Deck 15: Social Cognition

Question 1

A study on facial expression influencing a decision to give the death penalty found that those with _________ features were far more likely to be judged as guilty and deserving the death penalty that those without those features.

A)Stereotypically Hispanic
B)Unattractive
C)Submissive
D)Stereotypically black

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In the study done on the best "poker face", which facial expression prompted the greatest number of mistakes in the opponent?

A)The neutral face
B)The untrustworthy face
C)The trustworthy face
D)The dominant face

Answer 2

C

Question 3

An individual with a closed smile, large eyes, and slightly raised eyebrows would appear:

A)Trustworthy or friendly
B)Dominant or threatening
C)Submissive
D)None of the above

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Lesions on the anterior temporal lobe and amygdala in monkeys may result in which kinds of behavior?

A)Extreme submissiveness and the inability to recognize family members
B)Uncontrollable eating and fatigue
C)Indiscriminate mating attempts and mothers attacking their own infants
D)Addiction to narcotics and depression

Question 5

Which brain region picks up on both visual and auditory social cues?

A)The substantia nigra
B)The superior temporal sulcus (STS)
C)The medulla
D)The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

Question 6

The superior temporal sulcus (STS) lies near the border of this area, which is involved with language comprehension:

A)Broca's area
B)The basal ganglia
C)The substantia nigra
D)Wernicke's area

Question 7

Picking up on social cues that may indicate intentions is called:

A)First-order theory of mind
B)Second-order theory of mind
C)Perceptual theory of mind
D)Motivational theory of mind

Question 8

The simple game Rock-Paper-Scissors, as well as theoretical moral dilemmas, can be used to study:

A)Theory of mind
B)Fear response
C)Empathy
D)Social defeat

Question 9

What features of autism spectrum disorder correlate with a lack of theory of mind?

A)They have difficulty picking up on social cues, such as eye gazes or gestures
B)They have difficulty understanding other people's beliefs, desires, and intentions
C)They take language literally, and have difficulty following irony or sarcasm
D)All of the above

Question 10

Patients with __________ tend to mix up their thoughts with the thoughts of others, giving rise to the belief that they can read other's thoughts, or that someone is broadcasting their own thoughts to the rest of the world.

A)Autism spectrum disorder
B)Schizophrenia
C)Tourette syndrome
D)Psychopathy

Question 11

If one gives a wave and a smile, the response of affiliation is:

A)A grimace and turning around to face the opposite direction
B)A blank stare
C)A wave and a smile
D)Fear

Question 12

Which is a simple, automatic process?

A)Emotional contagion
B)Empathy
C)Sympathy
D)Mimicry

Question 13

The __________ is active when one is performing or observing an action.

A)Ventromedial amygdala
B)Lateral premotor cortex
C)Anterior insula
D)Dorsolateral hypothalamus

Question 14

As shown in the 1999 study by Perron at al. and the 2004 study by Singer at al., these areas are active when receiving painful stimulation, but not when observing loved one receive painful stimulation:

A)The primary and secondary somatosensory cortex
B)The anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex
C)The cerebellum and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
D)The ventromedial hippocampus and the thalamus

Question 15

Double dissociation shows that lesions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex disrupt _________, whereas lesions of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex disrupt __________.

A)Sympathy; mimicry
B)Cognitive empathy; emotional empathy
C)Emotional empathy; cognitive empathy
D)Mimicry; sympathy

Question 16

Those with psychopathy are lacking:

A)Theory of mind
B)The ability to recognize emotions in others
C)The ability to understand other's thoughts, feelings, and beliefs
D)Empathy

Question 17

What does the case study of J.S. show about the possible cause for sociopathic behavior?

A)Sociopathic behavior is only congenital
B)The cause may be an injury to the orbitofrontal cortex and the temporal lobe
C)Sociopathic behavior arises from injury to the posterior prefrontal cortex
D)Lack of blood flow to the temporal lobes can result in sociopathic behavior

Question 18

Dopaminergic circuitry is one of the areas of the brain active when one is feeling:

A)Fear
B)Anger or aggression
C)Depression
D)Positive emotional states

Question 19

What does the outcome of the Greene and Paxton (2006) study on lying indicate about those who are dishonest?

A)Dishonest people often battle over whether or not to lie
B)Dishonest people seem to easily and quickly make the decision to lie, without any feelings of moral dilemma
C)Dishonest people often feel regret about their dishonesty, but continue to make dishonest reports for monetary gain
D)Dishonest people often do not realize they are being deceptive

Question 20

If I have major depressive disorder, and am looking to be treated by a non-invasive neurostimulator, which of the following might be an option?

A)Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
B)Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
C)Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
D)Electrode implantation

Question 21

What would be the outcome of injecting a female rat with oxytocin receptor blockers after she has given birth to pups?

A)She would nurse and care for her pups as a mother rat normally would
B)She would fail to bond with the pups, and may even abandon them
C)She would attack the pups
D)She would attack the father of the pups, but nurse and care for the pups

Question 22

What would be the effect on a human female after receiving intranasal vasopressin?

A)She would perceive faces as more friendly instead of more aggressive
B)She would perceive faces as more aggressive, just as males tend to do
C)She would act aggressively toward anyone she felt was a threat
D)She would display hyper sexual behavior

Question 23

Cognitive self-reflection is reflection on one's own current:

A)Behavior
B)Relationships
C)Emotions
D)Thoughts

Question 24

This is the inability to recognize your limbs as part of your own body:

A)Schizophrenia
B)Somatoparaphrenia
C)Anosognosia
D)Double dissociation

Question 25

In the case of M.M., which area of the brain was damaged by a stroke, producing the inability to recognize himself in the mirror?

A)The primary and secondary somatosensory cortex
B)The left temporal lobe
C)The posterior visual cortex
D)The right lateral prefrontal cortex

Question 26

What is the most critical nonverbal form of communication among humans?

A)Crossed arms and legs"
B)Facial expressions"
C)Hand gestures"
D)Posture"

Question 27

By the age of 8 months, what complex feat are humans able to do?

A)Feel empathy"
B)Be deceptive"
C)Distinguish between human faces"
D)Show theory of mind"

Question 28

Which area of the brain is dedicated to recognizing and distinguishing between faces?

A)The dorsolateral hippocampus"
B)The ventral hypothalamus"
C)The prefrontal cortex"
D)The fusiform face area"

Question 29

What would be the result of damage to the fusiform face area?

A)Schizophrenia"
B)Aphasia"
C)Prosopagnosia"
D)Agnosia"

Question 30

Prosopagnosia would result from damage to this region of the brain:

A)The superior sulcus"
B)The substantia nigra"
C)The fusiform face area"
D)The anterior insula"

Question 31

This brain region plays a role in facial recognition:

A)The thalamus"
B)The basal ganglia"
C)The amygdala"
D)The hypothalamus"

Question 32

Our facial expressions give others __________ cues.

A)Congenital"
B)Monetary"
C)Social emotional"
D)Cognitive"

Question 33

Studies on facial expression have found that participants judge ___________ simply and quickly on factors such as bone structure.

A)Intelligence and education level"
B)Affluence and socioeconomic status"
C)Extroversion and tendency to take risks"
D)Trustworthiness and competence"

Question 34

On a study done by Oosterohof and Todorov in 2008 on facial expressions, which two factors appear to encompass all personality judgements?

A)Affluence and socioeconomic status"
B)Trustworthiness and dominance"
C)Intelligence and kindness"
D)Introversion and extroversion"

Question 35

What types of facial features translate into trustworthiness?

A)Large eyes and small nostrils"
B)Closed smile and furrowed brow"
C)Small nose and raised chin"
D)Raised eyebrows and closed smile"

Question 36

What types of facial features translate in untrustworthiness?

A)Raised eyebrows and uplifted chin"
B)Flared nostrils and furrowed brow"
C)Large eyes and small chin"
D)Closed smile and upward gaze"

Question 37

What types of facial features translate into dominance?

A)Flared nostrils and upward gaze"
B)Wide nose and enlarged lips"
C)Large eyes and raised eyebrows"
D)Closed smile and small nose"

Question 38

An individual with large lips, flared nostrils, and furrowed brows would appear to be:

A)Submissive"
B)Trustworthy or friendly"
C)Dominant or threatening"
D)None of the above"

Question 39

Social-cognition deficits occur in monkeys with lesions on which brain regions?

A)The hippocampus and the lateral hypothalamus"
B)The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)and the thalamus"
C)The medial visual cortex and the midbrain"
D)The anterior temporal lobe and the amygdala"

Question 40

Semantic knowledge can be impaired by damage to which brain region?

A)The ventral hypothalamus"
B)The anterior temporal lobes"
C)The amygdala"
D)The dorsolateral hippocampus"

Question 41

Damage to the anterior temporal lobes in humans will result in impairment of which type of knowledge?

A)Empathetic"
B)Episodic"
C)Semantic"
D)Procedural"

Question 42

Lesions in the LEFT temporal lobe lead to the inability to remember:

A)Where your home is located"
B)The names of famous people"
C)How to read"
D)The faces of family members"

Question 43

Frontotemporal dementia may be the result of:

A)Lesions on the amygdala"
B)Contusion on the prefrontal cortex"
C)Loss of gray matter in the brainstem"
D)Temporal lobe degeneration"

Question 44

If an individual with lesions on the temporal pole is given positive information about an otherwise untrustworthy looking person, the individual with lesions will:

A)Change their opinion of the person and believe them as trustworthy"
B)Be unable to understand what you are trying to say to them"
C)Continue to think of the person as untrustworthy"
D)None of the above"

Question 45

The superior temporal sulcus (STS) is activated by both:

A)Decision-making tasks"
B)Geometric visual patterns"
C)Empathetic and sympathetic gestures"
D)Visual and auditory social cues"

Question 46

The superior temporal sulcus (STS) is most strongly activated in humans when we see which dominance social cue?

A)Raised hands"
B)Direct gaze"
C)Closed smile"
D)Raised eyebrows"

Question 47

Attempts at lip-reading will strongly activate which brain region?

A)The primary and secondary somatosensory cortex"
B)The right amygdala"
C)The superior temporal sulcus (STS)"
D)The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)"

Question 48

The superior temporal sulcus is involved with auditory social cues, it is most strongly activated by:

A)Distinguishing between non-human sounds"
B)Singing"
C)A computerized voice giving directions"
D)Recognizing voices"

Question 49

Being able to predict what others may think of an individual's thoughts or actions is called:

A)Sympathy"
B)Empathy"
C)Second-order theory of mind"
D)The mirror system"

Question 50

The Sally-Anne task requires the participant to take the viewpoint of:

A)An observer"
B)Sally"
C)Anne"
D)All of the above"

Question 51

Perceptual theory of mind includes:

A)Realizing that your significant other does not want to hold a conversation at this point in time"
B)Distinguishing between a haphazard hand movement and intentional pointing"
C)Understanding the religious beliefs of a friend"
D)Feeling grief when a family member passes away"

Question 52

The theory-of-mind network includes the medial prefrontal cortex, and posterior cingulate cortex, and the _____, among other regions.

A)Basal ganglia"
B)Superior temporal sulcus"
C)Posterior hippocampus"
D)Medial cerebellum"

Question 53

Which of the following can only be understood if one has theory of mind?

A)The intentions of others"
B)Irony"
C)Sarcasm"
D)All of the above"

Question 54

One can understand irony, sarcasm, and the intentions of others only if one possesses:

A)Empathy"
B)Sympathy"
C)Social cues"
D)Theory of mind"

Question 55

Observing, executing, and imitating body movements are all associated with what system?

A)Sympathy"
B)Empathy"
C)The mirror system"
D)First-order theory of mind"

Question 56

The cingulate motor area responds to felt pain, and also responds to _____________, indicating that it is part of the mirror system.

A)Inflicting pain on someone else"
B)Contemplating inflicting pain on someone else"
C)Observing someone else experiencing pain"
D)Contemplating someone else in pain"

Question 57

How is Tourette syndrome linked to the mirror system?

A)Verbal tics are learned by observation"
B)The cingulate motor area produces both urges to move and responds to observing pain in others"
C)Motor tics occur more frequently when first observed in others"
D)All of the above"

Question 58

An individual is hearing voices, has paranoid thoughts, and has distorted social perceptions. What disorder is this individual probably suffering from?

A)Tourette syndrome"
B)Schizophrenia"
C)Psychopathy"
D)Autism spectrum disorder"

Question 59

What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?

A)The inability to pick up on social cues such as eye gaze, taking language literally, and difficulty understanding the desires and beliefs of others"
B)Aggressive behaviors, theft, and unwanted sexual advances"
C)Loss of motor function and memory loss"
D)Paranoia, hearing voices, distorted social perceptions, and bizarre beliefs"

Question 60

Which subform of theory of mind is associated with inferring another's knowledge and beliefs?

A)Perceptual"
B)Emotional"
C)Informational"
D)Motivational"

Question 61

Which subform of theory of mind is the most basic, and is associated with picking up social cues from eye gaze and posture?

A)Motivational"
B)Emotional"
C)Informational"
D)Perceptual"

Question 62

The complementary posture of one displaying dominance is:

A)Fearfulness"
B)Threatening"
C)Submissiveness"
D)Dominance"

Question 63

Feeling sad after spending a couple of hours with a friend of yours who is feeling very sad is an example of:

A)Psychopathy"
B)Emotional contagion"
C)Mimicry"
D)Social anxiety disorder"

Question 64

If one is experiencing emotional contagion, one may experience feelings of ________ when around people who are very happy.

A)Anxiety"
B)Happiness"
C)Sadness"
D)Anger"

Question 65

Which requires reflective awareness and involves generating an appropriate emotional response?

A)Sympathy"
B)Emotional contagion"
C)Mimicry"
D)Empathy"

Question 66

Postpartum depression can lead to difficulties with:

A)Theory of mind"
B)The inability to pick up on social cues from facial expressions"
C)Emotion contagion"
D)Bizarre social behavior"

Question 67

In the 2006 study by Harrison, Singer, Rotshtein, Dolan, and Critchley on how pupil size effects perception, what was the finding?

A)Faces with smaller pupils were rated as happier, but the participants did not mimicked the smaller pupil size"
B)Faces with larger pupils were rated as more intense, but the participants did not mimicked the larger pupil size"
C)Faces with smaller pupils were rated as more sad, and the participants unconsciously mimicked the smaller pupil size"
D)Faces with larger pupils were rated as more attractive, and the participants unconsciously mimicked the larger pupil size"

Question 68

Edinger-Westphal nuclei regulate reflexive contractions of the:

A)Nostrils"
B)Pupils"
C)Biceps"
D)Lips"

Question 69

An individual with a high amount of emotion contagion will display ___________ when viewing a face with constricted pupils.

A)Expansion of the pupils"
B)Activation of the tear ducts"
C)Constriction of the pupils"
D)No change in pupil size"

Question 70

As shown in the 1999 study by Perron at al. and the 2004 study by Singer at al., these areas are active when receiving painful stimulation, and also when observing loved one receive painful stimulation:

A)The cerebellum and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)"
B)The anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex"
C)The primary and secondary somatosensory cortex"
D)The ventromedial hippocampus and the thalamus"

Question 71

If you and a loved one were participating in an experiment on empathy and their hand was given a painful shock, which of your brain regions should be active?

A)The cerebellum and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)"
B)The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)and the thalamus"
C)The ventromedial hippocampus and the thalamus"
D)The anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex"

Question 72

In the 2006 study by Singer et al. on empathy, participants played a cooperative game with an actor, who either played cooperatively or uncooperatively. The actor then received a painful shock. What was the outcome of this experiment?

A)Activation in the anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex was higher in those who played with cooperative partners."
B)Men showed a higher tendency than women to want revenge on uncooperative partners."
C)Participants paired with cooperative players felt greater amounts of empathy than those who were paired with uncooperative players."
D)All of the above"

Question 73

What is the difference between emotional empathy and cognitive empathy?

A)""I understand that you are feeling something"" versus, ""I feel what you feel"""
B)""I feel what you feel"" versus, ""I understand how you feel"""
C)""I feel what you feel"" versus, ""I understand that you are feeling something"""
D)""I understand how you feel"" versus, ""I understand that you are feeling something"""

Question 74

If you have a lesion of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, what will be difficult for you?

A)Crying when others are crying"
B)Emotional contagion"
C)Theory of mind"
D)Recognizing the emotional states of others"

Question 75

Which disorder is associated with having difficulty with both cognitive and emotional empathy?

A)Dementia"
B)Tourette syndrome"
C)Schizophrenia"
D)Autism spectrum disorder"

Question 76

What would a person with autism spectrum disorder LIKELY do if they observed a person crying?

A)Start crying, although they would be unable to explain why they were crying"
B)Laugh at the funny sound, or have no emotional reaction at all"
C)Their pupils would constrict after observing the other person's sad expression"
D)Start crying out of empathetic feelings"

Question 77

What would a person with autism spectrum disorder LIKELY do if they were in the same room with someone who feels afraid?

A)They would become very upset and start to cry"
B)They would become angry and try to escape from the room"
C)They would feel intense feelings of fear, although they would not know the cause of these feelings"
D)They would have no emotional reaction"

Question 78

Which of the following is a behavior exhibited by one with psychopathy?

A)Aggression and assult"
B)Unsolicited sexual acts"
C)Theft"
D)All of the above"

Question 79

What does it mean that some cases of psychopathy are congenital?

A)These individuals have a high chance of recovery"
B)These individuals were born with psychopathic traits"
C)These individuals are unaware that they have psychopathy"
D)These individuals acquired psychopathy from a head injury"

Question 80

Those with antisocial personality traits tend to show ___________ in the medial and lateral frontopolar cortex, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the orbitofrontal cortex.

A)Low dopamine levels"
B)Lesions"
C)Reduced levels of grey matter"
D)High levels of serotonin"