Deck 6: Cognitive development II

Question 1

Many researchers have suggested that Vygotsky's emphasis on __________ has led to the development of __________ effective teaching methods.

A) scaffolding; more
B) scaffolding; less
C) language; more
D) language; less

Answer 1

scaffolding; more

Question 2

Which of the following statement is true?

A) as more effective memory strategies emerge over time, use of earlier and less complex strategies disappear
B) by one month of age, infants can form memories of moving stimuli
C) by two years of age, children are capable of forming complex and relatively durable memories that are nonverbal in nature
D) young infant's memories are not influenced by context

Answer 2

by two years of age, children are capable of forming complex and relatively durable memories that are nonverbal in nature

Question 3

Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that a child's sustained attention at what age is predictive of attention in early childhood?

A) the first 6 months
B) between 2 and 3 years
C) between 6 months and 1 year
D) between 1 and 2 years

Answer 3

between 1 and 2 years

Question 4

Which of the following is not one of the three key domains that have been studied within the core-knowledge approach?

A) physics
B) psychology
C) biology
D) physiology

Question 5

A memory is retrieved more easily when the contextual conditions present are similar to those that were in place when the memory was formed.This is referred to as:

A) reactivation
B) encoding specificity
C) mediational deficiency
D) retrieval

Question 6

Repetition priming is a procedure that is commonly used to test:

A) parallel processing
B) direct memory
C) metamemory
D) implicit memory

Question 7

Which cognitive theory emphasises parallel processing?

A) connectionist theory
B) Piaget's theory of cognitive development
C) dynamic systems theory
D) core-knowledge approach

Question 8

________ learning takes place without deliberate action.

A) innate
B) incidental
C) social
D) accidental

Question 9

Understanding that another person may have a belief about the world that you know to be untrue is called:

A) theory of mind
B) false belief
C) inaccurate attention
D) joint attention

Question 10

Which of the following statements is false?

A) retrieval is the process by which information stored in memory is accessed
B) reactivation of memories is not possible in infancy
C) cued recognition is generally more effective than free recall
D) there are two methods of accessing memory, recognition and recall

Question 11

Which theory or approach attempts to explain the interaction between developments in different domains such as perception,motor activity,attention,language,memory and emotion?

A) core-knowledge approach
B) connectionist approach
C) sociocultural approach
D) dynamic-systems theory

Question 12

What research tests have been extensively used to study selective attention?

A) behavioural observation
B) incidental learning tests
C) neurological tests
D) questionnaires

Question 13

The analysis of the specific cognitive processes involved in a task is the major aim of which theory or approach?

A) sociocultural approach
B) information-processing approach
C) core-knowledge approach
D) Piagetian theory

Question 14

Which approach suggests that development in certain domains is important for a child's survival?

A) Piagetian
B) information-processing
C) core-knowledge
D) sociocultural

Question 15

Memory development is important for what other developmental aspects?

A) emotional development
B) social development
C) both A and B are correct
D) neither A nor B are correct

Question 16

If three-month-olds are given a 'reminder' about a conditioned response,they are likely to show evidence of recognition.This is called:

A) dishabituation
B) retrieval
C) reactivation
D) recognition

Question 17

A young child may fail to use a mnemonic strategy because she is unable to carry out the cognitive operations necessary to execute the strategy.This limitation is called:

A) organisation deficiency
B) integration deficiency
C) mediational deficiency
D) production deficiency

Question 18

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) What we know about a topic influences how well we will remember that information from around the age of 14 months.
B) Memories become more constructive as children get older.
C) By five- or six-years-old, children will often report assumed information when asked to retell a story.
D) None of the above is an inaccurate statement.

Question 19

Which of the following is not a key concept of the sociocultural approach?

A) social scaffolding
B) internalising
C) zone of proximal development
D) repetition priming

Question 20

Which of the following is not an alternative framework to Piaget's explanation of children's cognitive development?

A) sociocultural approach
B) core-knowledge approach
C) functional approach
D) information-processing approach

Question 21

Children tend to understand the concept of false beliefs at approximately three years of age.

Question 22

There is yet to be a clearly defined definition of what constitutes a 'core' area of knowledge according to the core-knowledge approach.

Question 23

Theory of mind involves a coherent understanding of mental states such as thoughts,beliefs and intentions.

Question 24

Implicit memory tasks show the same developmental pattern as explicit memory.

Question 25

Although children below five or six years of age are capable of using mnemonic strategies,in most novel situations they do not employ them.

Question 26

Knowledge and memory are closely related.

Question 27

The amount of incidental information recalled decreases from around 11 years of age.

Question 28

Identify and discuss modifications that may be made by teachers to enhance the attention of young children in the classroom,thus increasing their opportunities for incidental learning.

Question 29

Children from traditional hunter-gatherer societies often show a better understanding of animal and plant ecology than children of the same age in industrialised societies.

Question 30

Identify three challenges in studying memory in infancy.What methods have been developed to overcome these challenges?

Question 31

There is a positive association between metamemory and memory; those with better metamemory also have better memory.

Question 32

The information processing approach to cognitive development first begins with an analysis of the cognitive processes that underpin cognitive tasks.

Question 33

Implicit memories are composed of previously experienced objects or events and they are consciously searched for.

Question 34

Rather than relying on one memory strategy all the time,children often experiment with several different strategies.

Question 35

Once adults learn complex strategies,they rarely use simple memory strategies.

Question 36

An early explanation for childhood amnesia was that the memories are repressed because of their disturbing emotional and sexual content.

Question 37

Research supports mediational deficiency rather than production deficiency in explaining young children's strategy use.

Question 38

Memory development begins towards the end of the first year of life.

Question 39

Vygotsky viewed children as social beings who were influenced by their social environment.

Question 40

Cultural differences are apparent in young children who employ attentional strategies.

Question 41

Define implicit and explicit memory and describe how as a researcher you would measure both of them in 10-year-old children.

Question 42

Compare and contrast two of the three developmental approaches to cognitive development that were discussed in this chapter.

Question 43

Discuss the research literature on the influence of expertise and culture on memory in children.Can young children outperform older children on memory tasks when these factors are involved?