Deck 2: Comparative Criminal Justice: Comparing Crime Across Countries

Question 1

Which of the following methodological comparisons deconstructs the idea that legal systems rely on the same fundamental principles and differ only in form?

A) Cultural difference
B) Searching for the Local
C) Law in Action
D) Research Methods
E) Research Approaches

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following methodological comparisons juxtaposes one system within a society with another, and then compares and contrasts the two?

A) Cultural difference
B) Searching for the Local
C) Law in Action
D) Research Methods
E) Research Approaches

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the three forms of Research Methods requires a researcher to actually spend time in the country and immerse oneself in the research site, culture, and society?

A) "Virtually there"
B) "Researching there"
C) "Living there"
D) None of the above

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is true in regards to the Interpretive Research Approach?

A) Analyzes ethnographic data to understand the cultural construction of crime in different societies
B) Provides a more comprehensive understanding than quantitative approaches
C) Targets "the aim to show the congruence between meanings and values in criminal justice and the larger culture"
D) All of the above

Question 5

Of the following questions, which is NOT answered by the analysis of quantitative crime data?

A) What crime risks exist in country A?
B) How prevalent are crimes of violence in country B?
C) Does country C have a more superior criminal justice system than country D?
D) How does the incidence of specific crimes in countries compare with the incidence in the U.S.?

Question 6

Which of the following institutions maintains a database on international intellectual property crime comprising data on trafficking in illicit goods?

A) European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control (HEUNI)
B) International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC)
C) INTERPOL
D) UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

Question 7

Which of the following institutions facilitates international cooperation on justice issues and upholds respect for international standards?

A) European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control (HEUNI)
B) International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC)
C) INTERPOL
D) UN Interregional Criminal Justice Research Institute (UNICRI)

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a survey utilized by the international community to understand the level of criminality in countries around the world?

A) The United Nations Surveys of Crime and Trends and Operation of Criminal Justice Systems (CTS)
B) The International Survey of Crime Prevention (ISCP)
C) Victimization surveys
D) International Crime Victim Surveys (ICVS)

Question 9

Which institution is responsible for regularly conducting International Crime Victim Surveys (ICVS)?

A) INTERPOL
B) UN Interregional Criminal Justice Research Institute (UNICRI)
C) International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC)
D) European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control (HEUNI)

Question 10

Which institution constitutes an international forum through which governments, agencies, and international organizations can exchange experiences and policy information on crime prevention and community safety?

A) European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control (HEUNI)
B) International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC)
C) INTERPOL
D) UN Office on Drugs and Crime

Question 11

Which of the following can be a constraint in analyzing international crime data?

A) Lack of administrative or technical capacity
B) Fear that reporting high crime rates will affect industries like tourism
C) Cultural and social context (attitudes, values, and practices)
D) All of the above

Question 12

What is NOT a commonality that exists between Japan and Saudi Arabia and contributes to low crime rates?

A) Strong family values
B) The same religious values
C) High certainty of punishment from law enforcement
D) Social solidarity vs. anomie

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an identified crime trends?

A) Significant increase in recorded crime in North America
B) There is no longer higher crime in the U.S. than in the European Union
C) Worldwide levels of crime remain significantly lower than in the U.S. and E.U.
D) North American rates of conviction are below the global average for murder and above the global average for robbery

Question 14

On average, there are just over _____ persons worldwide for every police officer.

A) 200
B) 400
C) 600
D) 800

Question 15

On average, there are _______ persons for every judge/magistrate worldwide.

A) 5,000
B) 10,000
C) 15,000
D) 25,000

Question 16

In a 1996 study done on 36 countries, which country has the highest overall firearm mortality rate (14.24 per 100,000)?

A) Mexico
B) Brazil
C) Argentina
D) The U.S.

Question 17

Which region of the world was found to have the lowest overall firearm mortality rate?

A) Oceania
B) Asia
C) Europe
D) The Americas

Question 18

Which of the following countries was found to have the highest homicide rate at 23.14 per 100,000?

A) Lithuania
B) The U.S.
C) Estonia
D) Latvia

Question 19

Which Research Approach was used in the study done by Feest and Murayama comparing Spain, Germany, and Japan?

A) Descriptive
B) Explanatory
C) Interpretive
D) A and B
E) All of the above

Question 20

Which of the following institutions lacks founding documents or international agreements and functions solely on voluntary cooperation between 188 members?

A) UN Interregional Criminal Justice Research Institute (UNICRI)
B) UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
C) INTERPOL
D) European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control (HEUNI)

Question 21

What are the main roles of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)?

A) Assisting states in the fight against illicit drugs, crime and terrorism
B) Addressing corruption, security, organized crime, violence and cybercrime
C) Assisting states in becoming parties to relevant international treaties to update domestic laws
D) A and C
E) All of the above

Question 22

What does the Wahhabi movement NOT advocate?

A) Strict obedience to the norms of conduct stipulated by the Koran
B) A modest dress code
C) A heavy emphasis on conformity
D) Freedom of religion

Question 23

Among the seven Muslim countries studied by Interpol, which country had the highest murder rate at 12.5429 per 100,000?

A) Syria
B) Lebanon
C) Saudi Arabia
D) Kuwait

Question 24

In which of the following offenses did the United States have a higher rate than Saudi Arabia and Japan?

A) Murder
B) Rape
C) Aggravated assault
D) Robbery
E) All of the above

Question 25

What does the term "dark figure for crime" mean?

A) The fear the general population has for reporting crime
B) The unreported incidences of crime
C) Citizen-led initiatives at stopping crime within their communities
D) Crime figures that may be altered by corrupt law enforcement officials

Question 26

What are factors that have contributed to Japan's low crime rate?

A) A low level of economic stress
B) A small proportion of young males within the population
C) A criminal justice system that delivers a high certainty of punishment
D) A and B
E) All of the above

Question 27

The Japanese style of policing known as koban features:

A) Community policing that permits officers to patrol on foot and on bicycles
B) A close relationship and trusting environment for police and the community
C) An increase of dangerous clashes between law enforcement and the community
D) A and B
E) A and C

Question 28

In the International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS) for 2000, which country had the highest reported victimization rate for violent crimes?

A) The United States
B) Australia
C) Japan
D) Mexico

Question 29

Data compiled from a World Health Organization (WHO) study featuring 27 countries (19 Western, 1 Asian, and 7 European) indicates that homicide is a rare crime event with about ___ victims per 100,000 on average among the reporting countries.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 10

Question 30

The Canadian homicide rate is significantly less than that of the U.S. with ____ per 100,000 compared to 5.5 per 100,000.

A) 0.6
B) 1.8
C) 2.3
D) 3.1

Question 31

The proportion of households possessing a firearm ranged from 1% in Japan to _____% in the U.S.

A) 15%
B) 27%
C) 36%
D) 48%

Question 32

The following factors contribute to a low crime rate in Saudi Arabia:

A) The majority of the population shares the Muslim faith
B) Public opinion is highly condemnatory of criminal conduct
C) Economic stability due to the country's oil exports
D) A and B
E) All of the above

Question 33

Which of the following methodological comparisons brings to life the contents of procedural criminal law?

A) Cultural difference
B) Searching for the Local
C) Law in Action
D) Research Methods
E) Research Approaches

Question 34

Which of the three forms of Research Methods requires a lengthy period of immersion in the other culture as an 'observant participator' gaining direct experience?

A) "Virtually there"
B) "Researching there"
C) "Living there"
D) None of the above

Question 35

Which of the three forms of Research Methods requires the collaboration between a researcher in the home country and a researcher in the other country?

A) "Virtually there"
B) "Researching there"
C) "Living there"
D) None of the above

Question 36

According to INTERPOL data, Saudi Arabia has higher rates of crime than the U.S.

Question 37

For all reporting countries, total recorded crime data shows a steady increase in crime from 1980 to 2000.

Question 38

Developing countries spend comparatively less on policing and more on courts and the prosecution function.

Question 39

Oceania had the lowest rate of overall firearm mortality.

Question 40

Guns are seen to be a major factor in homicides and the policy prescriptions proposed include addressing the availability of handguns.

Question 41

Sharia law is seen as a contributor to violent crime in Saudi Arabia.

Question 42

Quantitative data that only relies on crime statistics cannot provide explanations of how and why particular forms of criminality occur in a particular country.

Question 43

When conducting research on criminal justice systems internationally, it is important to take special care to assess local biases.

Question 44

Descriptive and Interpretive Research Approaches both analyze ethnographic data to understand the cultural construction of crime in different societies.

Question 45

Crime data reveals trends in crime and differences between the nature and incidence of crime in different countries.

Question 46

Discuss three different constraints in analyzing crime data, and how each country's social and cultural contexts impact their criminal justice systems.

Question 47

Identify the commonalities that contribute to low crime rates in Japan and Saudi Arabia, as well as divergences in culture that distinguish each society.

Question 48

What are the benefits of comparing international data? What are three of the trends that have been identified and discussed in this chapter?

Question 49

Since numerous studies have shown that the U.S. leads in violent crimes using firearms, what are some policy prescriptions that have been suggested to address this growing issue?