Deck 8: Attention and Consciousness

Question 1

A magician distracting you so you look at a one location while he performs a slight of hand in another is:

A)Covert misdirection
B)Change blindness
C)Inattentional blindness
D)endogenous attention

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Studies on change blindness indicate that ______ is a large factor in whether or not change is noticed by the participant.

A)Intelligence
B)Time of day
C)Attention
D)Culture

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Inattentional blindness occurred during the gorilla experiment because the participants were focused instead on:

A)A flashing light
B)Counting the number of times people passed a basketball
C)Looking for an oddball word in a string of words
D)An arrow pointing to a box

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The orienting paradigm is used to measure _____ responses to attention.

A)Neural
B)Behavioral
C)physiological
D)muscular

Question 5

In an oddball paradigm, a ______ is inserted into a series of standard stimuli.

A)Deviant stimulus
B)Central cue
C)peripheral cue
D)bistable illusion

Question 6

The old woman/young woman and duck/rabbit images are examples of:

A)Bottom-down mechanisms
B)Stereoscopic images
C)Central cues
D)Ambiguous figures

Question 7

An ambiguous figure is characterized by:

A)Looking like nothing at all
B)Looking like two different things at once
C)Looking like whatever the participant wants to see
D)None of the above

Question 8

Suffering a stroke may result in this disorder where an individual does not attend to objects or people on one side of their visual field:

A)Change blindness
B)Balint's syndrome
C)Hemineglect
D)Color blindness

Question 9

An individual suffering from visual extinction is able to notice objects in the left visual field unless:

A)there is a concurrent loud noise
B)there are also objects in the right visual field
C)they also have change blindess
D)they are given an inaccurate cue

Question 10

Sarina, who believed that her left arm was not her own, also believed that the arm belonged to her mother. This condition is called:

A)Somatoparaphrenia
B)Anosognosia
C)Extinction
D)Schizophrenia

Question 11

Large populations of neurons are called:

A)Networks
B)Ensembles
C)Groups
D)Cohorts

Question 12

In the visual cortex, neurons ______ when an individual is attending to a preferred stimulus.

A)Fire more weakly than usual
B)Fire more strongly than usual
C)fire randomly
D)Cease firing

Question 13

The gain of the response of a neuron increases when:

A)Attention is given to the non-preferred stimulus
B)The stimulus is ignored
C)attention is spread across the visual field
D)Attention is given to the stimulus

Question 14

Paying attention to a stimulus appears to eliminate the ______ of a neural population.

A)baseline firing rate
B)firing gaps
C)Correlations in the noise
D)correlation

Question 15

Dreaming occurs during which stage of sleep?

A)REM
B)Stage 1
C)Stage 2
D)Stage 3

Question 16

During ______, many or all of the neurons in the cortex are firing in a synchronized fashion.

A)A vegetative state
B)A seizure
C)A stroke
D)Hemineglect

Question 17

Low-frequency brain activity will show on an EEG if a patient is:

A)Having a seizure
B)brain dead
C)In REM sleep
D)In a coma

Question 18

An individual with injury to only the high-level association cortex, but not the midbrain nor the thalamus, may have/be in a:

A)Paralysis
B)Vegetative state
C)Hemineglect
D)Coma

Question 19

These two brain regions play a role in consciousness, as coma patients typically have injury to these parts:

A)The cerebellum and pons
B)The amygdala and hippocampus
C)The midbrain and thalamus
D)The Basal ganglia and primary motor cortex

Question 20

Intralaminar nuclei are distributed throughout the cortex and are not restricted to any one _____ function

A)sensory/motor
B)emotional
C)cognitive
D)memory

Question 21

Some effects of anesthesia are:

A)Alertness
B)Amnesia and disorientation
C)Hyperactivity
D)Heightened pain sensitivity

Question 22

The higher-order theory of consciousness states that:

A)Conscious perception requires a lower-order representation, a higher-order representation, and a link between the two.
B)Consciousness is subjectively informative and highly integrated
C)There is a fundamental separation between the mind/consciousness and the body
D)Mental states depend on the functional role they perform

Question 23

Features in the environment that we purposefully attend to, such as books and clocks, require the use of ______ mechanisms.

A)binocular
B)Bottom-up
C)Top-down
D)Oddball

Question 24

The information integration theory of consciousness states that:

A)Conscious perception requires a lower-order representation, a higher-order representation, and a link between the two.
B)Mental states depend on the functional role they perform
C)There is a fundamental separation between the mind/consciousness and the body
D)Consciousness is subjectively informative and highly integrated

Question 25

What a person pays attention to (is conscious of) is NOT:

A)Dependent on what the individual is currently doing"
B)Effected by drugs or disease"
C)Arbitrary"
D)Relevant to the individual's behavior"

Question 26

Covert misdirection requires redirecting:

A)head direction"
B)attention"
C)body orientation"
D)eye movements"

Question 27

Which type of career makes much use of covert misdirection?

A)A fireman"
B)A magician"
C)A banker"
D)A teacher"

Question 28

Change blindness occurs of a person fails to notice:

A)A change in their sensory perception"
B)A change in their judgement"
C)A change in their own state of consciousness"
D)A change in their environment"

Question 29

Failing to notice a change in your environment, such as someone removing an object, is called:

A)Inattentional blindness"
B)The oddball paradigm"
C)Change blindness"
D)Covert misdirection"

Question 30

Studies on change blindness show that even a switch in _______ can go unnoticed in certain conditions.

A)the temperature"
B)background music"
C)Who the participant was talking to"
D)What the participant was wearing"

Question 31

An experiment that used a man dressed in a gorilla suit walking amongst people passing a basketball demonstrated:

A)Covert misdirection"
B)exogenous attention"
C)Change blindness"
D)Inattentional blindness"

Question 32

What seemingly obvious act may happen if you simply are not attending to the situation?

A)Removal of an object on the table in front of you"
B)Theft of your wallet"
C)Change in the person you are standing next to at a party"
D)All of the above"

Question 33

There is no awareness without:

A)Distraction"
B)Attention"
C)Consciousness"
D)Misdirection"

Question 34

A central cross and two squares are the primary experimental stimuli used in which type of experiment?

A)The oddball paradigm"
B)change detection"
C)The orienting paradigm"
D)Inattentional blindness"

Question 35

What do we call the arrow that points to one of the squares in the orienting paradigm?

A)the goal location"
B)A peripheral cue"
C)A central cue"
D)An oddball"

Question 36

Behavioral responses to stimuli are measured using a(n):

A)masking paradigm"
B)Orienting paradigm"
C)Oddball paradigm"
D)priming paradigm"

Question 37

Reaction time benefits can occur after the introduction of a(n) _____ in the correct location at the correct time.

A)Stereoscope"
B)Central cue"
C)Oddball"
D)Orienting paradigm"

Question 38

A central cue may cause _____ if the cue points to the correct location at the correct time.

A)accuracy cost"
B)inattentional blindness"
C)Reaction time cost"
D)Reaction time benefit"

Question 39

Reaction time costs may occur if one:

A)Attends to the correct location at the correct time"
B)Looks at an stereoscopic images"
C)is shown a central cue pointing to the correct location"
D)Attends to the wrong place at the wrong time"

Question 40

A central cue may lead to _____ if the cue points to the incorrect location.

A)increased accuracy"
B)less distraction"
C)decreased reactions times"
D)increased reaction times"

Question 41

While fixating on a central cross, an arrow located near the cross points to a box to the left of the cross. Your eyes follow the arrow to the box. This is an example of:

A)Involuntary attention"
B)A reaction time cost"
C)Exogenous attention"
D)Endogenous attention"

Question 42

Endogenous attention involves an individual:

A)Directing attention to an object that has just changed shape"
B)Directing attention to a central cue that is flashing"
C)Directing attention to a peripheral cue that is flashing"
D)Directing attention to an object or area pointed at by a central cue"

Question 43

While fixating on a central cross, a box to the right of the cross lights up, drawing your attention to the box. This is an example of:

A)Voluntary attention"
B)Exogenous attention"
C)A reaction time benefit"
D)Endogenous attention"

Question 44

Exogenous attention involves an individual:

A)Directing attention to the left after reading a sign"
B)Directing attention to an area suggested verbally by the experimenter"
C)Directing attention to an object or area pointed at by a central cue"
D)Directing attention to an object that has just changed in shape"

Question 45

An insect suddenly flying past your face and drawing your attention away from the television would be an example of a _______ shift in attention.

A)monocular"
B)binocular"
C)Bottom-up"
D)Top-down"

Question 46

Attending to _____ may be accomplished by a bottom-up attentional mechanism.

A)colors of leaves"
B)heights of buildings"
C)words on a page"
D)flashing lights"

Question 47

A deviant stimulus is inserted into a series of standard stimuli in the:

A)Kanizsa illusion"
B)Oddball paradigm"
C)top-down paradigm"
D)Orienting paradigm"

Question 48

Measuring a ______ in an oddball paradigm would involve the use of a novel oddball thrown in amongst the usual oddballs.

A)peripheral cue"
B)Bottom-up mechanism"
C)Central cue"
D)Top-down mechanism"

Question 49

To study _____ processing in the oddball paradigm, participants must distinguish between task-relevant and task-irrelevant oddball stimuli.

A)central"
B)subconcious"
C)top-down"
D)bottom-up"

Question 50

Conscious perception can be studied by relying on _____, where a single stimulus can look like more than one object.

A)Orienting paradigms"
B)Perceptual rivalry"
C)Top-down mechanisms"
D)Oddballs"

Question 51

An example of exploiting perceptual rivalry is the:

A)sierpinski triangle/gasket figure"
B)gorilla change blindess study"
C)Kanizsa triangle/square figure"
D)Old woman/young woman figure"

Question 52

During an fMRI experiment, a pariticpant views pictures of houses. The experimenters are looking for changes in the brain when changes in the pictures are shown. Which area of the brain will likely show an increase in activity when the house pictures are shown?

A)The primary motor cortex"
B)The fusiform face area"
C)Primary auditory cortex"
D)The parahippocampal place region"

Question 53

If, during an change detection experiment, the participant's brain is widely activated across multiple lobes, we can assume that:

A)The participant was conscious of a change in stimulus, but did not register such a change"
B)The participant registered the change in stimulus, but was not conscious of change"
C)The participant registered the change in stimulus and was also conscious of the change"
D)The participant was not conscious of the change in stimulus, nor registered the change"

Question 54

If a participant registers a change in stimulus and is also conscious of the change, the brain should be:

A)active in visual regions if the change is visual"
B)Widely activated across multiple lobes"
C)active in auditory regions if the change is auditory"
D)unchanged"

Question 55

_______ involves the presentation of a stimulus, followed quickly by a presentation of another stimulus.

A)Perceptual rivalry"
B)Extinction"
C)Oddball stimulation"
D)Masking"

Question 56

Hemineglect may occur after a person suffers:

A)A brain tumor"
B)A stroke"
C)Hypertension"
D)A heart attack"

Question 57

An individual suffering from hemineglect will display the bizarre symptom of:

A)Believing that their body is behaving as normal after an impairment"
B)Believing that one of their body parts belongs to someone else"
C)Losing the ability to sing"
D)Noticing objects and people only one one side of the body"

Question 58

As shown in the study of Timothy, the truck driver from Canada, Damage to the _____ parietal lobe can result in neglect of the left visual field.

A)anterior"
B)left"
C)posterior"
D)right"

Question 59

Because individuals with hemineglect can pass many vision tests, the deficit is better described as affecting:

A)Object recognition"
B)Attention"
C)Acuity"
D)All of the above"

Question 60

The temporoparietal junction is the junction between the temporal and parietal:

A)spheres"
B)Lobes"
C)Brain stems"
D)Neurons"

Question 61

The junction point of the parietal and temporal lobes is called the:

A)Basal ganglia"
B)parietotemporal junction"
C)brain stem"
D)Temporoparietal junction"

Question 62

The superior parietal areas in the intraparietal sulcus activate when spatial (where) oddballs are presented in an experiment, whereas the inferior temporal cortex activates with the presentation of a(n) ______ oddball.

A)Subject (who)"
B)Time (when)"
C)Object (what)"
D)None of the above"

Question 63

Somatoparaphrenia is the condition in which:

A)An individual believes they only have one arm/leg"
B)An individual has sensations in amputated limbs"
C)An individual believes that one of their own body parts belong to someone else"
D)An individual can not feel their arms"

Question 64

The belief that your body is behaving as normal after an impairment is referred to as:

A)Masking"
B)Anosognosia"
C)Schizophrenia"
D)Somatoparaphrenia"

Question 65

Processing units called ensembles are comprised of:

A)two lobes of the brain"
B)two neurons"
C)Large populations of neurons"
D)A blockage in the brain"

Question 66

The biased-competition model of attention states that the various sensory inputs are:

A)coordinating together to produce the awareness"
B)taking turns controlling awareness"
C)integrated to form a single percept"
D)Competing to control behavior"

Question 67

While ensembles of neurons are competing for attention to external cues, attention can still be directed by internal:

A)peripheral cues"
B)top-down mechanisms"
C)oddball stimuli"
D)central stimuli"

Question 68

If neurons in the visual cortex are firing more strongly than usual, we can assume that the individual is:

A)Ignoring a preferred stimulus"
B)Distracted by a non-preferred stimulus"
C)Attending to a non-preferred stimulus"
D)Attending to a preferred stimulus"

Question 69

Neurons respond to certain specific stimuli. We call this:

A)endogenous attention"
B)Feature selectivity"
C)attention"
D)central tendency"

Question 70

Feature selectivity is the term used for:

A)Change blindness in experiments"
B)endogenous attention"
C)A neurons preference of certain specific stimuli over others"
D)exogenous attention"

Question 71

Paying attention to a stimulus will cause stronger firing rates in particular neurons. This, in turn, will cause:

A)Unconsciousness"
B)change blindness"
C)A seizure"
D)Larger networks of correlated activity"

Question 72

Larger networks of correlated activity will occur after there has been:

A)Stage 3 non-REM sleep"
B)Stronger firing rates in particular neurons"
C)misdirection"
D)Weaker firing rates in particular neurons"

Question 73

________ is the sum of electrical fields generated by neurons within a given area.

A)Neuron Gain"
B)Sychronization"
C)Population code"
D)Local field potential"

Question 74

Local field potential is the sum of electrical fields generated by neurons:

A)That are approximately the same size"
B)Found only in the prefrontal cortex"
C)perpendicular to the cortex"
D)Within a given area"

Question 75

Synchronization is neurons in two distinct areas firing:

A)out of phase"
B)Simultaneously"
C)alternatingly"
D)in sequence"

Question 76

Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep is characterized by:

A)Dreamlessness"
B)An unconscious state"
C)Dreams"
D)Loss of subjective experience"

Question 77

Deep sleep is characterized by:

A)Vivid dreams"
B)High amounts of brain activity"
C)Low amounts of brain activity"
D)None of the above"

Question 78

Consciousness can be suppressed by the use of:

A)Dopamine"
B)Epinephrine"
C)Hemineglect"
D)Anesthesia"

Question 79

Anesthesia suppresses:

A)Pain reception"
B)breathing"
C)Consciousness"
D)Memory loss"

Question 80

An example of an impaired state of consciousness is:

A)Being under anesthesia"
B)A coma"
C)Deep sleep"
D)All of the above"