Deck 7: The Motor System

Question 1

How many skeletal muscles are in the human body?

A)540
B)440
C)740
D)640

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The faster a muscle contracts, the ____ the fibers.

A)Longer
B)Thicker
C)Shorter
D)Thinner

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Golgi tendon organs in the muscles detect:

A)Strain (load)
B)Soreness
C)Contraction
D)Extension

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What do we call the location where motor neurons make contact with muscle fibers?

A)Sarcomere
B)Insertion
C)Neuromuscular junction
D)Myofibril

Question 5

Which neurotransmitter is most prominent in the neuromuscular junction?

A)GABA
B)Acetylcholine
C)Norepinephrine
D)Dopamine

Question 6

Once acetylcholine is released, it is broken down by this substance:

A)Acetylcholinesterase
B)Acetylmethonal
C)Acetone
D)Acetyloxitase

Question 7

White matter and grey matter make up this long structure:

A)The Basal ganglia
B)The cerebellum
C)The spinal cord
D)The quadriceps

Question 8

Two diseases that effect the motor neurons of the spinal cord are:

A)Measles and rubella
B)The polio virus and the West Nile virus
C)Influenza and typhoid
D)Yellow fever and shingles

Question 9

An example of deep tendon reflex is:

A)The quadriceps muscle contracting when the patellar tendon and quadriceps muscle are suddenly stretched
B)Your eyelids closing when a piece of dust flies into your eye
C)Your head swiveling toward a sound you just heard
D)All of the above

Question 10

The pathway that connects the upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex to the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord is called the:

A)Neuromuscular junction
B)Axon bundle
C)Dorsal horn
D)Corticospinal tract

Question 11

Once the axon bundles of the corticospinal tract cross to the contralateral side of the body, they are referred to as the:

A)Ventral corticospinal tract
B)Lateral corticospinal tract
C)Corona radiata
D)Cerebral peduncle

Question 12

If damage occurred to the vestibulospinal tract, cutting off input from the vestibular nuclei, what functions would be effected?

A)Startle and escape reflexes
B)Movements of the limbs
C)Posture and balance movements
D)Capture and avoidance movements

Question 13

The cerebellum contains the greatest number of ____ in the nervous system.

A)Red nuclei
B)Neuromuscular junctions
C)Neurons
D)Corticospinal tracts

Question 14

An intention tremor would appear as an individual:

A)Shaking in the limbs after damage to the rubrospinal tract
B)Overcompensating movements while trying to grab, point to, or touch an object
C)Unable to track objects with the eyes
D)Making rapid, jerking movements after damage to the tectospinal tract

Question 15

Stellate cells connect to Punkinje cells by way of the dendrites, but basket cells connect by wrapping around the cell:

A)Body
B)Synaptic cleft
C)Axon
D)Axon temrinal

Question 16

Complex movements are coded for by:

A)The premotor cortex
B)Neither the motor cortex nor the premotor cortex
C)The motor cortex
D)Both the motor cortex and the premotor cortex

Question 17

Simple movements are directed by the primary motor cortex, whereas more complicated movements are directed by the:

A)The frontopolar cortex
B)Premotor cortex
C)Lateral prefrontal cortex
D)The frontal eye fields

Question 18

How is the intraparietal sulcus important to motor functioning?

A)It contains areas that represent spatial locations of objects in the sensory environement
B)It controls deep tendon reflexes
C)It is responsible for decision making and multitasking
D)It connects the upper motor neurons with the lower motor neurons

Question 19

In order to fire, mirror neurons require an action to have a(n):

A)Auditory component
B)Witnessed ending
C)Goal
D)Associated physical object

Question 20

Patients with lesions of the lateral prefrontal cortex often have difficulty with _____________ in behavioral experiments.

A)Following directions
B)Shifting between different strategies
C)Respecting the authority of the experimenter
D)Understanding the results

Question 21

The substantia nigra provides _____ inputs to the Basal Ganglia.

A)Dopamine
B)Norepinephrine
C)Acetylcholine
D)GABA

Question 22

The oculomotor loop of the Basal ganglia is involved with:

A)Simple movements
B)Judgement and emotional regulation
C)Emotion and motivation
D)Eye movements

Question 23

If an individual is displaying a resting tremor, slow movements, and cognitive decline, they may be suffering from which disease of the Basal ganglia?

A)The polio virus
B)Parkinson's disease
C)Huntington's disease
D)Levodopa

Question 24

A lesion on the lateral premotor cortex may lead to:

A)Akinetic mutism
B)Interference with internal control of movements
C)Interference with externally cued movements
D)Automatisms

Question 25

Akinetic mutism refers to:

A)Loss of speech after suffering a stroke
B)The lack of spontaneous behavior
C)Loss of speech after damage to the Basal ganaglia
D)The inability to move the limbs

Question 26

Author Jean Dominique Bauby's Locked-In Syndrome was caused by a stroke in which area of the brain?

A)The prefrontal cortex"
B)The cerebellum"
C)The left temporal lobe"
D)The brainstem"

Question 27

A stroke in the brainstem may cause this, as in the case of Jean Dominique Bauby:

A)Permanent blindness"
B)Akinetic mutism"
C)Locked-In Syndrome"
D)Cerebral palsy"

Question 28

Movement is vital to:

A)Learning"
B)Survival"
C)Navigation"
D)All of the above"

Question 29

In order to move, your muscles are required to attach to both an origin and a(n):

A)Sarcomere"
B)Insertion"
C)Myofibril"
D)Curare"

Question 30

Muscle fibers are arranged into bundles. These bundles are called:

A)Sarcomeres"
B)Insertions"
C)Myofibrils"
D)Fascicles"

Question 31

Shorter muscle fibers will result in faster:

A)Extensions"
B)Contractions"
C)Relaxations"
D)None of the above"

Question 32

The stronger a muscle, the _____ the area of a cross-section of fibers

A)Thinner"
B)Thicker"
C)Smaller"
D)Larger"

Question 33

Sarcomeres, the most basic unit of muscle fiber, are contained in the:

A)Tendons"
B)Myofibrils"
C)Flexors"
D)Insertions"

Question 34

Myofibrils contain ____, the most basic unt of muscle fibers.

A)Fascicles"
B)Insertions"
C)Sarcomeres"
D)Curares"

Question 35

Strain, or load, in muscles in detected by the:

A)Myofibrils"
B)Tendons"
C)Flexors"
D)Golgi tendon organs"

Question 36

Antagonistic muscles work in opposition to each other. One pair of antagonistic muscles are the:

A)Muscles in the eyelid"
B)Left and right sides of the tongue"
C)Bicep and tricep"
D)Bicep and forearm"

Question 37

The bicep and tricep, which work in opposition to each other, are an example of:

A)Reflexive muscles"
B)Muscle stretchers"
C)A muscle pair"
D)Antagonistic muscles"

Question 38

Type I and Type II muscle fibers can also be called:

A)Only a and b (twitch and color)"
B)Slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers"
C)Thick and thin muscle fibers"
D)Red and white muscle fibers"

Question 39

Type I muscle fibers are slow-twitch, and therefore are used for:

A)Speed"
B)Power"
C)Endurance"
D)All of the above"

Question 40

Muscle fibers used for endurance activities are referred to as:

A)Slow-twitch"
B)Red"
C)Type I"
D)All of the above"

Question 41

Type II muscle fibers are fast-twitch, and therefore are used for:

A)Endurance"
B)Speed and power"
C)Both of the above"
D)Neither of the above"

Question 42

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A)The area where the corticospinal tract crosses to the contralateral side of the body"
B)The point at which two muscles join together"
C)The point at which a muscle joins to a tendon"
D)The location where motor neurons make contact with muscle fibers"

Question 43

Which ion is necessary for the contraction of a muscle to occur?

A)Chloride"
B)Chromium"
C)Calcium"
D)Copper"

Question 44

Which of these needs to happen for a muscle to contract?

A)Myosin filaments work their way up the actin filaments"
B)An action potential is generated in a lower motor neuron"
C)Acetylcholine is released into the presynaptic cleft"
D)All of the above"

Question 45

During muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released into the:

A)Myofibrils"
B)Sarcomeres"
C)Presynaptic cleft"
D)Fascicles"

Question 46

Before muscle contraction, this must be generated in the lower motor neurons:

A)Calcium"
B)A fast-twitch"
C)An action potential"
D)Dopamine"

Question 47

Acetylcholinesterase is responsible for the breaking down of:

A)Acetone"
B)Muscle fibers"
C)Calcium"
D)Acetylcholine"

Question 48

Derivations of curare, a toxin, are used in the making of:

A)Human growth hormones"
B)Cosmetic agents"
C)Muscle-relaxants"
D)Stimulants"

Question 49

The spinal cord is made up of:

A)Tiny bones"
B)White matter and gray matter"
C)Spindles"
D)Fibers"

Question 50

The lower motor neurons are located in the:

A)Anterior horn"
B)Ventral horn"
C)Dorsal horn"
D)None of the above"

Question 51

The ventral horn in the spinal cord contains these neurons:

A)Upper motor neurons"
B)Retinal ganglion cells"
C)Lower motor neurons"
D)All of the above"

Question 52

Axons are sent out to the muscles by the:

A)Gamma motor neurons"
B)Alpha motor neurons"
C)White matter"
D)Dorsal horn"

Question 53

Alpha motor neurons send out ____ to the muscles.

A)Somas"
B)Cell bodies"
C)Dendrites"
D)Axons"

Question 54

Tension is maintained in muscle fibers by the:

A)Dorsal horn"
B)Alpha motor neurons"
C)Gamma motor neurons"
D)Gray matter"

Question 55

Gamma motor neurons maintain ____ in the muscles.

A)The number of fibers"
B)Tension"
C)Calcium levels"
D)Homeostasis"

Question 56

Gamma motor neurons are involved in:

A)Muscle relaxation"
B)Muscle contraction"
C)Maintaining tension"
D)Acetylcholine release"

Question 57

Each muscle fiber within a muscle receives input from _____ motor neuron.

A)Ten"
B)One hundred"
C)Two"
D)One"

Question 58

What is a motor unit?

A)A group of type II muscle fibers"
B)A group of type I muscle fibers"
C)An alpha motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates"
D)The total collection of skeletal muscles"

Question 59

The stronger the muscular contraction, the larger the:

A)Myofibril within the muscle"
B)Amount of motor units used in the contraction"
C)Muscle(s)used in the contraction"
D)Nerve impulse at the neuromuscular junction"

Question 60

The polio virus and the West Nile virus effect the motor neurons in the:

A)Legs"
B)Spinal cord"
C)Face"
D)Brain"

Question 61

The inhibitory feedback mechanism, which allows for muscular relaxation when the opponent muscle is contracting, is lost when one suffers from:

A)West NIle virus"
B)Multiple sclerosis"
C)Polio viris"
D)Strychnine poisoning"

Question 62

Central pattern generators can be found in the:

A)Biceps"
B)Spinal cord"
C)Brain"
D)Heart"

Question 63

The corticospinal tract connects the upper motor neurons to the:

A)Basal ganglia"
B)Prefrontal cortex"
C)Lower motor neurons"
D)Primary motor cortex"

Question 64

The upper motor neurons are located in the:

A)Spinal cord"
B)Medulla"
C)Prefrontal cortex"
D)Primary motor cortex"

Question 65

If an individual is suffering from cerebral palsy, what difficulty will occur in the motor system?

A)The axon bundles of the corticospinal tract are blocked from crossing to the opposite side of the body"
B)Tactile feedback is lost"
C)Signals from the upper motor neurons cannot reach the lower motor neurons, causing spastic contractions"
D)None of the above"

Question 66

The Medullary Pyramids are the name for the axon bundles of the corticospinal tract at the levels of the:

A)Primary motor cortex"
B)Medulla"
C)Prefrontal cortex"
D)Basal ganglia"

Question 67

Any axons that do not cross to the contralateral side of the body at the pyramidal decussation form the:

A)Corona radiata"
B)Cerebral peduncle"
C)Ventral corticospinal tract"
D)Lateral corticospinal tract"

Question 68

If damage occurred to the rubrospinal tract, disrupting the input from red nuclei, what functions would be effected?

A)Capture and avoidance movements"
B)Startle and escape reflexes"
C)Posture and balance movements"
D)Movements of the limbs"

Question 69

Movements of the limbs would becoming compromised if damage occurred to the _______, disrupting the input from red nuclei.

A)Reticulospinal tract"
B)Rubrospinal tract"
C)Vestibulospinal tract"
D)Tectospinal tract"

Question 70

Posture and balance would be compromised if damaged occurred to the _____, cutting off input from the vestibular nuclei.

A)Reticulospinal tract"
B)Vestibulospinal tract"
C)Tectospinal tract"
D)Rubrospinal tract"

Question 71

If damage occurred to the tectospinal tract, cutting off input from the tectum, what functions would be effected?

A)Startle and escape reflexes"
B)Posture and balance movements"
C)Movements of the limbs"
D)Capture and avoidance movements"

Question 72

If damage occurred to the reticulospinal tract, cutting off input from the reticular formation, what functions would be effected?

A)Movements of the limbs"
B)Startle and escape reflexes"
C)Capture and avoidance movements"
D)Posture and balance movements"

Question 73

Startle and escape reflexes would be compromised if damaged occurred to the _____, cutting off input from the reticular formation.

A)Tectospinal tract"
B)Rubrospinal tract"
C)Reticulospinal tract"
D)Vestibulospinal tract"

Question 74

Where can the most greatest number of neurons in the nervous system be found?

A)The lateral corticospinal tract"
B)The prefrontal cortex"
C)The cerebellum"
D)The pyramids"

Question 75

An individual is having great difficulty maintaining balance while walking, and often over-corrects when bumping into an object or person. We can assume that there may be damage to the:

A)Tectum"
B)Cerebellum"
C)Medula"
D)Reticular formation"

Question 76

An individual is unable to make accurate rapid eye movements, and also seems to have difficulty regulating their speech-They are often changing the volume and rate of their words. We can assume that there may be damage to the:

A)Dorsal root ganglion"
B)Cerebellum"
C)Tectum"
D)Pons"

Question 77

Injury to the cerebellum may result in:

A)Difficulty planning goals and reasoning"
B)The inability to make choices"
C)The inability to distinguish between faces"
D)Difficulty performing rapid alternating movements of the hand of feet"

Question 78

The cerebellum influences the motor activity of upper and lower motor neurons through outputs projected from the:

A)Lateral inhibitory connections"
B)Stellate cells"
C)Neurons of the cerebellar and vestibular nuclei"
D)Mossy fibers"

Question 79

The cerebellum receives input from the mossy fibers and the:

A)Basket cells"
B)Lateral inhibitory connections"
C)Climbing fibers"
D)Stellate cells"

Question 80

The cerebellum receives input from the climbing fibers and the:

A)Lateral inhibitory connections"
B)Mossy fibers"
C)Basket cells"
D)Stellate cells"