Deck 13: Emotions

Question 1

In the case study of the woman who underwent deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease, electrodes placed in which are area the brain alleviated symptoms?

A)The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)
B)The subthalamic nucleus
C)The anterior hypothalamus
D)The amygdala

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When a theory states that a physical reaction precedes an emotional response, the theory is classified as:

A)Two-factor
B)Bottom-up
C)Top-down
D)None of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What does the case of the woman who suffered from uncontrollable laughter and crying show about the relationship between feeling emotions and displaying them?

A)It is possible to have intense expressions of mirth or sadness without actually feeling either
B)One can have intense feelings of mirth or sadness without showing physical signs of such feelings
C)It is always the case that one feels emotions if they are being physically displayed through laughter and crying
D)None of the above

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Why would sham rages result from removal of the cortex?

A)The cortex connects the incoming sensory stimuli with the thalamus
B)The cortex routes the incoming sensory information to the hypothalamus
C)The cortex is involved in inhibiting emotional responses
D)The cortex controls feelings of joy, mirth, and peace

Question 5

In order to survive and keep your genetic make-up present on earth, which of the following behaviors must you engage in?

A)Homeostatic
B)Reproductive
C)Agonistic
D)All of the above

Question 6

Maintaining body temperature and alerting the body when hungry or full are both ___________ functions.

A)Reproductive
B)Agonistic
C)Homeostatic
D)All of the above

Question 7

Cytokines alert the body that there is/are ______ present.

A)Infection
B)Food
C)A desirable mate
D)A threat

Question 8

The pineal gland, median eminence, and subfornical organ have this in common:

A)These are all areas associated with maintaining homeostasis
B)These are all areas with high concentrations of serotonin
C)These are all areas where the blood-brain barrier is more permeable
D)These are all areas responsible for detecting the presence of disease

Question 9

How many types of output pathways leave the hypothalamus?

A)Five
B)Three
C)Seven
D)Nine

Question 10

Deep brain stimulation of the ___________ can result in rage and aggression, or in the feeling and symptoms of a panic attack.

A)Hypothalamus
B)Thalamus
C)Amygdala
D)Cortex

Question 11

Fear conditioning heavily involves this brain structure:

A)The hippocampus
B)The thalamus
C)The hypothalamus
D)The amygdala

Question 12

One would have impaired ability to feel fear if one had lesions on the:

A)Thalamus
B)Amygdala
C)Hippocampus
D)Hypothalamus

Question 13

S.M., the woman without fear, was missing her amygdala after damage due to Urbach-Wiethe disease. What happened to her feelings of fear?

A)They were replaced with feelings of anger, leading S.M. to behave extremely aggressively when she felt threatened
B)They were strengthened to the point of disfunction. S.M. was house-bound due to intense fear.
C)They were replaced with feelings of excitement and curiosity, leading to potentially dangerous situations
D)All of the above

Question 14

Damage to which area of the brain produces Kulver-Bucy syndrome in rhesus monkeys?

A)The anterior temporal lobes, including the amygdala
B)The pituitary gland, particularly in females
C)The dorsal medial visual cortex
D)The posterior region of the hypothalamus

Question 15

The inability to feel pleasure or enjoyment (anhedonia) may result from lesions on the:

A)Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
B)Hypothalamus
C)Amygdala
D)Ventral striatum

Question 16

What is the circuit of Papez?

A)A circuit that connects only the hippocampus and hypothalamus, and is associated with hormone release
B)A circuit that connects many brain structures involved with monitoring the internal and external environment, as well as emotions
C)A ring within the amygdala that provides feedback on the fear-response
D)The negative feedback loop associated with serotonin levels

Question 17

The entorhinal cortex is the internal and external output region of the:

A)Thalamus
B)Hypothalamus
C)Amygdala
D)Hippocampus

Question 18

Damage to the anterior insula would most likely affect:

A)Pain
B)Sexual arousal
C)Temperature
D)Tension

Question 19

This region of the brain is active during the Stroop test, and is associated with a sense of emotional stress or mental effort.

A)The posterior insula
B)The motor cortex
C)The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
D)The anterior hypothalamus

Question 20

Based on the fact that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) is key in creating visceral signals, which of the following is required?

A)The VMPFC receives inputs from many sensory modalities
B)The VMPFC receives inputs from primary motor regions
C)Lesions on the VMPFC would lead to a strong "gut feeling"
D)The VMPFC is disconnected from the external world

Question 21

Lesions on which brain region (as seen in the study on veterans) seem to lead to high rates of severe depression?

A)Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)
B)Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
C)Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)
D)Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC)

Question 22

How does electroconvulsive therapy help to alleviate the symptoms of depression?

A)It increases the amounts of serotonin released in the cortex
B)It inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in the cortex
C)It lowers the amount of activity in the ventromedial and frontopolar cortex
D)It increase the amount of activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

Question 23

When an individual's serotonin levels are too low and they have had a depressed mood for a significant period of time, what might a doctor prescribe?

A)Anxiolytics
B)Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
C)Benzodiazepines
D)Androgens

Question 24

Which neurotransmitter is effected by the use of benzodiazepines?

A)GABA
B)Serotonin
C)Acetylcholine
D)Norepinephrine

Question 25

What could happen to an individual with epilepsy who took a low dose of an anxiolytic?

A)They would enter into a coma-like state
B)The person would sink into a depressed mood
C)There would be an increased chance of the occurrence of seizures
D)The anxiolytic would help abort and prevent seizures

Question 26

In the case study of the woman who underwent deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease, one of the electrodes was placed slightly off target, resulting in:

A)Mirth"
B)Depression"
C)Anger"
D)Anxiety"

Question 27

Emotions are a(n) _________ of what is happening internally.

A)Planned display"
B)External sign"
C)Contradiction"
D)Unconscious expression"

Question 28

__________ first proposed that all humans share a common set of facial expressions.

A)Walter Cannon"
B)Charles Darwin"
C)William James"
D)Carl Lange"

Question 29

The fact that there seem to be universally recognized emotions in humans points to:

A)A learned behavior"
B)A bottom-up emotional system"
C)A top-down emotional system"
D)A biological basis for all emotions"

Question 30

Which of the following are evidence for a biological basis for all human emotions:

A)distinct neural correlates of emotion recognition"
B)Universally recognized emotions"
C)geographic regions with specific emotions"
D)All of the above"

Question 31

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that humans first experience:

A)Sadness an as infant, then mirth as a toddler"
B)The physical reactions to a stimulus, then the emotion"
C)An emotional response to a stimulus, then physical reactions that match the emotion"
D)A fight-or-flight response when encountering unknown stimuli"

Question 32

This theory states that physical reactions to a stimulus come before an emotion:

A)The Darwinian theory"
B)The primacy theory"
C)The James-Lange theory"
D)The Cannon-Bard theory"

Question 33

Fight-or-flight refers to the body's response to:

A)An intense emotional reaction"
B)Top-down emotional responses"
C)A fear-inducing stimulus"
D)Physical changes such as an increase in respiration rate and piloerection"

Question 34

The body's response to a fear-inducing stimulus is called:

A)fear"
B)shame"
C)Fight-or-flight"
D)anxiety"

Question 35

If one was to operate under the James-Lange theory, what would happen if a fear-inducing stimulus was introduced but no physical reaction occurred (heart rate increase, breathing rate increase, etc.)?

A)One would experience feelings of fear"
B)One would enter into flight mode"
C)One would not actually feel fearful"
D)One would experience abnormally strong feelings of fear"

Question 36

Which of the following is evidence Cannon used against the James-Lange theory?

A)Surgically separating the visceral organs from the brain resulted in a lack of emotional response in cats"
B)Many bodily reactions are very quick, and are already gone before an emotion may be experienced"
C)Injections of hormones triggered both physical responses and the feelings associated with those responses"
D)Visceral reactions are nonspecific (increased heart rate can mean many things, not just fear)"

Question 37

In the case of the woman who suffered from uncontrollable laughter and crying, what was the cause of her loss of emotional regulation?

A)An enlarged, overactive amygdala"
B)Lesions on the amygdala, which caused inhibition of emotional displays"
C)An abundance of serotonin in the cortex, activating the limbic system at inappropriate times"
D)Demyelination occurred in the tracts of white matter connecting the cortex to the brainstem"

Question 38

What is a sham rage?

A)An inappropriate reaction to a fear-inducing stimuli"
B)Spontaneous activation of the fight-or-flight system"
C)Extreme feelings of rage that may result in harm to self or others"
D)Feelings of rage without the typical physical manifestations, such as a reddened face and execrated heart rate"

Question 39

If the fight-or-flight system is spontaneously activated (no fear stimulus is present), what do we call the state the individual enters into?

A)Bottom-up"
B)Top-Down"
C)Sham rage"
D)Anxiety"

Question 40

What makes the Cannon-Bard theory a top-down theory?

A)It includes the functions of the thalamus and hypothalamus"
B)It emphasizes the importance of the cortex in managing emotional responses"
C)It dismisses the role of physical symptoms of emotions"
D)It focuses on the role of physiological responses to stimuli"

Question 41

Pure autonomic failure shows that ___________ do in fact have a bearing on emotions.

A)Physiological reactions to stimuli"
B)Visceral sensory inputs"
C)The pathways between the cortex and the thalamus"
D)Cognitive contexts"

Question 42

The two-factor theory of emotion includes which two factors?

A)Situational context and physiological responses"
B)Physiological stimuli and situational context"
C)Feelings of an emotion and physiological stimuli"
D)Physiological responses and feelings of an emotion"

Question 43

In Schachter and Singer's study on physiological stimuli and situational context, if an individual is uninformed or misinformed about the effect of epinephrine, what appears to happen when the individual interacts with an angry person?

A)The individual shows a mild response compared to those who were informed about the effects of epinephrine, or who were injected with saline"
B)The individual shows an angry response compared to those who were informed about the effects of epinephrine, or who were injected with saline"
C)The individual shows an angry response, but not as strong as those who were informed about the effects of epinephrine, or who were injected with saline"
D)The individual shows a mild response compared to those who were informed about the effects of epinephrine, but a stronger response than those who were injected with saline"

Question 44

What was the situational context that influenced sexual imagery in stories and the probability of calling the assistant in Dutton and Aron's experiment involving the Capilano Canyon suspension bridge?

A)The time spent on the bridge"
B)The age of the participant"
C)The sex of the assistant"
D)The hight and stability of the bridge"

Question 45

The hypothalamus helps maintain homeostasis, including:

A)Mate selection"
B)Fight-or-flight"
C)Parenting behaviors"
D)Temperature maintenance"

Question 46

Predation and both offense and defensive aggression are ____________ functions.

A)Homeostatic"
B)Agonistic"
C)Reproductive"
D)None of the above"

Question 47

Nesting, parenting, and mate seeking are all ___________ functions.

A)Homeostatic"
B)Agonistic"
C)Reproductve"
D)All of the above"

Question 48

The blood-brain barrier is important to the health of the body due to its role in:

A)Monitoring electrolyte levels"
B)Circulating hormones such as cortisol and estradiol"
C)Allowing blood to circulate freely within the brain"
D)Keeping the neurons free from noxious substances"

Question 49

Which of the following is a hormone associated with stress?

A)Estradiol"
B)Testosterone"
C)Estrogen"
D)Cortisol"

Question 50

Which of the following is a male sex hormone?

A)Estradiol"
B)Testosterone"
C)Cortisol"
D)Estrogen"

Question 51

Thyroid-stimulating hormones are associated with:

A)Stress"
B)Sexuality"
C)Metabolism"
D)All of the above"

Question 52

Hunger is regulated by the:

A)Paraventricular nucleus"
B)Medial preoptic area"
C)Lateral hypothalamus"
D)Ventromedial hypothalamus"

Question 53

The ventromedial hypothalamus is responsible for regulating:

A)Heat dissipation"
B)Maternal behaviors"
C)Satiety"
D)Hunger"

Question 54

This is a sex-specific behavior, seen in female rats:

A)Sham rage"
B)Lordosis"
C)Estradiol"
D)Anhedonia"

Question 55

These are responsible for the production and release of hormones:

A)Cytokines"
B)Autoreceptors"
C)Endocrine glads"
D)Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"

Question 56

Endocrine glands are key in the production and release of:

A)Serotonin"
B)GABA"
C)Hormones"
D)Norepinephrine"

Question 57

Corticotropin-releasing hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) are both associated with increased levels of:

A)Sexual activity"
B)Infection"
C)Hunger"
D)Stress"

Question 58

Which one of the output pathways of the hypothalamus is associated with cortisol?

A)The autonomic pathway"
B)The motivational pathway"
C)The neuroendocrine pathway"
D)All of the above"

Question 59

In the case study of the woman with the tumor in her hypothalamus, who showed changes in her eating behavior and had fits of rage, what ultimately led to her bizarre behavior?

A)Lack of a fight-or-flight response"
B)Hormonal changes"
C)Extremely low levels of GABA"
D)Dramatically increased levels of serotonin"

Question 60

The _________ receives input from the outside world via the thalamus and cortex.

A)Hippocampus"
B)Amygdala"
C)Hypothalamus"
D)Brainstem"

Question 61

The amygdala receives input from the outside world via the:

A)Hippocampus and hypothalamus"
B)Thalamus and cortex"
C)Cerebellum and corpus callosum"
D)Pons and medulla"

Question 62

The basolateral amygdala is capable of learning and tracking:

A)Preferred eating times"
B)The emotional significance of stimuli in the outside world"
C)Hormone levels in the blood stream"

Question 63

The internal drives and hormone functions of the hypothalamus are modulated by the:

A)Dorsolateral visual cortex"
B)Centromedial amygdala"
C)Circuit of Papez"
D)Pons and medulla"

Question 64

You are repeatedly exposed to a flash a red light, immediately followed by a picture of a tarantula (which you fear). Over time, the flash of red light alone, even without the picture of the tarantula, increases your heart rate and releases stress hormones. This process is called:

A)Visual agnosia"
B)Anhedonia"
C)Negative feedback"
D)Fear conditioning"

Question 65

The lateral nucleus of the amygdala receives signals from the thalamus and somatosensory cortex when one:

A)Smells a delicious meal cooking"
B)Needs to urinate"
C)Sees an attractive person"
D)Feels pain"

Question 66

Damage (lesions) to the amygdala is correlated with impairments in which feeling?

A)Anger"
B)Fear"
C)Grief"
D)Joy"

Question 67

What are the symptoms of Urbach-Wieth disease?

A)Inappropriate laughter and crying"
B)An enlarged hypothalamus, and the inability to maintain body temperature"
C)Diminished gray matter in the spinal cord"
D)Lesions on the skin and mucous membranes, and sometimes lesions through the medial temporal lobes"

Question 68

What is visual agnosia?

A)The inability to recognize faces"
B)The inability to interpret what is right in front of you"
C)The inability to remember a picture that you looked at a moment before"
D)The inability to distinguish where there edges of an object are located"

Question 69

The inability to interpret what is right in front of you is known as:

A)Anhedonia"
B)The Stroop effect"
C)Reappraisal"
D)Visual agnosia"

Question 70

In humans, lesions on the anterior temporal lobes and the amygdala will result in which symptom?

A)Hypersexuality"
B)Visual agnosia"
C)Putting both food and non-food items in the mouth"
D)Impairments in learning and expression of fear"

Question 71

Humans will have impairments in learning and expression of fear of there are lesions on the temporal lobes and the:

A)Thalamus"
B)Hypothalamus"
C)Amygdala"
D)Cortex"

Question 72

This feature of the hippocampus points to the hippocampus having multiple functions:

A)Different patterns of connectivity to the cortex"
B)Different patterns of gene expressions within their neurons"
C)Lesion and neuroimaging studies show distinct functional roles"
D)All of the above"

Question 73

Stress hormones are released by the anterior section of the:

A)Cortex"
B)Thalamus"
C)Hippocampus"
D)Amygdala"

Question 74

Reductions in the volume of this brain region can be seen in patients with mood and anxiety disorders:

A)The hypothalamus"
B)The thalamus"
C)The hippocampus"
D)The amygdala"

Question 75

Lesions on the ventral striatum may lead to the inability to feel:

A)Pain"
B)Pleasure or enjoyment"
C)Grief and depression"
D)Fear"

Question 76

The medial forebrain bundle houses connections to the:

A)Hippocampus"
B)Amygdala"
C)Hypothalamus"
D)Ventral striatum"

Question 77

Someone with depression or lesions on the ventral striatum may experience this:

A)Lordosis"
B)Visual agnosia"
C)Hypochondria"
D)Anhedonia"

Question 78

How is the ventral striatum related to patients with depression?

A)If the ventral striatum is removed, depressive symptoms are improved"
B)High amounts of activity in the ventral striatum is associated with increased risk of depression"
C)Depression can be alleviated by stimulating the central striatum with electrodes"
D)Depression worsens with electrical stimulation to the central striatum"

Question 79

Why might a doctor advise against using deep brain stimulation (DCS) on someone with Parkinson's disease?

A)Some patients develop new, unwanted symptoms, such as apathy or depression"
B)The procedure itself is risky, with the possibility of death or brain injury"
C)The outcomes are mixed, and sometimes quality of life is not improved."
D)All of the above"

Question 80

Which structure is both an internal and external output region of the hippocampus?

A)Posterior insula"
B)Ventromedial prefrontal coretx"
C)Cingulate cortex"
D)Entorhinal cortex"