Deck 5: Vision

Question 1

Which is the correct description of a Mach Band?

A)A strip of cortex that is associated with vision
B)The area of the eye that sees motion
C)Uniform colors appear to have a gradient at the border between lighter and darker shades
D)The optical illusion that occurs when you view Kitaoka's "rotating snakes"

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The process of taking signals from the outside world (such as visible light) and turning them into electrochemical signals is called:

A)Sensory transformation
B)Sensory translation
C)Extra-sensory perception
D)Sensory transduction

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What percentage of the human brain is dedicated to vision?

A)15%
B)30%
C)5%
D)60%

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Visible light is transduced by the:

A)Photoreceptors
B)Cornea
C)LGN
D)Optic nerve

Question 5

Once light enters the eye and shines through the lens, it is focused onto the:

A)Pupil
B)Cornea
C)Iris
D)Retina

Question 6

The brain receives information from the retina with the help of the:

A)Bipolar cells
B)Horizontal cells
C)Amacrine cells
D)Retinal ganglion cells

Question 7

What is the function of the iris?

A)It focuses light onto the retina
B)It protects the lens
C)It restricts the passage of light into the eye
D)It moves the eye left and right

Question 8

Retinal ganglion cells are great at detecting:

A)Uniform areas of light
B)Differences in light levels (edges)
C)The color red
D)The color green

Question 9

The optic nerve is made of the axons of:

A)Bipolar cells
B)Magnocells
C)Parvocells
D)Retinal ganglion cells

Question 10

Hubel and Weisel characterized V1 cells in:

A)Cats
B)Humans
C)Monkeys
D)Mice

Question 11

Both parvocellular and magnocelluar retinal ganglion cells feed information to the:

A)Hypothalamus
B)Thalamus
C)Amygdala
D)Brainstem

Question 12

The neurons in the primary visual cortex are organized:

A)somatotopically
B)Retinotopicaly
D)Brainstem
D)tonotopically

Question 13

The cells in the LGN respond to dark and light spots, cells in the primary visual cortex responds to:

A)Brightness and color
B)Movement and direction
C)Edges of specific orientations
D)Dark and light spots

Question 14

Blobs are cells in the primary visual cortex that process input relating to:

A)Color
B)Form
C)Brightness
D)Movement

Question 15

The secondary visual cortex has neurons with _____ receptive fields than the neurons of the primary visual cortex.

A)Slightly smaller
B)Many fewer
C)Exponentially more
D)Slightly larger

Question 16

As you go higher up the visual hierarchy, neurons respond preferentially to ____ stimuli.

A)Simple
B)Abstract
C)Colorful
D)Fast-moving

Question 17

Sparse coding refers to _______ of neurons activating for specific stimuli.

A)Long chains
B)Scattered groups
C)Small clusters
D)A single pair

Question 18

The disorder that involves disregarding one half of the visual world is called:

A)ADHD
B)Hemineglect
C)Stimultagnosia
D)Balint's syndrome

Question 19

Bilateral damage to the face area in the ventral visual system can result in:

A)Prosopagnosia
B)Hemineglect
C)Stimultagnosia
D)Balint's syndrome

Question 20

If you are able to interact with objects but are unable to identify them, you probably have damage in your:

A)Dorsal stream
B)Ventral stream
C)Cornea
D)Retina

Question 21

Which of these accurately represents the flow of most information through the visual system?

A)Visual cortex, eyes, LGN
B)LGN, eyes, visual cortex
C)Eyes, visual cortex, LGN
D)Eyes, LGN, visual cortex

Question 22

What causes our blindspot?

A)Light-colored irises
B)A small lesion on the cornea
C)A section of retina with no photoreceptors
D)A disconnect in the primary visual cortex

Question 23

Making assumptions about the state of world we see is called:

A)Unconscious inference
B)Prosopagnosia
C)Change blindness
D)Hemineglect

Question 24

What can happen after spending extended time in a sensory deprivation chamber?

A)You will hallucinate
B)Nothing-there will only be darkness and silence
C)You brain will start replacing the areas dedicated to vision and audition with neighboring areas
D)There is a high chance of experiencing a stroke

Question 25

Humans are able to make predictions about the external environment through the use of:

A)Feedback systems
B)Rods and cones
C)Optic nerves
D)All of the above

Question 26

If a child becomes blind in an accident, and many years later undergoes a cornea transplant, what should we expect to happen?

A)The eyes will not function normally, and the brain will not be able to process visual input"
B)The eyes will not function normally, but the brain will be able to correctly process all visual input"
C)The eyes will function normally, but the brain will not be able to properly process the input"
D)The eyes will function normally, and the brain will automatically begin to correctly process all visual input"

Question 27

The eyes would function normally, but the brain would be unable to correctly process visual input in which of these situations?

A)The individual has to wear prescription glasses or contact lenses"
B)The eyes were damaged in an accident during early childhood, and many years later underwent a cornea transplant"
C)In a congenitally blind individual"
D)There was extensive damage to the corneas in an industrial accident during adulthood"

Question 28

Signals from the outside world, such as the sound of a bell or the scent of a flower, are processed into:

A)Sensory transducers"
B)Photoreceptors"
C)Neurotransmitters"
D)Electrochemical signals"

Question 29

Sensory transduction is the process of:

A)converting perceptions into sensations"
B)Taking signals from the outside world and turning them into electrochemical signals"
C)converting perceptions into memories"
D)reliving memories using sensory cortex"

Question 30

The human eye transduces visible light through the use of:

A)Horizontal cells"
B)Photoreceptors"
C)Photons"
D)Retinal ganglion cells"

Question 31

The function of the lens is to:

A)Allow light to pass into the eye"
B)Communicate with the brain"
C)Focus light onto the retina"
D)Restrict the amount of light entering the eye"

Question 32

If there is a signal that we lack the receptor for, what happens when that signal is present in our environment?

A)We can sense it using a combination of the available receptors"
B)Nothing, we cannot sense it"
C)There are no signals we lack receptors for"
D)We can sense it only if we are first aware that the signal is present"

Question 33

We cannot sense a signal in our environment if:

A)We have the correct receptors for that signal"
B)We are attending to that signal"
C)We lack the receptor for that signal"
D)None of the above"

Question 34

Humans rely on _____ more than any other sense.

A)Touch"
B)Vision"
C)Smell"
D)Hearing"

Question 35

We perceive ____ with our photoreceptors.

A)X-rays"
B)Gamma rays"
C)Infrared radiation"
D)Visible light"

Question 36

The part of the eye that lets photons travel into the eye is called the:

A)Retina"
B)Iris"
C)Cornea"
D)Fovea"

Question 37

What is the function of the cornea?

A)It converts light into electrical signals"
B)Allows photons to travel into the eye"
C)gives color to the eye"
D)It focuses light onto the retina"

Question 38

There is a ring of muscle in the eye that restricts the amount of light that can pass through the eye. This ring is called the:

A)Cornea"
B)Pupil"
C)Retina"
D)Iris"

Question 39

The primary function of the cells in the retina is to:

A)Constrict the iris"
B)Control the amount of light entering the eye"
C)Convert light into electrical signals"
D)Focus images onto the lens"

Question 40

Once light enters the eye, information must pass from the eye to the brain. This information is passed by the:

A)Horizontal cells"
B)Retinal ganglion cells"
C)Bipolar cells"
D)Amacrine cells"

Question 41

Both the horizontal cells and amacrine cells allow:

A)Photons to pass into the eye"
B)Light to focus onto the retina"
C)Adjacent areas of the retina to communicate with each other"
D)Light to be restricted as it enters the eye"

Question 42

Phototransduction is the process by which:

A)Photons of light change the neurotransmitter signal released by the photoreceptors"
B)Light strikes a pigment molecule and induces a conformational change"
C)Photons of light change the resting membrane potential of cells"
D)All of the above"

Question 43

What is the function of the lens?

A)It allows light to enter into the eye"
B)It restricts the passage of light into the eye"
C)It focuses light onto the retina"
D)All of the above"

Question 44

The hole in the middle of the iris is called the:

A)Retina"
B)Lens"
C)Pupil"
D)Cornea"

Question 45

The photoreceptors that are most sensitive to light are:

A)Retinas"
B)Rods"
C)Cones"
D)Photons"

Question 46

The photoreceptors that are most sensitive to colors are:

A)Retinas"
B)Photons"
C)Rods"
D)Cones"

Question 47

Where are cones concentrated in the eye?

A)In the lens"
B)In the fovea"
C)On the cornea"
D)In the iris"

Question 48

Where are rods concentrated in the eye?

A)In the edges of the iris"
B)On the cornea"
C)In the periphery of the retina"
D)In the pupil"

Question 49

Cones have high spatial resolution because they are connected to both:

A)The pupil and the iris"
B)Rods and photons"
C)The lens and the retina"
D)Their own bipolar cell and their own retinal ganglion cell"

Question 50

If you look at an up side-down painting, the image on your retina will be:

A)Rotated 45 degrees"
B)Right side-up"
C)Up side-down"
D)Rotated 90 degrees"

Question 51

The pupil is located:

A)In the center of the retina, behind the lens, and infront of the cornea"
B)In the center of the sclera, behind the retina, and infront of the cornea"
C)In the center of the iris, behind the lens, and next to the retina"
D)In the center of the iris, behind the cornea, and in front of the lens"

Question 52

Retinal ganglion cells have receptive fields that are particularly:

A)Insensitive"
B)Small"
C)Large"
D)Sensitive"

Question 53

These cells are very good at detecting differences in light levels (edges):

A)Bipolar cells"
B)Magnocells"
C)Retinal ganglion cells"
D)Parvocells"

Question 54

The axons of the retinal ganglion cells join together to form the:

A)Retina"
B)Brain stem"
C)Primary visual cortex"
D)Optic nerve"

Question 55

The blind spot is the area in which:

A)Both a and b"
B)There are no photoreceptors"
C)The optic nerves meet and half of the fibers cross over"
D)The optic nerve leaves the eye"

Question 56

The optic chiasm is the point at which:

A)The left and right halves of the primary visual cortex touch"
B)The two optic nerves meet and half of the fibers cross over"
C)The rods and cones are equal in number"
D)There are no photoreceptors in the eye"

Question 57

The point at which two optic nerves meet and half of the fibers cross to the opposite side is the:

A)Optic tract"
B)Primary visual cortex"
C)Optic chiasm"
D)Retina"

Question 58

An object located in your right visual field will be processed in your:

A)Optic chiasm"
B)Optic nerve"
C)Left hemisphere"
D)Right hemisphere"

Question 59

An object located in your left visual field will be processed in your:

A)Optic chiasm"
B)Optic nerve"
C)Left hemisphere"
D)Right hemisphere"

Question 60

It is possible for an object to be viewed by your right eye and yet be located in your left:

A)auditory cortex"
B)Visual field"
C)Retinal ganglion cells"
D)Hemisphere"

Question 61

Once the nerve bundles of the eyes enter the brain and have been sorted into two visual fields they are referred to as:

A)Optic bundles"
B)Optic lines"
C)Optic chaisms"
D)Optic tracts"

Question 62

There are two types of retinal ganglion cells that carry information to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). A difference between the two types is:

A)The LGN receives information from the parvocellua retinal ganglion cells in four layers, and information from the magnocellular retinal ganglion cells in two layers"
B)The parvocellular retinal ganglion cells are smaller than the magnocellular retinal ganglion cells"
C)The parvocellular retinal ganglion cells process information from the cones, such as form and color, whereas the magnocellular ganglion cells process information from the rods such as depth, brightness, and movement"
D)All of the above"

Question 63

The thalamus is fed information by both the:

A)primary and secondary auditory cortex"
B)primary and secondary visual cortex"
C)Parvocellular and magnocellular retinal ganglion cells"
D)visual and auditory cortex"

Question 64

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is separated into how many layers?

A)3"
B)12"
C)24"
D)6"

Question 65

The pravocellular retinal ganglion cells would process which information about the car in your visual field?

A)Its direction of motion"
B)Its speed"
C)Its distance"
D)Its shape"

Question 66

The magnocellular retinal ganglion cells would process which information about the lamp in your visual field?

A)Its hue"
B)Its brightness"
C)Its shape"
D)Its color"

Question 67

Information travels from the LGN to the primary visual cortex via the:

A)Conjunctiva"
B)Optic nerves"
C)Optic radiations"
D)Optic chiasms"

Question 68

The primary visual cortex is also referred to as the ____, because of its striped appearance.

A)Lined cortex"
B)Striate cortex"
C)Striped cortex"
D)Layered cortex"

Question 69

The neurons of the primary visual cortex are divided into:

A)White and gray cells"
B)Striped and solid cells"
C)Large and small cells"
D)Simple and complex cells"

Question 70

The neurons in the primary visual cortex that respond to edges in a particular area of the visual field are:

A)Complex cells"
B)Parvocells"
C)Magnocells"
D)Simple cells"

Question 71

The neurons in the primary visual cortex that respond to edges at any location in the visual field are:

A)Magnocells"
B)Simple cells"
C)Complex cells"
D)Parvocells"

Question 72

A cell that responds to a diagonal line in multiple locations is most likely a ____ cell.

A)Simple"
B)On/off"
C)Complex"
D)Center-surround"

Question 73

Your visual system is hierarchical, in that:

A)The later stages are more important that the earlier stages"
B)The later stages are used more infrequently that the earlier stages"
C)Each stage is built upon earlier stages"
D)Each stage is independent of the previous stages"

Question 74

Disparity between the eyes is helpful in gaining information about:

A)Color"
B)Orientation"
C)Depth"
D)Movement"

Question 75

Depth perception is possible due to:

A)The numbers of rods in the eyes"
B)The location of the primary visual cortex"
C)The crossing of the optic nerves"
D)Disparity between the eyes"

Question 76

As shown in random-dot stereograms, _____ is not necessary for depth perception.

A)Disparity"
B)Visual stimuli"
C)Object recognition"
D)Light"

Question 77

The ____ figure shows how the neurons in the secondary visual cortex respond to perceived lines.

A)Size differences"
B)Sierpinski"
C)Kanizsa"
D)Escher"

Question 78

The secondary visual cortex has neurons with slightly larger receptive fields than the neurons of the:

A)Eyes"
B)Occipital lobe"
C)Primary visual cortex"
D)None of the above"

Question 79

The secondary visual cortex is like the primary visual cortex in that they are both:

A)Tonotopic"
B)Rectangular"
C)Somatotopic"
D)Retinotopic"

Question 80

We decipher what objects are with the:

A)Medial visual stream"
B)Ventral visual stream"
C)Lateral visual stream"
D)Dorsal visual stream"