Deck 10: Sleep

Question 1

Sleeping difficulties may appear after injury to the:

A)Temporal lobes
B)Brainstem
C)Frontal Lobe
D)Hypothalamus

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following wave type can be monitored by an EEG?

A)Sine
B)Gamma
C)Cosine
D)Omega

Answer 2

B

Question 3

An individual in a relaxed state would show which wave type on an EEG?

A)Delta
B)Beta
C)Gamma
D)Alpha

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Electrooculography is used to monitor ______ while an individual is sleeping.

A)Heart rate
B)Breathing
C)Eye movement
D)Brain waves

Question 5

When does an individual typically experience their first period of REM?

A)Immediately after falling asleep, and before entering non-REM
B)About 4 hours into sleep, after experiencing 2 or 3 cycles of stages 1 through 3
C)About 2 hours after falling asleep, and have already gone in and out of stages 1, 2, and 3
D)Approximately 1 hour after falling asleep, and experiencing only stage 1 sleep previous to REM

Question 6

Damage to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) will result in:

A)Vivid, irrational dreams
B)Night terrors
C)Narcolepsy
D)Insomnia

Question 7

The locus coeruleus, raphe nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus and two groups of acetylcholinergic neurons in the pons and basal forebrain make up the:

A)Arousal network
B)Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
C)Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VPLO)
D)Sympathetic system

Question 8

Which of the following is a zeitgeber?

A)Sunlight
B)Nutrition
C)Temperature
D)Gender

Question 9

In the evening, typical humans experience a rise in _____ levels.

A)Orexin
B)Melatonin
C)Stress
D)Zeitgeber

Question 10

Mike has just flown from London to Tokyo. During his three-day stay in Tokyo, he experiences irregular sleep patterns, fatigue, irritability, and disorientation. Mike is suffering from:

A)Narcolepsy
B)Jet lag
C)Atonia
D)Insomnia

Question 11

An individual engaging in polyphasic sleep would:

A)Sleep many times a day (ex: 15-30 minutes every 4 hours)
B)Sleep two times a day, usually with one period being significantly longer than the other (ex: 6 hours at night, and 1.5 hour nap in the afternoon)
C)Sleep for an extended period (often 6-8 hours)during one portion of a 24 period.
D)None of the above

Question 12

The more a person exercises, the _____ they will sleep during that night.

A)Less
B)More
C)Lighter
D)None of the above

Question 13

Animals that do not show signs of REM sleep, may require:

A)A smaller brain
B)Less sleep
C)A larger brain
D)More sleep

Question 14

Temporary or permanent dream loss or impairment can occur after damage to or defects of the:

A)Limbic system
B)Prefrontal coretx
C)Parasympathetic system
D)Hypothalamus

Question 15

Which type of brain wave is present in higher levels during lucid dreams than regular dreams?

A)Zeta waves
B)Delta waves
C)Alpha waves
D)Lambda waves

Question 16

Dream content can be influenced by:

A)Drugs
B)Food
C)Bright lights
D)Music

Question 17

If a mildly sleep deprived person is asked to lay down a quiet, dark room, we can expect:

A)The person may desire to fall asleep, but will probably have difficulty doing so
B)The person will fall asleep fairly quickly
C)The person will sleep, but only for a few seconds to a couple of minutes
D)The person will experience frightening dreams if they do happen to fall asleep

Question 18

Microsleeps last:

A)5-10 minutes
B)30 seconds or more
C)Around a few seconds, maybe even less than a second
D)1-5 minutes

Question 19

Why can we not attribute feeling bad when waking solely to a poor night's sleep?

A)People may have slept poorly for a secondary reason, and this reason also makes them feel bad
B)People have no way of accurately measuring sleep quality
C)People need to receive less than 5 hours of actual sleep time before their sleep can be labeled as "poor"
D)People often feel good after having a poor night's sleep

Question 20

Which sleep disorder is characterized by complex behaviors performed during sleep?

A)Insomnia
B)Hyposomnia
C)Hypersomnia
D)Parasomnia

Question 21

Benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines work by:

A)Modulating the effects of GABA
B)Producing extra dopamine
C)Blocking serotonin reuptake
D)Assisting the release of norepinephrine

Question 22

Fatal familial insomnia is a disorder characterized by:

A)The complete inability to fall asleep
B)Eventual death after an extended period of sleeplessness
C)Abnorma prions
D)All of the above

Question 23

Sleep paralysis occurs in narcoleptics when:

A)The body goes immediately into REM once the individual falls asleep
B)The body starts the process of atonia before the individual falls asleep
C)The individual is unable to fall asleep at night
D)The body is exposed to bright light

Question 24

Which sleep disorder is an autoimmune disorder?

A)Restless leg syndrome (RLS)
B)Fatal familial insomnia
C)Narcolepsy
D)Somnambulism

Question 25

REM sleep behavior disorder is characterized by:

A)Teeth grinding
B)The absence of atonia
C)Somniloquy
D)Screaming or gasping

Question 26

The brainstem is involved in the sleep-wake cycle by:

A)Inducing fatigue"
B)Controlling dreams"
C)Keeping the breathing rate and heart rate steady"
D)Keeping the brain awake"

Question 27

In the context of sleep research, an electroencephalography (EEG) is used to:

A)Alter the dream state"
B)Monitor brain activity"
C)Keep the heart rate steady during sleep"
D)Induce a coma"

Question 28

This method is capable of monitoring brain activity during sleep:

A)Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)"
B)Electromyography"
C)Electroencephalography (EEG)"
D)Positron emission tomography (PET)"

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a brain wave that can be monitored on an EEG?

A)Theta"
B)Beta"
C)Omega"
D)Delta"

Question 30

Which of the following brain wave type has the highest frequencies?

A)Alpha"
B)Beta"
C)Theta"
D)Delta"

Question 31

Which brain wave type contains the lowest frequencies?

A)Gamma"
B)Beta"
C)Delta"
D)Theta"

Question 32

An individual who is concentrating hard on a task would likely show which wave type on an EEG?

A)Delta"
B)Theta"
C)Gamma"
D)Alpha"

Question 33

An EEG shows the presence of delta waves. We can assume that the individual connected to the EEG is:

A)Concentrating on a task"
B)Exercising"
C)Solving a math problem"
D)Sleeping"

Question 34

An EEG shows the presence of gamma waves. We can assume that the individual connected to the EEG is:

A)Sleeping"
B)In a relaxed state"
C)Exercising"
D)Concentrating on a task"

Question 35

Electromyography is used to monitor the ________ while an individual is sleeping.

A)Eyes"
B)Pulse"
C)Movement of skeletal muscles"
D)Brain waves"

Question 36

In a typically functioning human, a single sleep period will contain several:

A)Nightmares"
B)Pattern changes"
C)Moments of alertness"
D)None of the above"

Question 37

A typical sleep cycle lasts:

A)Between 20 and 30 minutes"
B)Between 7 and 8 hours"
C)Between 90 and 100 minutes"
D)An hour"

Question 38

The two overarching types of sleep are:

A)Stage 1 sleep and stage 2 sleep"
B)Deep sleep and non-REM"
C)Slow-wave sleep and non-REM"
D)Rapid eye movement (REM)and non-REM"

Question 39

Typically, an individual will spend _____ of the night in non-REM sleep.

A)20%"
B)10%"
C)40%"
D)80%"

Question 40

Slow-wave sleep is the _______ stage of non-REM sleep.

A)First (stage 0)"
B)Middle (stage 2)"
C)Deepest (stage 3)"
D)Shallowest (stage 1)"

Question 41

Dreaming occurs during:

A)Non-REM stage 3"
B)Non-REM stage 2"
C)REM"
D)Non-REM stage 1"

Question 42

REM sleep is characterized by:

A)Eye movemnet"
B)Dreaming"
C)Gamma and beta waves"
D)All of the above"

Question 43

Which of the following occurs during REM?

A)Facial muscles can twitch"
B)Dreaming"
C)Heart rate and breathing speed up"
D)All of the above"

Question 44

The high-frequency, low-amplitude brain waves that occur during REM imply that the brain is:

A)In a very deep, restful sleep"
B)Experiencing a nightmare"
C)In a relaxed state"
D)Doing something akin to concentrating"

Question 45

Aside from humans, REM sleep has be observed only in:

A)Reptiles"
B)Mammals and reptiles"
C)Mammals and young birds"
D)Amphibians and birds"

Question 46

As the night progresses, what happens to the sleep cycle pattern?

A)People enter REM but experience fewer dreams"
B)There are more periods of REM"
C)There are more periods of SWS"
D)People stay in stage 3 sleep for longer periods of time"

Question 47

Emergent stage 1 sleep is another term for:

A)Stage 3 sleep"
B)REM"
C)Non-REM"
D)Stage 2 sleep"

Question 48

The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) is associated with sleep in that when activated, it:

A)Ends the REM cycle"
B)Promotes sleep"
C)Induces insomnia"
D)Commences waking"

Question 49

The sleeping/waking system is bistable, which means:

A)The system can easily become imbalanced"
B)It is only stable during two periods of the day"
C)There are two stable states"
D)All of the above"

Question 50

When the body enters REM, the muscles are paralyzed, in a process called:

A)Narcolepsy"
B)Hyperarousal"
C)Insomnia"
D)Atonia"

Question 51

Atonia occurs when the body enters:

A)Stage 3 sleep"
B)The waking state"
C)Stage 2 sleep"
D)REM"

Question 52

How are pontogeniculo-occipital waves associated with sleep?

A)They appear during the deepest sleep"
B)They appear just before the body enters REM"
C)They coincide with delta waves"
D)They bring the individual back to wakfulness"

Question 53

Which of the following will effect how many hours you sleep in a night?

A)Stimulation"
B)Genetics"
C)Exercie"
D)All of the above"

Question 54

Your natural, internal 24-hour rhythm is called the:

A)Arousal network"
B)Sympathetic system"
C)Parasympathetic system"
D)Circadian rhythm"

Question 55

Something that is endogenously generated is:

A)Generated externally"
B)Generated spontaneously"
C)continuously occuring"
D)Generated internally"

Question 56

In the absence of external cues, the human circadian rhythm will:

A)Shrink to 20 hours"
B)Shrink to 22 hours"
C)Lengthen to 26 hours"
D)Stay at approximately 24 hours"

Question 57

The mammalian internal clock lies in the:

A)Retinal ganglion cells"
B)Pineal glad"
C)Thalamus"
D)Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)"

Question 58

Zeitgebers are stimuli that affect:

A)Retinal ganglion cells"
B)Dream content"
C)Circadian rhythms"
D)Jet lag"

Question 59

Melanopsin is found in the:

A)Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)"
B)Amygdala"
C)Retinal ganglion cells"
D)Pineal glad"

Question 60

The role of the pineal glad is to:

A)Produce gamma waves"
B)Produce and release melatonin"
C)Produce and release melanopsin"
D)Produce delta waves"

Question 61

Human circadian rhythms can differ in _________, with some going to bed and rising early, and others going to bed and rising late.

A)Amplitude"
B)Location"
C)Frequency"
D)Phase"

Question 62

Air travel can result in this circadian rhythm problem:

A)Insomnia"
B)Atonia"
C)Narcolepsy"
D)Jet lag"

Question 63

If you consistently go to bed much earlier than the typical individual in your time zone, and you find it impossible to do otherwise, you may be suffering from:

A)Delayed sleep phase syndrome"
B)Advanced sleep phase syndrome"
C)Jet lag"
D)Insomnia"

Question 64

An individual suffering from non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome would find themselves:

A)Taking many intentional naps throughout the day"
B)Going to bed at a slightly different time every night"
C)Unable to fall asleep when they are tired"
D)Unable to stay asleep through the night"

Question 65

An individual engaging in monophasic sleep would:

A)Sleep more than once a day (ex: 15-30 minutes every 4 hours)"
B)Sleep two times a day, usually with one period being significantly longer than the other (ex: 6 hours at night, and 1.5 hour nap in the afternoon)"
C)Sleep for an extended period (often 6-8 hours)during one portion of a 24 period."
D)None of the above"

Question 66

An individual engaging in biphasic sleep would:

A)Sleep for an extended period (often 6-8 hours)during one portion of a 24 period."
B)Sleep many times a day (ex: 15-30 minutes every 4 hours)"
C)Sleep two times a day, usually with one period being significantly longer than the other (ex: 6 hours at night, and 1.5 hour nap in the afternoon)"
D)None of the above"

Question 67

What happens to the circadian rhythm in a typical teenager?

A)It shifts earlier, making it easier to go to sleep earlier and rise earlier"
B)It reminds the same as in pre-adolescence"
C)It shrinks from needing 10 hours of sleep to needing only 6 or 7 hours of sleep."
D)It shifts later, so it is more difficult to go to sleep early and rise early"

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT a theory on why we need sleep?

A)Sleep allows animals to ""keep out of trouble"" during the dark hours"
B)Sleep plays a role in information processing"
C)Sleep allows metabolism to replenish"
D)Sleep allows blood to circulate more easily while in a prone position"

Question 69

Which of the following is a theory on why we need sleep?

A)Sleep provides a survival advantage"
B)Sleep saves energy"
C)Sleep allows the simulation of rare situations"
D)All of the above"

Question 70

One theory of sleep as restorative states that ___________ are replenished during REM sleep.

A)Calories"
B)Neurotransmitters"
C)Oxygen levels"
D)Ions"

Question 71

What is one indicator that sleep is NOT purely restorative?

A)Some animals need only a few hours of sleep per day (ie: elephants and giraffes)"
B)The brain sometimes gives off delta waves during sleep"
C)The number of hours of sleep needed per day is not correlated with activity levels across species"
D)All of the above"

Question 72

Why does the theory of sleep as a survival advantage not hold up?

A)Many species sleep during the day"
B)Many animals have developed night vision"
C)Some animals sleep in small intervals throughout the day"
D)All of the above"

Question 73

The theory the sleep simulates rare situation is refuted in a study comparing participants in South Africa and Wales. What did the study find?

A)Only a very small percentage of dreams involving threats involves the individual escaping the threatening situation"
B)Participants in the high-crime area of South Africa experienced a lower percentage of threat-related dreams than low-crime area Welsh participants"
C)Both of the above"
D)Neither of the above"

Question 74

What evidence do we have to support the theory of sleep helping to process information?

A)Individuals who sleep for a single long period are less tired than those that take many short naps"
B)Scientists have used fMRI on humans to show that memories are re-activated during sleep"
C)Individuals who take a nap involving both REM and SWS sleep do better on tasks learned that same day than individuals who do not take a nap"
D)All of the above"

Question 75

Reactivation of memories during sleep may result in:

A)Reconsolidation"
B)Insomnia"
C)Lack of dreaming"
D)Encoding"

Question 76

Encoding during sleep happens after:

A)10-12 years of age"
B)Two sleep cycles have been completed"
C)The reactivation of memories"
D)Melatonin levels rise"

Question 77

Increased levels of SWS activity in specific regions of the brain indicate that:

A)There may be damage in those regions"
B)Those areas are not involved in REM sleep"
C)Learning is taking place in those regions"
D)Not all of the brain is involved in sleep"

Question 78

What happens the the amount of time humans spend in REM as we age?

A)It varies from person to person"
B)It decresases"
C)It increases"
D)It stays the same"

Question 79

If one dreams during non-REM sleep, and is awoken while still in this stage, one usually:

A)Feels afraid and even angry"
B)Does not remember dreaming"
C)Remembers vivid, imaginative dreams"
D)None of the above"

Question 80

Damage to or defects of the limbic system can result in:

A)Somnambulism"
B)Cataplexy"
C)Dream loss"
D)Insomnia"