Deck 13: Prejudice

Question 1

What is the cognitive component of prejudice?

A) discrimination
B) implicit attitudes
C) racism
D) stereotype
E) pervasive attitudes

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The 'Princeton trilogy' studies of stereotypes showed that:

A) stereotypes do not persist as consensus judgments of groups
B) the content of stereotypes can change over time
C) these studies can generalize to other populations
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What is the Stereotype Content Model about?

A) The universality of warmth and competence in all stereotypes
B) How the content of stereotype is influenced by the culture
C) Why stereotypes change over time
D) The basis of scorn and envy towards out-groups
E) Both a and d

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Stereotypes have been related to which cognitive heuristic?

A) illusory correlation
B) illusion of control
C) representativeness
D) availability
E) false consensus

Question 5

In a study by Choma et al. (2012), films deigned to arouse fear, sadness or happiness were shown to different participants. When fear was aroused, what happened?

A) the link between out-group disgust and negative attitudes towards an out-group was greater
B) the link between out-group disgust and negative attitudes towards an out-group was less
C) out-group disgust was not related to negative attitudes toward that group
D) negative stereotypes were aroused
E) none of the above

Question 6

Reverse discrimination is shown when:

A) people avoid those whom they really like
B) people behave in a manner that appears to be more tolerant than they really are
C) people discriminate against others in their own group
D) people discriminate against others when they believe they are prejudiced toward them
E) reverse discrimination doesn't really exist in real life

Question 7

The notion of preference for others who are familiar and prejudiced towards those who are different is supported by the:

A) stereotype threat effect
B) mere exposure effect
C) illusory correlation effect
D) conflict between groups
E) none of the above

Question 8

When unemployment is high, negative attitudes towards immigrants may increase. This is explained by:

A) realist group conflict
B) stereotype threat
C) mere exposure effect
D) mirror image stereotypes
E) authoritarian personality

Question 9

Scapegoating has been linked to:

A) realistic group conflict
B) stereotype content
C) right wing authoritarianism
D) cultural variables
E) all of the above

Question 10

Hodson and Busseri (2012) found that people with low levels of intelligence have higher levels of prejudice. What was the mediating variable which explained this link?

A) ignorance
B) culture
C) right wing authoritarianism
D) stereotypes
E) education

Question 11

Clowning, passivity, hostility, self-hate: all of these are related to:

A) being prejudiced
B) stereotype content
C) being victimized by prejudice
D) 'kernel of truth' hypothesis
E) discrimination

Question 12

How does prejudice become a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A) people come to believe stereotypes about out-groups
B) people act on the basis of stereotypes of others
C) people believe in a 'kernel of truth' about stereotypes
D) people come to believe in the stereotype about their own group
E) prejudice persists over a long time

Question 13

What is the 'stereotype threat' effect?

A) the majority group threatens to impose a stereotype on an out-group
B) the out-group threatens to impose a stereotype in retaliation towards the majority group
C) apprehension concerning a stereotype about one's own group enhances performance
D) apprehension concerning a stereotype about one's own group undermines performance
E) women perform better in math tasks to contradict a stereotype

Question 14

What is the 'jigsaw classroom' about?

A) counteracting stereotype content effect
B) cooperation among students of different groups
C) competition in solving puzzles
D) cooperation within each group while competing with the other group
E) none of the above

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a condition of intergroup contact that reduces prejudice?

A) mutual goals
B) interdependence
C) a favourable social climate for intergroup contact
D) equal status of members of both groups
E) lack of stereotype threat

Question 16

Given the mere exposure effect, what is the conclusion drawn from the research on intergroup contact?

A) contact will invariably lead to prejudice reduction
B) contact leads to prejudice reduction only in certain conditions
C) contact generally leads to prejudice reduction to some degree
D) contact usually does not lead to lasting prejudice reduction
E) contact generally does not lead to prejudice reduction

Question 17

Which of the following can lead to prejudice reduction?

A) virtual contact
B) imaginary contact
C) extended contact
D) all of the above
E) both a and c, not b

Question 18

Cook (1970) placed prejudiced participants in a game in which black and white participants ran a simulated railroad. The tasks demanded close cooperation among the participants, and during the breaks, the black participant (an experimental confederate) led conversation about both race-related and personal topics. What percent of the previously established prejudiced participants became less prejudiced?

A) 12%
B) 20%
C) 40%
D) 55%
E) 66%

Question 19

According to Berry, assimilation to the dominant culture is one outcome of reconciling two orientations, which are:

A) maintaining distinctiveness and contact with other groups
B) intergroup contact and cooperation
C) cooperation and competition
D) intergroup contact and competition
E) none of the above

Question 20

What is distinctive about gender stereotypes in comparison with other stereotypes?

A) gender stereotypes are usually negative
B) there are no out-groups
C) gender stereotypes are often prescriptive rather than descriptive
D) both a and c
E) both b and c

Question 21

In fields where women are stereotypically expected to underperform relative to men, women often must cope with the:

A) stereotype threat effect
B) stereotype content effect
C) male dominance
D) lower levels of ability
E) mathematics

Question 22

In cases where the public expression of prejudice is inhibited but some underlying prejudice remains, we use the term:

A) modern racism
B) disguised racism
C) hypocrisy
D) cognitive dissonance
E) traditional sexism

Question 23

Stereotypes are:

A) prejudicial acts against a person on the basis of his/her race
B) the behavioural acceptance or rejection of a person based on group membership
C) beliefs that comprise the cognitive component of prejudice
D) intolerant attitudes toward a specific group
E) intensely positive or negative emotions accompanying prejudice

Question 24

Stereotypes are to discrimination as __________ are to __________.

A) beliefs behaviour
B) attitudes, practice
C) emotions, practice
D) categories, feelings
E) beliefs, emotions

Question 25

The following is (are) true about stereotypes:

A) no one is completely free of them
B) they help us deal efficiently with our environment
C) we use them to classify people based on their attitudes
D) we use them to classify people based on appearance
E) all of the above

Question 26

When the members of stereotyped group come to behave in a manner consistent with the stereotype, this is referred to as:

A) illusory correlation
B) the kernel of truth hypothesis
C) a criterion ratio
D) self-fulfilling prophecy
E) reverse discrimination

Question 27

Because women are stereotyped as inadequate at math, they may be less motivated to learn math. This is an example of:

A) illusory correlation
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) classical conditioning
D) reverse discrimination
E) modelling

Question 28

According to Hamilton and associates, many instances of stereotyping arise and are maintained through the operation of:

A) the fundamental attribution error
B) illusory correlations
C) actor-observer bias
D) the kernel of truth hypothesis
E) negative schemata

Question 29

Illusory correlation refers to:

A) an information-processing bias whereby the relationship between characteristics or events is overestimated
B) the notion that certain stereotypes may have some basis in reality but that perceptual processes are likely to exaggerate real differences between groups
C) a process by which certain individuals behave in a manner which portrays them to be considerably more tolerant than they really are
D) a situation in which members of a minority group come to behave in accordance with the stereotypes ascribed to them by the majority
E) none of the above

Question 30

An informational-processing bias whereby the relationship between characteristics or events is overestimated is termed:

A) illusory correlation
B) perceptually-enhanced similarity
C) biased perception
D) reverse discrimination
E) none of the above

Question 31

The relationship between knowledge of a stereotype and acceptance of the stereotype suggests that:

A) knowing a stereotype is essential for the development of prejudice
B) the stereotypes and beliefs of prejudiced individuals are independent
C) the beliefs and stereotypes of tolerant individuals conflict
D) tolerant individuals do not have negative stereotypes
E) prejudiced individuals have a less complex belief system than tolerant individuals

Question 32

A restaurant owner's belief that people of another race are lazy is an example of __________. His refusal to admit a person from this race to his restaurant is an example of __________.

A) racism, a stereotype
B) a stereotype, discrimination
C) prejudice, racism
D) discrimination, racism
E) discrimination, a stereotype

Question 33

In a study on the emotional aspects of stereotypes, Porier and Lott (1967) showed that, compared to subjects who score low on ethnocentrism, subjects who score high on ethnocentrism:

A) showed a lower GSR (galvanic skin response) in the presence of a black experimenter than in the presence of a white experimenter
B) showed a higher GSR in the presence of a black experimenter than in the presence of a white experimenter
C) showed a lower GSR in the presence of both black and white experimenters
D) showed a higher GSR in the presence of both black and white experimenters
E) showed a higher GSR in the presence of an experimenter who was of the same race as themselves

Question 34

Which of the following statements concerning discrimination is correct?

A) discrimination may be exhibited at an individual or at an institutional level
B) discrimination is influenced by ethnicity
C) in-group identity affects discrimination
D) discrimination is influenced by the type of relationship involved
E) all of the above

Question 35

Which of the following statements is not true of reverse discrimination?

A) it occurs in the laboratory but not the real world
B) it is most prevalent among the less educated
C) it leads to increased and long-term tolerance for the groups towards which it is directed
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 36

The results of the study by Dutton (1973) in which black people, Native people and Asians were asked to solicit donations for a charity illustrates:

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) reverse discrimination
C) positive stereotypes
D) illusory correlation
E) prejudice against minority groups

Question 37

Experimental studies on reverse discrimination have shown that:

A) those who are made to feel that they are prejudiced are more likely to exhibit reverse discrimination
B) those who are made to feel that they are prejudiced are less likely to express reverse discrimination
C) once a person has demonstrated tolerance by a token act, he/she may be less likely to exhibit reverse discrimination the next time
D) both a and c
E) both a and b

Question 38

The results of studies on reverse discrimination conducted by Dutton and associates suggest that:

A) everyone is likely to exhibit reverse discrimination at one time or the other
B) reverse discrimination is one way of reducing prejudice
C) reverse discrimination may be restricted to relatively unimportant behaviours and may discourage real and long-lasting tolerance
D) reverse discrimination affects only very major decisions and as such may not benefit minority groups
E) reverse discrimination is a phenomenon that is most common only among the less educated parts of the population

Question 39

According to the text, the best predictor of discriminatory behaviour appears to be:

A) prejudice
B) the cognitive component
C) the affective component
D) the behavioural component
E) stereotypes

Question 40

Based on survey results showing that blacks and Native peoples are believed to be discriminated against more than Asians in Vancouver, Dutton (1973) asked black people, Native people and Asians to solicit donations for a charity. What were the results of this study?

A) Native people and black solicitors received more money than the Asian solicitors
B) Asian solicitors received more money than the Native and black solicitors
C) educated people did not discriminate between the three racial groups
D) a and c
E) b and c

Question 41

The idea that prejudice might be innate:

A) is based on the work of Hebb and Thompson
B) has no strong empirical support
C) is based on the idea that people are fearful of the unfamiliar
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 42

Rigid, conventional, punitive and prejudiced are characteristics of:

A) an authoritarian personality
B) a scapegoat
C) a type A personality
D) a media-dependent person
E) an ethnocentric person

Question 43

Persons who are highly prejudiced, highly conventional, highly rigid in their views, and intolerant of differences are said:

A) to encourage prejudiced attitudes in their children
B) to be high in authoritarianism
C) to be low in ethnocentrism
D) a and b
E) all of the above

Question 44

Which of the following is associated with an authoritarian personality?

A) ethnocentrism
B) self-righteousness
C) feelings of moral superiority
D) scapegoating
E) all of the above

Question 45

Extreme authoritarians:

A) are few in number
B) may belong to a neo-Nazi group
C) tend towards religious fundamentalism
D) reach guilty verdicts more frequently
E) all of the above

Question 46

A scapegoat is:

A) an authoritarian person
B) someone on whom we can blame our problems
C) a prejudiced person
D) a type A person
E) someone from our ethnic group

Question 47

According to the text, a situation where immigrants were believed to be taking away citizens' jobs is an example of:

A) authoritarianism
B) scapegoating
C) discrimination
D) brainwashing
E) group conflict

Question 48

According to the text, under what conditions can interethnic contact reduce prejudice?

A) the contact is rewarding and pleasant
B) the groups share a cooperative and mutually dependent goal
C) the members of the groups are of equal status
D) the members of the minority group are of higher status than the members of the majority group
E) all of the above

Question 49

The obvious difference between prejudice based on deep personality structure and that based on conformity is that:

A) prejudice based on conformity is more difficult to reduce
B) prejudice based on conformity results in competition whereas the one based on personality leads to scapegoating
C) there is more of the self-fulfilling prophecy involved with prejudice based on deep personality structure
D) prejudice based on conformity may be more flexible
E) prejudice based on personality may be more flexible

Question 50

Prejudice can be reduced through intergroup contact if:

A) the members of the groups are of equal status
B) the members of the minority group are of higher status than the members of the majority group
C) the contact is rewarding
D) the group shares a cooperative and mutually dependent goal
E) all of the above

Question 51

Which of the following is likely to arouse intergroup anxiety?

A) fear of negative evaluations by out-group members
B) fear of negative psychological consequences for the self
C) fear of negative evaluations by in-group members
D) fear of negative behavioural consequences for the self
E) all of the above

Question 52

According to Stephan and Stephan (1985), one reason for the lack of contact between in-group and out-group members is:

A) intergroup hostility
B) intergroup anxiety
C) refencing
D) conceptual differentiation
E) intergroup competition

Question 53

Intergroup anxiety arises from:

A) fear of negative psychological consequences for the self
B) fear of negative evaluations by in-group members
C) fear of negative behavioural consequences for the self
D) fear of negative evaluations by out-group members
E) all of the above

Question 54

Two groups come into continuous firsthand contact with subsequent changes in the original culture pattern of either or both groups. This phenomenon is referred to as:

A) assimilation
B) acculturation
C) marginalization
D) alienation
E) amalgamation

Question 55

Assimilation occurs when:

A) a group surrenders its cultural identity and is absorbed into the larger society
B) two groups come into continuous firsthand contact with subsequent changes in the original culture pattern of either or both groups
C) a group maintains its culture but also interacts with other groups
D) the traditional culture is lost and there is little contact with the larger society
E) intergroup contact is unwelcome and cultural integrity is maintained

Question 56

The main basis of the multiculturalism hypothesis is that good feelings towards out-groups can be created by:

A) de-emphasizing group differences
B) increasing the individual's security in his/her own cultural identity
C) de-emphasizing in-group/out-group similarities
D) increasing individuals' educational levels
E) all of the above

Question 57

Marginalization:

A) results when the traditional culture is lost
B) is known as acculturative stress
C) means one's culture is retained
D) results in interaction with other groups
E) c and d

Question 58

Increasing the individual's security in his/her own cultural identity is an assumption of:

A) reverse discrimination
B) the multiculturalism effect
C) the 'mere exposure' effect
D) the kernel of truth hypothesis
E) racial violence

Question 59

Which of the following would be an example of sexism as the term is used in the text?

A) a company agrees to hire females as engineering technicians
B) a hospital refuses to hire males as nurses
C) a bank hires males as bank tellers
D) a bank hires only females as bank tellers
E) both b and d

Question 60

The 'glass ceiling' effect refers to:

A) the lack of promotion of women to higher positions in business and industry
B) the difficulty of breaking through traditional attitudes
C) the perception of authority by employees in various work situations
D) none of the above
E) b and c

Question 61

Which of the following is not an element of the social cognition model of occupational suitability judgments outlines by Kalin and Hodgins:

A) associations between social categories such as sex and occupation
B) associations between social categories and personal characteristics
C) associations among various personal characteristics
D) associations between stereotypes and decisions
E) none of the above is an element of the model

Question 62

In research by Hodgins and Kalin, some subjects were given brief descriptions of potential job applicants and others were given additional personality information about the applicants. Subjects were then asked to rate the applicants' suitability for male or female-typed occupations. What were the results of this study?

A) all subjects matched the sex of the applicant with the sex-type of the job
B) subjects given personality information matched the sex-type of the personality characteristics with the sex-type of the job
C) subjects given personality information matched the sex-type of the personality characteristics with the sex-type of the job for male applicants only
D) subjects given personality information matched the sex-type of the personality characteristics with the sex-type of the job for female applicants only
E) neither subject group attempted to match the sex of the applicant with the sex-type of the job

Question 63

In a study in Britain by Hodson et al. (2005), white participants were presented with a case study of a robbery, When the evidence was clear, participants judged the defendant as guilty, whether black or white. When did race make a difference in this study?

A) when some evidence was ruled inadmissible by the judge
B) when the race of the defendant was not described
C) when the participants felt anxious about a black defendant
D) when the robbery was for a large amount of money
E) when the robbery was for a small amount of money

Question 64

Members of two groups can be both benevolent and hostile toward each other at the same time. What two groups?

A) blacks and whites
B) rich and poor
C) majority and minority group members
D) women and men
E) young and old

Question 65

It's an individual-level attitude toward groups and their members that creates or maintains hierarchical status relations. Name that concept.

A) Stereotype
B) social dominance orientation
C) prejudice
D) discrimination
E) none of the above

Question 66

How do stereotypes relate to prejudice?

A) the affective component
B) the cognitive component
C) the behavioural component
D) the action component
E) the reverse component

Question 67

They act as cognitive filters through which we select what information to use and what to ignore. What are they?

A) stereotypes
B) implicit prejudice
C) modern racism
D) ancient racism
E) none of the above

Question 68

What are the limitations in the 'Princeton trilogy' studies?

A) data exclusively from university students
B) other derogatory characteristics may have arisen but were not included
C) social desirability bias
D) knowledge of the stereotype
E) all of the above

Question 69

The existence of incompatible stereotyped characteristics ascribed to the same group constitutes a challenge to the ________ hypothesis.

A) stereotype threat
B) authoritarian personality
C) kernel of truth
D) social dominance
E) multicultural

Question 70

Research in which participants select from a list of adjectives to describe members of a group measures:

A) discrimination
B) modern racism
C) implicit racism
D) explicit racism
E) stereotypes

Question 71

The elderly are seen as high on warmth and low on competence while other groups are seen as high on competence an low on warmth. What are these data about?

A) stereotype threat
B) stereotype pervasiveness
C) stereotype content
D) stereotype accuracy
E) modern racism

Question 72

Reactions of envy and disgust are included in which model?

A) modern racism
B) authoritarianism
C) social dominance
D) stereotype content
E) multiculturalism

Question 73

Using archival data from an Italian Fascist magazine during that period of time showed that out-groups were stereotype according to warmth and competence, resulting in:

A) envy and paternalism
B) envy but not paternalism
C) paternalism but not envy
D) neither envy nor paternalism
E) none of the above

Question 74

Many instances of stereotyping arise and are maintained through what cognitive mechanism?

A) illusory correlation
B) representativeness heuristic
C) actor/observer bias
D) cognitive schemas
E) cognitive dissonance

Question 75

The illusory correlation is evident in:

A) modern racism
B) the overgeneralization of stereotypes
C) the stereotype threat effect
D) knowledge of a cultural stereotype
E) all of the above

Question 76

White male participants answer a series of questions ostensibly designed to measure their interpersonal skills. Then they receive positive or negative feedback from a white or black 'manager'. What was this study about?

A) implicit racism
B) activation of a stereotype
C) stereotype threat
D) discrimination
E) none of the above

Question 77

When male participants received a high grade in a course, they rated male and female instructors as equally competent. But when they received a low mark, they rated the female instructor as less competent than her male counterpart (Sinclair & Kunda, 2000). Why?

A) stereotype threat
B) implicit racism
C) modern racism
D) activation of the stereotype
E) all of the above

Question 78

Vorauer and her colleagues have studied meta-stereotypes. What do they mean?

A) activation of a stereotype under threat
B) activation of a stereotype when one believes that they have a stereotype about your own group
C) activation of a stereotype under an illusory correlation
D) anxiety-driven stereotypes
E) stereotypes about stereotypes

Question 79

Globalization is particularly relevant to prejudice in terms of:

A) stereotype threat
B) intergroup contact
C) intergroup anxiety
D) all of the above
E) both b and c

Question 80

Negation of intimacy, emotional arousal or passion, and decision/commitment are all components of _______ in Sternberg's model.

A) implicit racism
B) stereotype threat
C) intergroup anxiety
D) prejudice
E) hate