Deck 14: Motivation and Reward

Question 1

The story of Frank the physician illustrates the difference between knowledge and:

A)Motivation
B)Reward
C)Wisdom
D)Punishment

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Energy balance, defensive behaviors, and thermoregulation are all:

A)Regulated by the release of peptides
B)Associated with the amygdala
C)Internal drives
D)External drives

Answer 2

C

Question 3

If an animal is thirsty, what is a possible autonomic response?

A)Releasing cortisol
B)Inhibiting the release of growth hormones
C)Stopping whatever the animal is currently doing to search for a water source
D)Increasing the heart rate

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The opposite of satiety is:

A)Thirst
B)Fatigue
C)Hunger
D)Boredom

Question 5

Ghrelin is a peptide released during feeding to:

A)Slow down digestion
B)Stimulate further eating
C)Make the body feel "full"
D)Speed up digestion

Question 6

This peptide is released to stimulate the secretion of digestive enzymes:

A)Cholecystokinin
B)Ghrelin
C)Insulin
D)Leptin

Question 7

If an individual has ingested more than enough calories and leptin is released by adipose tissue, what should we expect to happen?

A)The feeling of needing to consume more calories
B)Nausea
C)The urge to defecate
D)The cessation of food intake

Question 8

The accessory basal nucleus is correlated with:

A)The cessation of hunger
B)Fear or attack behaviors
C)Defensive behavior
D)Thermoregulation

Question 9

Which disease includes the loss of the neurons of the substantia nigra, resulting in impairments in motor function, cognition, and mood regulation?

A)Aphasia
B)Major depressive disorder
C)Parkinson's disease
D)Dementia

Question 10

Behaviorists were the first psychologists to explore the use of reinforcers. Who was one of the leading behaviorist psychologists?

A)Chomsky
B)Watson
C)Freud
D)Jung

Question 11

Reinforcers are another term for:

A)Punishments
B)Aversive stimuli
C)Rewards
D)Drugs

Question 12

What is an example of a secondary reward?

A)Food
B)Water
C)Time with a loved one
D)Money

Question 13

Opioids are used for which of the following reasons?

A)Promotion of sleep
B)Feelings of pleasure
C)Sedation and relief from pain
D)All of the above

Question 14

Which opioid is made from the seeds of the poppy flower, and is used for pain relief?

A)Oxycodone
B)Morphine
C)Methodone
D)Endorphines

Question 15

Kappa-opioid receptors are associated with which effect?

A)Dysphoric
B)Analgesic
C)Reward
D)Antidepression

Question 16

How are kappa-opioid agonists associated with normally pleasurable rewards?

A)These agonists can enhance the pleasure felt when experiencing other rewarding stimuli
B)These agonists deaden the senses and cause rewarding stimuli to feel less rewarding
C)These agonists have dysphoric effects and make normally rewarding stimuli feel unrewarding
D)These agonists block receptors that cause normally pleasurable stimuli to feel unrewarding

Question 17

Which neurotransmitter measurement method involves using a very small probe and osmosis?

A)Positron emission tomography (PET)
B)Fact-scan cyclic voltammetry
C)Microdialysis
D)Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 18

What is tolerance?

A)Physical and psychological effects that occur after the sudden cessation of an addictive substance
B)Adverse feelings following formally pleasurable feelings from the same substance
C)The feeling that an addictive substance no longer controls your behavior
D)Needing increasingly more and more of a substance to achieve the same effect

Question 19

Why is addiction so difficult to combat?

A)The brain is convinced that the addictive substance improves the well-being of the body
B)The body is in an improved state after using the addictive substance
C)Addictive substances often do not cause physical harm
D)Addiction eliminates the memory of taking the substance

Question 20

What fraction of convicted inmates were found to be under the influence of drugs at the time of their offense?

A)1/4
B)1/3
C)1/6
D)2/3

Question 21

Benzodiazepines can be used to treat the symptoms of withdrawal from

A)Tobacco
B)Cocaine
C)Alcohol
D)Heroin

Question 22

What is the term for properly maintaining the medical treatment given for drug addiction?

A)Relapse
B)Adherence
C)Incentive sensitization
D)Withdrawal

Question 23

An individual addicted to prescription codeine admits their addiction and seeks help. Which of the following medications may be used in their treatment plan?

A)Bupropion
B)Varenicline
C)Disulfiram
D)Methadone

Question 24

Why is immunization for addiction unlikely to work?
A)Deep brain stimulation

A)The immune system is a slow learner and doesn't respond to addictive substances quickly enough
B)Behavioral psychology
B)The molecules of addictive substances tend to be too small for the immune system to recognize

Question 25

"Rolling with resistance" and "supporting self-efficacy" are two techniques of:

A)Deep brain stimulation
B)Behavioral psychology
C)Cognitive behavioral therapy
D)Motivational interviewing

Question 26

Addiction is:

A)A biological need"
B)An illness"
C)A choice"
D)A lack of motivation"

Question 27

Motivation to survive influences:

A)Choice of shelter"
B)Mate selection"
C)Foraging"
D)All of the above"

Question 28

Motivation is required in order to:

A)Meet your basic needs"
B)Pass on your genes"
C)Survive"
D)All of the above"

Question 29

Which of the following is an internal drive?

A)Response to outside threat"
B)Parental attachment"
C)Affiliation"
D)Circadian rhythms"

Question 30

Which of the following is an external drive?

A)Water balance"
B)Defensive behaviors"
C)Stress responses"
D)Response to reproductive opportunity"

Question 31

Internal drives are associated with which brain structure?

A)Hippocampus"
B)Amygdala"
C)Hypothalamus"
D)Thalamus"

Question 32

Interoception is the term for:

A)Being aware of social cues"
B)Internal sensory perception"
C)Being aware of ones thoughts and emotions"
D)Extrasensory perception"

Question 33

Autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses arise from:

A)Addiction to opiates"
B)Prediction errors"
C)A change in the body's parameters"
D)Punishments and rewards"

Question 34

If an animal is hungry, what is a possible behavioral response?

A)Decreasing blood pressure"
B)Stopping whatever the animal is currently doing to look for a food source"
C)Inhibiting the release of growth hormones"
D)Decreasing heart rate"

Question 35

If an animal needs to reproduce, what is a possible neuroendocrine response?

A)Stopping whatever the animals is currently doing to search for a mate"
B)Releasing estrogen or testosterone"
C)Showing parental affection"
D)Increasing blood pressure"

Question 36

Which brain structure is primarily involved with many behaviors and motivations, including autonomic, neuroendocrine and behavioral responses?

A)The hippocampus"
B)The thalamus"
C)The amygdala"
D)The hypothalamus"

Question 37

Which brain structure has many "windows" into the blood-brain barrier, allowing for sampling of hormone levels.

A)The thalamus"
B)The hypothalamus"
C)The amygdala"
D)The hippocampus"

Question 38

The ____________ houses nuclei which have a generic interoceptive function across many different drives.

A)Arcuate nucleus"
B)Subfornical organ"
C)Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis"
D)Central nucleus"

Question 39

This region of the brain coordinates many forms of hormonal outputs from the pituitary gland:

A)Central nucleus"
B)Subfornical organ"
C)Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis"
D)Arcuate nucleus"

Question 40

Insulin regulates blood glucose levels, and is also involved in regulating:

A)Stress response"
B)Energy in the hypothalamus"
C)Hormone levels"
D)Intake of food"

Question 41

Leptin is released by __________, and tells the body to stop eating.

A)The small intestine"
B)Adipose tissue"
C)The hypothalamus"
D)The stomach"

Question 42

ob/ob mice are lacking this protein, causing them to become very obese:

A)Cholecystokinin"
B)Leptin"
C)Ghrelin"
D)Insulin"

Question 43

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) stimulates this by acting on the lateral hypothalamus:

A)Hunger suppression and the cessation of food intake"
B)Parental affection and the release of oxytocin"
C)Energy intake and feeding behavior"
D)The release of testosterone"

Question 44

If one starts to feel full, and ceases eating, we can assume that this protein was recently released:

A)Cholecystokinin"
B)Insulin"
C)Ghrelin"
D)Leptin"

Question 45

If, while eating, you feel an increased need to eat, we can assume that this peptide has recently been released:

A)Cholecystokinin"
B)Ghrelin"
C)Leptin"
D)Insulin"

Question 46

The amygdala receives information about which sensory modality?

A)Olfaction"
B)Vision"
C)Audition"
D)All of the above"

Question 47

Which brain structure is known for its incredibly fast response time to external stimuli?

A)The hippocampus"
B)The amygdala"
C)The hypothalamus"
D)The thalamus"

Question 48

The central nucleus of the amygdala is critical in communication with which brain structure?

A)The cortex"
B)The hypothalamus"
C)The hippocampus"
D)The thalamus"

Question 49

This brain structure lies just outside of the the amygdala and is involved with endocrine and autonomic responses:

A)The central nucleus"
B)The arcuate nucleus"
C)The subfornical organ"
D)The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis"

Question 50

These are released during the body's response to stress:

A)Neuropeptides"
B)Glucocorticoid hormones"
C)Enkephalins"
D)Dynorphins"

Question 51

Glucocorticoid hormones are released during times of stress in order to release __________ into the blood.

A)Testosterone"
B)Cortisol"
C)Glucose"
D)Estrogen"

Question 52

Allostasis is a term used for the body's response to:

A)Hunger"
B)Sexual encounters"
C)Satiety"
D)Stress"

Question 53

Prolonged _________ can result in negative outcomes, such as high blood pressure, immune suppression, and metabolic changes.

A)Satiety"
B)Withdrawl"
C)Hunger"
D)Allostasis"

Question 54

Which neurotransmitter is critical to motivation, reward, and learning?

A)Norepinephrine"
B)Serotonin"
C)Dopamine"
D)GABA"

Question 55

Which areas of the midbrain house the dopaminergic neurons?

A)The subfronical organ and the arcuate nucleus"
B)The substantia nigra and the ventral segmental area (VTA)"
C)The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the arcuate nucleus"
D)The basal nucleus and the accessory basal nucleus"

Question 56

The substantia nigra pars compacta is made of what percentage of dopamine-containing neurons?

A)30%"
B)50%"
C)70%"
D)90%"

Question 57

The mesocortical pathway, which connects the ventral segmental area (VTA) to the prefrontal cortex, is associated with:

A)Stimulus evaluation"
B)Emotional regulation"
C)Planning and cognition"
D)All of the above"

Question 58

Planning and cognition are associated with which pathway?

A)Nigrostriatal"
B)Mesocortical"
C)Mesolimbic"
D)None of the above"

Question 59

The mesolimbic pathway, which connects the ventral segmental area (VTA) to the anterior cingulate cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex, is associated with:

A)Planning and cognition"
B)Thermoregulation and satiety"
C)Stimulus evaluation and emotional reglation"
D)None of the above"

Question 60

How do we know when something is a reward?

A)A person or animal will work to avoid it"
B)It increases the frequency of a desired behavior"
C)It lessens the frequency of a desired behavior"
D)A person or animal will not work to obtain it"

Question 61

Something that is aversive is:

A)Desirable"
B)A reinforcer"
C)A reward"
D)Undesirable"

Question 62

Why can food be considered both a reward and a punishment?

A)Food that doesn't taste good cannot be used a a reward, only as a punishment"
B)Food often increases both desired (survival)and undesired behaviors (overeating)"
C)Some animals are not motivated by food, but others are"
D)It all depends on the current homeostatic needs of the individual"

Question 63

Why might a scientist withhold food from a rat for several hours before running experiments with that rat?

A)Rats perform more intelligently when they are hungry"
B)To determine whether or not the rat is addicted to any substances"
C)The homeostatic and allostatic need of the rat will determine whether or not food is a reward"
D)All of the above"

Question 64

Rewards that do not directly influence the homeostatic or allostatic needs of an individual are called:

A)Primary rewards"
B)Aversive rewards"
C)Secondary rewards"
D)Reinforcers"

Question 65

Rewards are key to:

A)Increasing desired behavior"
B)Survival"
C)Learning"
D)All of the above"

Question 66

Associative learning occurs when one is able to correctly predict a(n):

A)Reward value"
B)Expected outcome"
C)Punishment"
D)Aversive reaction"

Question 67

Learning requires _____ of available rewards.

A)Acquisition"
B)Prediction"
C)Awareness"
D)Memorization"

Question 68

The Rescorla-Wagner model mathematically describes:

A)Secondary rewards"
B)The opioid receptor system"
C)The dopaminergic system"
D)Reinforcement learning"

Question 69

The Rescorla-Wagner model emphasizes the importance of _____ for learning.

A)Reinforcers"
B)Prediction errors"
C)Rewards"
D)Punishment"

Question 70

Which type of opioid receptor is associated with analgesia, euphoria, reward, and the addictive effects of opioids?

A)Nociceptin receptors"
B)Delta-opioid receptors"
C)Kappa-opioid receptors"
D)Mu-opioid receptors"

Question 71

Mu-opioid receptors are associated with which effect?

A)Antirewarding"
B)Euphoric"
C)Antidepression"
D)Dysphoric"

Question 72

Which type of opioid receptor is associated with antirewarding effects and dysphoric reactions?

A)Nociceptin receptors"
B)Delta-opioid receptors"
C)Mu-opioid receptors"
D)Kappa-opioid receptors"

Question 73

Enkephalins, dynorphins, and beta-endorphins are all types of:

A)Antidepressants"
B)Opioid neurotransmitters"
C)Synthetic opioids"
D)Morphine derivatives"

Question 74

The _____ system is distributed across the entire central nervous system.

A)Amphetamine"
B)Monoamine"
C)Dopamine"
D)Opioid"

Question 75

How is the opioid system distributed in the body?

A)It is concentrated in the amygdala"
B)It is distributed across the entire central nervous system"
C)It is distributed evenly throughout the midbrain"
D)It is concentrated in the cortex"

Question 76

How are mu- and delta-opioid agonists linked with normally pleasureful rewards?

A)These agonists have dysphoric effects and make normally rewarding stimuli feel unrewarding"
B)These agonists can enhance the pleasure felt when experiencing other rewarding stimuli"
C)These agonists block receptors that cause normally pleasureful stimuli to feel unrewarding"
D)These agonists deaden the senses and cause rewarding stimuli to feel less rewarding"

Question 77

A _____ cue occurs just before the delivery of a reward.

A)Post"
B)Predictive"
C)Reward"
D)Reinforcer"

Question 78

If an animal is presented with an unexpected reward, there will be a sudden spike in which neurotransmitter?

A)Acetylcholine"
B)Serotonin"
C)Dopamine"
D)GABA"

Question 79

When an animal is presented with an unexpected reward, there will be a sudden spike in dopamine in which region of the brain?

A)The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)"
B)The amygdala"
C)The hypothalamus"
D)The substantia nigra"

Question 80

If a predictive cue is repeatedly paired with a reward, such as a squirt of juice, an animal will have a spike in their dopamine levels when which event occurs?

A)When (immediately after)the squirt of juice is delivered"
B)Before the predictive cue occurs, but after the squirt of juice is delivered"
C)When (immediately after)the predictive cue occurs"
D)None of the above"