degree of certainty
B) level of illumination
C) expertise and experience
D) all of the above
E) both a and c

Answer 2

E

Question 3

According to the text, an eyewitness is more likely to make a correct identification:

A) if the person to be identified is a member of another race
B) if the person to be identified is of their own race
C) in twilight conditions
D) if the witness is very certain
E) if the perpetrator uses a weapon to commit the crime

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT among the variables identified by Shapiro and Penrod (1986) as influencing the accuracy of face recognition?

A) whether the target was seen as distinctive or unusual
B) whether the target's face had been changed in some way between the time of observation and identification
C) whether identification was tested in the same context in which the target had been observed
D) whether the target was of the same race as the subject
E) all the above factors are suggested by Shapiro and Penrod

Question 5

In an experiment, participants viewed photographs previously shown to arouse positive or negative emotions. Half of each group were exposed to misleading questions, such as about the non-existent animal in the picture. Those expose to misleading questions increased false memories, particularly when:

A) positive emotions had been aroused
B) negative emotions had been aroused
C) no emotional arousal (control group)
D) there really was an animal in the picture
E) the animal was similar to their own dog

Question 6

Stress may affect the recall of eyewitnesses through:

A) distraction
B) perceptual distortion
C) emotional upset
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 7

Witnessing violence can cause distress:

A) only when the witness was directly involved
B) whether the violence is actual or threatened
C) even if the violence was not directed at the witness
D) both b and c
E) none of the above

Question 8

The critical feature of a police line-up is:

A) the absolute number of participants from which the witness may identify the culprit
B) the nature of the crime for which the culprit is charged
C) the type of description given by the eyewitness prior to the line-up
D) the functional number of participants from which the witness may identify the culprit
E) whether or not the witness has an experience with other line-ups

Question 9

If a suspect is described as being physically attractive and there are four attractive people in a line-up of ten, then the functional number in the line-up is:

A) 4
B) 6
C) 10
D) 2
E) 8

Question 10

How could accuracy be increased in police line-up identification procedures?

A) line-up is large enough that the possibility of selecting the wrong person by chance is low
B) use 'double-blind' procedures
C) do not include other people with the same physical features as the suspect
D) both a and b
E) both b and c

Question 11

Research on the effects of a 'mugshot' on later identifications in a line-up indicates that:

A) subjects who view mugshots are more likely to make the correct choice in a later line-up
B) subjects who view mugshots are less likely to make the correct choice in a later line-up
C) subjects are more likely to make the correct choice if they watch the mugshots after the line-up
D) subjects are more likely to make the correct choice if they watch the mugshots before the line-up
E) none of the above

Question 12

The study by Loftus (1992) in which eyewitness subjects saw a film of an automobile accident in which they later read a police report that contained incorrect information. What happened when they were asked to report on what they had seen in the film?

A) they reported in a biased manner
B) they ignored the police report
C) they exaggerate the police report
D) they were influenced by the police report only on the colour of the vehicle
E) female participants were more influenced by the police report than were male participants

Question 13

The study by Loftus (1979) in which eyewitness subjects saw a film of an automobile accident involving a green car showed the effects of:

A) demand characteristics
B) 'leading questions' involving the colour of the car
C) the extent of damage on memory
D) whether there was personal injury
E) all of the above

Question 14

In the study by Loftus (1979) in which eyewitness subjects saw a film of an automobile accident:

A) effects of misleading questions were evident only for female participants
B) effects of misleading questions were immediate but disappeared after a week
C) effects of misleading questions lasted over a week later
D) effects of misleading questions occurred only with previously biased jurors
E) none of the above

Question 15

What kind of witnesses most impress jurors?

A) eyewitnesses
B) expert witnesses
C) experts on eyewitness accuracy
D) female witnesses
E) none of the above

Question 16

In what way does memory for trivial details influence jury verdict?

A) it casts doubts on the credibility of the witness
B) jurors tend to make inferences about the attentiveness, capacity for facial memory and general credibility of the witness
C) jurors interpret this to mean that the witness does not have details of the central events and is only trying to 'make up' for the key issues
D) it does not affect the jurors' decision in any way
E) both a and c

Question 17

According to the text, accuracy of testimony is most likely to improve if:

A) witnesses respond to specific questions first and then give a free recall report
B) witnesses give free reports only
C) witnesses give a free recall first, and then respond to specific questions
D) witnesses only respond to specific questions
E) witnesses are only asked broad, general questions

Question 18

Which of the following methods has been found to be associated with greater accuracy of testimony?

A) broad general questions
B) free recall narrative
C) specific direct examination
D) forced-choice cross-examination
E) multiple choice

Question 19

In a study by Marquis, Marshall and Oskamp (1972) four formats were used to interrogate witnesses. It was found that:

A) free recall was most complete and most accurate
B) free recall was least complete and most accurate
C) specific direct examination was least complete and most accurate
D) it didn't matter what form of interrogation was used
E) broad general questions were least complete and least accurate

Question 20

The main concern with jury simulation studies is that:

A) it may be difficult to generalize from these studies to other courtroom situations
B) the experimental situation might not capture or represent the real-world environment of the courtroom
C) its reliability is questionable
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 21

What is the CSI effect?

A) jurors who watch a lot of television are more biased
B) jurors come to expect physical evidence such as DNA
C) jurors want to investigate the crime scene for themselves
D) jurors deny the accuracy of physical evidence
E) none of the above

Question 22

Cognitive processes jurors go through in arriving at a verdict include:

A) the construction of a narrative
B) a reliance on eyewitness testimony
C) a dismissal of statistical evidence
D) both a and c
E) all of the above

Question 23

According to Feather (1999) in deciding on a sentence, jurors evaluate two factors. Name them.

A) extent of responsibility and seriousness of the crime
B) consequences of the crime and accuracy of the witnesses
C) seriousness of the crime and physical attractiveness of the accused
D) physical attractiveness and race of the accused
E) values and prejudices of the jurors

Question 24

Which of the following best summarizes the research on lie detection?

A) people who are trained can accurately tell if someone is lying
B) people in general can distinguish truth from lying at slightly above chance level
C) people in general can distinguish truth from lying in most cases
D) people can tell who is lying when they are suspicious
E) paranoid people can pick out who is lying with amazing accuracy

Question 25

What is the M'Naghten Rule about?

A) diminished responsibility
B) legal insanity
C) laws in Scotland
D) all of the above
E) both a and b

Question 26

What is crucial in the concept of legal responsibility?

A) intentions of the actor
B) consequences of the act
C) legal insanity
D) all of the above
E) both a and c

Question 27

What was found in the study by Pfeifer (1989) in which mock jurors viewed a prosecuting lawyer question a male defendant?

A) both male and female jurors rated the defendant as not guilty when the prosecuting lawyer was female
B) male jurors rated the defendant as less likely to be guilty when the prosecutor was female
C) male jurors rated the male prosecutor as more effective
D) both a and c
E) both b and c

Question 28

A witness who speaks at a higher pitch, and gives shorter answers with longer pauses is generally considered to be:

A) unsure of details
B) nervous about being in court
C) lying
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 29

What do a higher voice pitch and larger pupil size indicate?

A) lying
B) lying under stress
C) unsure of the details
D) nervousness
E) good acting

Question 30

The sequestered juror syndrome includes:

A) reduced self-confidence
B) depression
C) difficulty with concentration
D) loneliness
E) all of the above

Question 31

What is procedural justice?

A) following the rules
B) fair play, how a decision is arrived at
C) the conditions under which the distribution of a reward is regarded as fair
D) the conditions under which a reward is allocated
E) procedures that are just

Question 32

Which of the following is a rule of distributive justice?

A) equity
B) equality
C) need
D) all of above
E) a and b, not c

Question 33

The study by DePaulo and Rosenthal (1979) in which male and female students were videotaped while they described several acquaintances whom they either liked, felt ambivalent about, or disliked, found that:

A) participant judges were good at identifying the occurrence of deception
B) judges were good at identifying the real underlying feelings
C) judges who were good at recognizing the leakage of positive affect were also good at recognizing the leakage of negative affect
D) both a and b
E) both b and c

Question 34

A defendant was acquitted because he did not know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or that he was doing wrong. What we have here is an instance of the:

A) M'Naghten Rule
B) McDonald rule
C) attribution of responsibility rule
D) the power of the judge's instructions
E) none of the above

Question 35

When we do not receive the pay that we had come to expect for our work, this is a matter of:

A) procedural justice
B) equality
C) equity
D) relative deprivation
E) both c and d

Question 36

In a bid to detect deception, the police sometimes use:

A) dream analyses
B) lie detectors
C) slips of tongue
D) physiological changes in the body
E) the 'bogus pipeline'

Question 37

The data on the use of the polygraph to detect deception indicate that:

A) it works only when the questions are specific
B) it is accurate in fewer than 50 percent of the cases
C) the answers of both the guilty person and an innocent person must be compared
D) it is impossible to 'beat the machine'
E) it is accurate around 70 per cent of the time

Question 38

How are ERP's and fMRI's used in criminal investigations?

A) to detect brain damage in accused persons
B) to investigate the causes of crime
C) as alternative means of lie detection
D) to find out whether the participant is trying to 'beat the machine'
E) all of the above

Question 39

Studies on detecting deception seem to suggest that:

A) people who know when women are lying also tend to recognize dissimulation in men
B) people who know when women are lying do not necessarily recognize dissimulation in men
C) women and men behave in different ways when lying
D) both a and b
E) both b and c

Question 40

Modern conception of legal responsibility is based on:

A) intentions of the actor
B) detecting deception in witnesses
C) adversarial versus inquisitional procedures
D) the actor/observer bias in attributions
E) none of the above

Question 41

The M'Naghten Rule is used to acquit a defendant because he/she:

A) did not know what they were doing was wrong
B) was not guilty
C) was sorry for the behaviour
D) was never brought to trial
E) none of the above

Question 42

The historic judgment known as the M'Naghten Rule, in which the defendant was acquitted because 'he did not know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing the wrong' reflects:

A) the influence of consequences in judging an action
B) the influence of severity of consequences
C) the attribution of diminished responsibility
D) the ambivalence of the law
E) none of the above

Question 43

When group stability is of primary concern:

A) the allocation of resources is more likely to be based on need
B) distribution is more likely to be biased in equality
C) the equity norm is likely to apply
D) rules of correspondence are very likely to be followed
E) the reciprocity norm will predominate

Question 44

Research has shown that when participants expect to meet again allocation of resources is more likely to:

A) follow the rules of correspondence
B) be based on equity
C) be based on need
D) be based on equality
E) be based on merit

Question 45

According to the text, females are more likely than males (in terms of the rules of distributive justice) to prefer:

A) equality
B) need
C) equity
D) reciprocity
E) merit

Question 46

Which of the following is closely associated with the distributive rule of equity:

A) cognitive dissonance theory
B) the norm of social responsibility
C) the social desirability norm
D) the norm of reciprocity
E) socialism

Question 47

Procedural justice refers to:

A) the rules of distributive justice
B) the fairness of the relative proportion of resources allocated to various participants
C) the process of arriving at a decision or an outcome
D) the differences in merit and demerits between the parties
E) both a and d

Question 48

'You get what you deserve in life' is an expression of:

A) the principle of equality
B) the principle of need
C) the just world hypothesis
D) the principle of reciprocity
E) the social responsibility norm

Question 49

In the adversary trial procedure:

A) the case is developed, argued and defended by parties to the dispute
B) lawyers for both sides argue their case before a judge
C) the judge supervises the collection of evidence which bears upon the case
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 50

As an experimental participant, you watch someone presented as another volunteer participant receive strong and painful electric shocks. Then you are asked to rate the experimenter and the participant 'victim' that you just observed. You rate the victim lower than the experimenter. This reflects:

A) your sensitivity to cognitive dissonance
B) your moral values
C) your beliefs in a just world
D) your attributions of responsibility
E) your latent sadistic tendencies

Question 51

In the developing world, the major causes of death are ____________ diseases.

A) psychiatric
B) infectious
C) chronic
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 52

The major causes of death in economically advantaged societies is (are):

A) tuberculosis
B) typhoid
C) poliomyelitis
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 53

What is the socioeconomic health gradient?

A) those who are more advantaged economically are healthier than those who are less advantaged
B) rich people are healthier than the poorest people in society
C) although health improves up the economic ladder, life expectancy is not greater
D) people at the higher levels of economic affluence die from different causes than those lower on the scale
E) poverty is the main cause of illness in all societies.

Question 54

People at higher economic levels tend to take better care of themselves and find more fulfilling work. These are proposed explanations of:

A) beliefs in a just world
B) socioeconomic gradient effect
C) socioeconomic differences in intelligence
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 55

What theory would suggest that adolescents who see their friends smoking in a pub are more likely to do so themselves?

A) social comparison theory
B) addiction theory
C) modelling theory
D) attribution theory
E) problem behaviour theory

Question 56

What theory posits a consistent pattern of 'taking care of oneself', including use of alcohol and other drugs, stealing and unprotected sex?

A) just world beliefs
B) social modelling
C) social comparison
D) problem behaviour
E) socioeconomic gradient

Question 57

In a longitudinal study of university students living in a student residence, it was found that s person's binge eating could be predicted by:

A) norms of the university
B) binge eating of her friends
C) nature of the food served
D) attributions about eating
E) distance to the nearest fast food outlet

Question 58

According to the textbook, who is credited with the pioneering research on stress?

A) Marmot
B) Festinger
C) DeLongis
D) Selye
E) Bonnano

Question 59

59 What theory would suggest that adolescents who see their friends smoking in a pub are more likely to do so themselves?

A)social comparison theory
B)addiction theory
C)modelling theory
D)attribution theory
E)problem behaviour theory

Question 60

In a laboratory experiment in which subjects were asked to taste several wines, and to rate each on flavour, aroma, and other characteristics, it was found that:

A) subjects who participated with a heavy-drinking model consumed significantly more than those with a light drinker
B) subjects who were without a partner consumed significantly more than those with partners
C) subjects who participated with a light drinker consumed significantly more than those with a heavy-drinking model
D) subjects who participated with a heavy-drinking model consumed significantly more than those with a light drinker, but less than those without a partner
E) presence or absence of a partner (of any type) had no effect on the quantity of wine consumed

Question 61

Which of the following is an example of human resilience?

A) people drink less when with heavy drinking companions
B) people engage in binge eating when their friends do so
C) people experiencing daily hassles do not experience stress
D) people experiencing aversive events show growth afterwards
E) people do not experience stress during conflicts in their relationships

Question 62

Janis found __________ to be important in coping with the extreme stress conditions of combat.

A) social support
B) personal characteristics
C) perceived control
D) stressful social circumstances
E) modelling influences

Question 63

What has been identified as a stress-buffering effect?

A) daily hassles
B) post-traumatic growth
C) social support
D) psychological breakdown
E) none of above

Question 64

People from collectivist cultures are ???_________ likely to seek support from others than are people from individualistic cultures.

A) more
B) less
C) equally
D) no relationship between support-seeking and culture
E) all are equally high

Question 65

Janis found that social support of a cohesive group was important in coping with the extreme stress of:

A) work
B) illness
C) combat
D) divorce
E) all of the above

Question 66

The fact that some people suffering from cancer join self-help groups of cancer patients is indicative of the importance of __________ on health and well-being.

A) social comparison
B) perceived control
C) social support
D) locus of control
E) health promotion

Question 67

In Langer and Rodin's study of treatment in a nursing home, what was the independent variable?

A) standard of care provided
B) use of medication
C) provision of social support
D) personal control
E) all of the above

Question 68

Which of the following personality variables have been found to be related to vulnerability to illness?

A) anxiety
B) anger
C) hostility
D) depression
E) all of the above

Question 69

Which of the following individual difference variables has been related to symptoms of poor health and frequent hospital visits?

A) type D
B) nonsecure attachment orientation
C) psychosis
D) excessive personal control
E) achievement motivation

Question 70

What specific health problem has been linked to chronic loneliness?
Heart disease
Prostate cancer
Anxiety
Impaired immune functioning
All of the above

Question 71

A person who is described as competitive, impatient and hostile is said to have a __________ personality.

A) type A
B) type B
C) internal locus of control
D) post-traumatic growth
E) type Z

Question 72

People experience and report being sick when:

A) experience symptoms
B) they follow treatment completely
C) unable to perform usual activities
D) all of the above
E) a and c, not b

Question 73

According to the health beliefs model, which of the following condition(s) is/are essential for Bob to take action to protect himself against heart disease?

A) his physician recommends exercise
B) Bob believes he is at risk for heart disease
C) Bob perceives exercise as an effective way to reduce the threat of heart disease without excessive personal sacrifice
D) a and c
E) b and c

Question 74

What factor is shown to magnify the pain that a person experiences:

A) rumination
B) feeling helpless about it
C) being in a culture that magnifies the pain
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 75

According to protection motivation theory, in which of the following types of appraisals do individuals engage?

A) threat severity
B) personal vulnerability
C) behavioural effectiveness
D) obstacles
E) all of the above

Question 76

According to research, who tends to fare best after the same surgery?

A) people low in pre-operative anxiety
B) people high in pre-operative anxiety
C) people who are moderately anxious before surgery
D) people who are moderately anxious after surgery
E) none of the above

Question 77

What is the major problem regarding physician communication to patients?

A) physician's willingness to spend the time
B) patient impatience
C) patient non-compliance
D) nonverbal communication
E) s elf-disclosure

Question 78

A person who loses control one night and eats too much of the wrong food, and then experiences cognitive dissonance and dispositional attributions about it is suffering from:

A) the slip effect
B) the abstinence violation effect
C) the noncompliance effect
D) the Miller effect
E) the Zeigarnik effect

Question 79

What health problem is 'cynical hostility' related to?

A) cancer
B) asthma
C) arthritis
D) heart disease
E) chronic fatigue syndrome

Question 80

According to protection motivation theory, people behave in a way that protects them from a threat to health if:

A) the threat is perceived as severe
B) the threat is perceived as personally relevant
C) the behaviour seems effective
D) they have a sense of personal efficacy
E) all of the above