Deck 3: Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development

Question 1

The newborn state of ________ is defined as a period where the baby's eyes are open but they seem unfocused, and its arms and legs move in bursts of uncoordinated motions.

A) waking activity
B) alert inactivity
C) crying
D) sleeping

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Why is it important for a newborn baby's reflexes to be assessed both at birth and at regular intervals as they age?

A) Because research has shown that adequate reflexive activity at birth and through the first six months of life predict higher intelligence and greater academic success during adolescence.
B) Because an infant's reflexive activity serves as a means to help facilitate bonding with his or her parents, particularly if the mother is nursing.
C) Because the presence (and absence) of specific reflexes indicate that the nervous system is working properly and is developing without problems.
D) Because different cultures define a "healthy baby" differently based on the presence or absence of specific reflexes through the first year of life.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In order to assess the physical health of a newborn baby, an obstetrician would assign ratings according to the ________ scale. If the baby receives a score of 7 or higher, (s)he is considered to be in good physical condition.

A) Brazelton
B) Vineland
C) Apgar
D) Wechsler

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The newborn is to sleeping ________ hours at a time as the six-month old is to sleeping _______ hours at a time.

A) 3; 10-12
B) 1; 4
C) 4; 1
D) 10-12; 3

Question 5

If you were going to design a public service announcement (PSA) to run on television with the goal of reducing the incidence of SIDS, which of the following might be the motto of your piece?

A) Back to Sleep!
B) Sidestep SIDS!
C) Front and Center!
D) No Diaper, No Problem!

Question 6

Two-month-old Sheldon is sitting in his mother's arms. He is quietly looking around, and appears to be simply 'absorbing' his environment. He is attentive to sounds around him, and is very calm. Sheldon's current state would be described as

A) sleeping.
B) crying.
C) waking activity.
D) alert inactivity.

Question 7

A very funny saying goes like this: "Why do people say I slept like a baby when babies wake up every hour during the night." Aside from the chuckle you may have gotten, what would you say about this quip based on your reading of the textbook?

A) It is inaccurate because babies tend to sleep for four to six hours at a time as early as two months of age.
B) It is inaccurate, since babies tend to sleep for about three hours, wake up for an hour, and then repeat the cycle.
C) It is actually rather accurate, since newborn babies tend to wake up every 30 to 60 minutes for the first month of life.
D) It is impossible to state whether this saying is accurate, since there is no predictable trend of sleep cycles in babies.

Question 8

When a baby is crying and is having difficult being soothed, many parents prefer to use a technique called _______. Seen in many cultures, including Turkey, Peru, and the United States, this method provides warmth and tactile stimulation that help to calm the baby.

A) the Babinski method
B) swaddling
C) nesting
D) rooting

Question 9

The NBAS assesses the functions of children using 28 behavioral items and 18 reflexive tests that are combined into four systems. Which of the following is not one of those systems?

A) parasympathetic
B) autonomic
C) motor
D) state

Question 10

Who is at greatest risk of falling victim to sudden infant death syndrome?

A) Bridget, who is two years old
B) Leslie, who is nine months old
C) Tina, who is three months old
D) Jon, who is five years old

Question 11

Your textbook discusses three different types of cries that a baby can produce. Which of the following is not one of them?

A) the basic cry
B) the mad cry
C) the hunger cry
D) the pain cry

Question 12

The ________ scale is to the physical health of a newborn child as the ________ scale is to a comprehensive evaluation of children from birth through two years of age.

A) Neonatal Behavioral Assessment
B) Apgar; Neonatal Behavioral Assessment
C) Vineland; Stanford-Binet
D) Stanford-Binet; Vineland

Question 13

Barbara is preparing a cup of coffee in her kitchen, when she hears her newborn daughter crying from the other room. The cry is marked by a sudden long burst of noise, followed by a long pause and gasping. Barbara's daughter is making the ________ cry.

A) basic
B) hunger
C) pain
D) mad

Question 14

Why are African-American babies twice as likely to die from SIDS?

A) They are more genetically predisposed to the disease.
B) They are more likely to have blood diseases that predispose them to SIDS.
C) Their parents are less intelligent than other parents.
D) They are more likely to be put to bed on their stomachs.

Question 15

Which of the following individuals has the lowest risk of dying from SIDS?

A) Chin, who is of Japanese descent
B) Martin, who was born prematurely
C) Malley, whose parents both smoke cigarettes
D) Jean, who sleeps face down, on her stomach

Question 16

Roughly half of a newborn's sleep time is spent in the ________ stage.

A) rapid eye movement (REM)
B) nonREM-1
C) nonREM-2
D) nonREM-3

Question 17

A(n) ________ refers to an unlearned response that is triggered by a specific stimulation.

A) reflex
B) reaction
C) unconditioned association
D) action

Question 18

Despite widespread efforts to educate new parents about the safest position for their babies to sleep in, ________ infants still had the highest incidence of SIDS-related deaths.

A) Native American
B) African American
C) Asian American
D) Hispanic American

Question 19

Dr. Spatz has just delivered a baby girl, and is now going to assess her physical health using the Apgar scale. Which of the following won't he rate as part of this evaluation?

A) her heart rate
B) her muscle tone
C) her number of fingers and toes
D) her skin tone

Question 20

Leonard is changing his 4-month-old son's diaper, and afterwards he gets him into his pajamas. While easing the little guy's foot into the sleeper, he inadvertently strokes the boy's foot and is surprised to see the toes immediately fan out. He does it again to the other foot, and gets the same response. Leonard has accidently stumbled upon his son's ________ reflex.

A) rooting
B) palmar
C) Moro
D) Babinski

Question 21

Why is it that malnourished children are often quiet and express little interest in what goes on around them?

A) They have tremendous anxiety about eating more than "their share" when food is in limited supply
B) These qualities are adaptive, as they conserve the child's limited energy
C) They have usually been shamed and mocked for their emaciated physique, which leads to social difficulties
D) They are used to being unsuccessful in their attempts to engage their environment, and so they have become very docile

Question 22

Nearly half of the world's undernourished children live in all but which of the following countries?

A) Sri Lanka
B) India
C) Pakistan
D) Bangladesh

Question 23

When you look at the cord coming out of the lamp on your desk, you will notice that there is a protective coating that surrounds and encapsulates the electricity-conducting wire inside. If you were to relate that model to the human neuron, the protective coating would refer to the

A) terminal buttons.
B) synaptic cleft.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) myelin.

Question 24

What part of a neuron contains the material necessary to keep it alive?

A) axon
B) cell body
C) dendrite
D) corpus callosum

Question 25

Which of the following is the best way to make sure that babies get their appropriate levels of nourishment?

A) breast-feeding
B) making sure that the child eats at least once an hour during awake time
C) ensuring that a child consumes at least 90-100 calories per pound of its weight each day
D) enhancing all milk or formula with vitamin D drops, which are essential for the development of every one of the a child's major body parts and systems

Question 26

The debate about the value of breast-feeding versus bottle feeding is one of the most critical issues for new parents to explore. According to your chapter, breast-feeding is the more beneficial choice for all but which of the following reasons?

A) Breast milk contains antibodies
B) Breast-fed babies are less prone to diarrhea and constipation
C) Breast milk cannot be contaminated
D) Breast milk does not need to be refrigerated

Question 27

The wrinkled surface of the brain, made up of about 10 billion neurons, is called the

A) cerebral cortex.
B) arachnoid meninx.
C) hypothalamus.
D) cerebellum universalis.

Question 28

When young Melvin's mother hands him to a friend of hers, he looks up, smiles, and offers no real objection to being held by a stranger. Melvin's mother often brags that, "he is such a good, easy baby." According to your textbook, Melvin's mother is making an observation about his ________.

A) personality
B) temperament
C) reflexes
D) adjustment

Question 29

Which of the following children would be described as being of "average" height and weight at birth?

A) Ava, who is in the 25th percentile
B) Chase, who is in the 33rd percentile
C) Steven, who is in the 50th percentile
D) Erin, who is in the 75th percentile

Question 30

According to the theory of Mary Rothbart, a child's temperament includes three different contributing dimensions. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) surgency/extroversion
B) positive affect
C) negative affect
D) effort control

Question 31

While observing brain activity, Dr. Smith proclaims, "This brain is definitely experiencing a downsizing in the number of connections between neurons." This indicates that the brain Dr. Smith is studying is undergoing

A) synaptic pruning.
B) motion parallax.
C) cephalocaudal development.
D) dendritic expansion.

Question 32

Which statement regarding temperament is false?

A) Identical twins are more similar in temperament than are fraternal twins.
B) Some temperamental characteristics are more common is certain cultures.
C) Environmental factors are not related to emotionality.
D) The confidence level of mothers is related to temperament.

Question 33

Which of the following represents the correct path a neural impulse travels from start to finish of a neuron?

A) dendrite, cell body, axon, terminal button
B) terminal button, axon, cell body, dendrite
C) cell body, terminal button, dendrite, axon
D) axon, dendrite, cell body, terminal button

Question 34

Why is it that bottle-feeding a baby in developing nations has so much potential to be disastrous to the baby's health?

A) Because proper bottles and artificial nipples are not often available in such nations, and thus children can get a wide variety of gastrointestinal maladies caused by the ingestion of far too much air while eating.
B) Because formula-feeding does not promote regular schedules of feeding for babies, and this can lead to malnutrition and starvation.
C) Because the formulas made in developing countries are usually well past their "expiration date," and have been donated to those countries by manufacturers who would rather not simply dispose of the expired products.
D) Because the only water available to prepare formula is often contaminated, which can lead to diarrhea, dehydration, and/or death.

Question 35

UNICEF (2006) estimates that about one in _____ children under five years of age suffers from malnutrition.

A) four
B) six
C) eight
D) ten

Question 36

Maryanne was born at a weight of 8.2 pounds. If her growth is typical of most children, about how much will she weigh at her first birthday party?

A) 24.6 pounds
B) 16.4 pounds
C) 32.8 pounds
D) 12.3 pounds

Question 37

From 1961 to 1989, the city of Berlin in Germany was separated into two halves by the Berlin Wall. When the wall came down, German citizens were then free to go back and forth between the two halves of the city as they pleased. Which of the following parts of your brain serves as a similar boundary between the two cerebral hemispheres?

A) the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
B) the central sulcus
C) the corpus callosum
D) the putamen

Question 38

Transmit is to receive as

A) dendrite is to cell body.
B) axon is to dendrite.
C) dendrite is to axon.
D) cell body is to axon.

Question 39

The most basic unit in the brain and nervous system of a human being is the

A) nerve.
B) astrocyte.
C) glial cell.
D) neuron.

Question 40

The brain and spinal cord of a baby begin as a(n)

A) zygotic blastocyst
B) germ cell
C) neural plate
D) embryonic stem cell

Question 41

Which of the following is the MOST accurate statement regarding the "run" of a two-year-old child?

A) It is actually something that should be discouraged, because the vast majority of pediatric bone fractures are a result of falls between 24 and 30 months of age.
B) It bears a strong resemblance to the run of a five- or six-year-old child.
C) It is almost fully developed as a complex action, with coordination of the arms, legs, and feet.
D) It is more of a "hurried walk" than a run, because their legs move stiffly and they do not get airborne.

Question 42

Felicia and Patty are thrilled that their baby daughter has recently learned to sit up by herself without assistance. According to your textbook, about how old is their daughter?

A) 2 months of age
B) 4 months of age
C) 7 months of age
D) 10 months of age

Question 43

Based on the different components of dynamic systems theory, you should not expect a child to be able walk on their own, unsupported, until they reach the age of ________ months.

A) 6-9
B) 9-12
C) 12-15
D) 15-18

Question 44

There are many jokes out there about the advantage that having opposable thumbs gives human beings over most animals. As your authors note, however, it is not until the age of ________ that children actually start to use their thumbs as part of the grasping process!

A) 3-4 months
B) 5-6 months
C) 7-8 months
D) 9-10 months

Question 45

Which BEST exemplifies experience-expectant growth?

A) The fact that all infants hear language sounds, which leads to language development.
B) The fact that eating high-fat foods leads to obesity.
C) The fact that abused children often experience depression.
D) The fact that by age two, most children are about three feet tall.

Question 46

A nursing one-month-old infant may grasp crudely at his mother's breast while feeding. That same child at the age of one year will probably easily hold a bottle or cup, placing it to his lips, and then putting it down when he is done. This change in ability to use the hands and fingers demonstrates advances in

A) gross motor skills
B) locomotion
C) fine motor skills
D) concrete operations

Question 47

________ is the process by which the brain receives, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve impulses that are the result of physical stimulation.

A) Transduction
B) Sensation
C) Integration
D) Perception

Question 48

If you were to follow the advice of your authors, which of the following articles of clothing would you avoid giving to a two- or three-year-old child?

A) A pair of sneakers with Velcro closures
B) A button-down shirt
C) A pair of shorts with a zipper
D) A pair of sweatpants with a drawstring

Question 49

Distinguishing and mastering different motions is to ________ as linking individual motions into a coherent, coordinated whole is to ________.

A) sensorimotor; formal operations
B) integration; differentiation
C) formal operations; sensorimotor
D) differentiation; integration

Question 50

According to ________ systems theory, learning to walk involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet specific goals.

A) teratogenic
B) dynamic
C) fluid
D) static

Question 51

You would think that balance is something that, once learned, you will have mastered for your entire life. In fact, however, balance must be relearned for sitting, crawling, walking, and other postures. Why is this?

A) Because each posture develops independently of others, and thus there is no "central" balance skill that can be learned.
B) Because each posture involves a different part of the brain, and balance must be coordinated with each of those brain areas.
C) Because balance is a "gross motor skill," and the different postures noted below are all "fine motor skills."
D) Because the body rotates around different points and different muscles must be used for each posture.

Question 52

With regard to the sense of smell of a newborn baby, which of the following statements is the MOST accurate?

A) Newborns are basically "nose-deaf," as their sinuses will not be completely clear of fluid from the pregnancy until several weeks after birth.
B) Newborns have a keen sense of smell, and can recognize familiar and comforting scents.
C) Newborns have a very rudimentary sense of smell, and can only demonstrate revulsion to unpleasant odors. This is believed to serve an adaptive purpose, as it keeps infants from eating potentially poisonous objects.
D) A newborn's sense of smell is as sharp as that of an adult, but their lack of exposure to different odors is the reason why they don't "use" their smell sense very much.

Question 53

With regard to handedness, which of the following statements is the MOST accurate?

A) Young babies tend to use both hands interchangeably, demonstrating no preference of one hand over another.
B) Most young babies tend to use their right hand predominantly, and remain right-handed later in their development.
C) Most young babies tend to use their left hand predominantly, and then change to right-handedness later in their development.
D) Most young babies tend to use their left hand predominant, and remain left-handed later in their development.

Question 54

With regard to the specialized brain of children, which of the following is NOT a relevant principle?

A) Specialization is evident in early development.
B) Specialization progresses very differently between boys and girls.
C) Specialization takes on two forms.
D) Different brain systems specialize at a different rate.

Question 55

By what age would you expect to see a child running with ease, effortlessly changing their speed and direction?

A) 3-4 years
B) 5-6 years
C) 7-8 years
D) 9-10 years

Question 56

If Tori is a proponent of dynamic systems theory, then you know that she is most interested in

A) the cerebral cortex.
B) balance and moving limbs.
C) language development.
D) temperament.

Question 57

Which of the following provides some evidence that there is, in fact, a genetic component to handedness?

A) Between monozygotic twins, the likelihood that both children have the same dominant hand is no greater than between fraternal twins or non-twin siblings.
B) As teachers have stopped encouraging children to use their right hands, the percentage of left-handed children has risen.
C) Societies have favored right-handed people in their design of common objects, such as scissors, can-openers, and school desks.
D) The part of the brain that controls handedness, the substantia nigra, develops more fully in right-handed children than in left-handed children.

Question 58

Studies of infant stepping behavior on a treadmill demonstrated that

A) the pattern of alternating of steps on each leg precedes the ability to walk.
B) even very young infants can walk without assistance.
C) infants cannot judge the speed of movement of a moving object (e.g., the treadmill).
D) infants will refuse to attempt to walk if held upright.

Question 59

A child's ability to move around in the world is referred to as ________.

A) locomotion
B) gross motor skills
C) fine motor skills
D) dynamic motion

Question 60

Caleb is four months old. If he is like others his age, when he grasps a rattle, he will grasp it with

A) his fingers and thumb.
B) his thumb only.
C) his fingers only.
D) one finger from each hand.

Question 61

Which of the following represents your authors' position regarding the visual system of a newborn?

A) The visual acuity of a newborn is essentially the same as that of an adult with normal vision.
B) Children are born blind, but develop visual skills within the first few days after birth.
C) The visual system is relatively well-developed at birth.
D) The visual system fails at birth because the optic nerve fails to develop during the prenatal period.

Question 62

Tavon is eating something, and he puts some of it on his fingertip and puts it to the lips of his 2-week old son, Tray. Tray responds by licking his lips, sucking on Tavon's fingertip vigorously, and smiling. It is most likely that Tavon gave Tray something ________ to taste.

A) sweet
B) fruity
C) salty
D) nutty

Question 63

Marcus wants to know whether or not his daughter, Rebekah, can perceive different distances and depths. He wants to fashion a simple experiment to make this conclusion. Based on the work of Gibson and Walk, what sort of contraption could he build to test Rebekah's depth perception?

A) a visual cliff
B) an operant chamber
C) a Skinner box
D) a galvanic skin sensor

Question 64

In a visual cliff apparatus, what appears under the glass to provide visual information about depth to a child?

A) a series of diagonal lines (similar to lightning bolts)
B) a picture of the faces of the parents
C) a checkerboard pattern
D) a series of stuffed animals

Question 65

If you are checking on a sleeping infant with another person and you want to say something to them without waking up the child, which type of voice would be the worst choice to speak in?

A) a pressured voice tone
B) a very low-pitched voice tone
C) a very high-pitched voice tone
D) your regular speaking voice tone

Question 66

Mariposa just called out to her son Lou by saying his name to him. Lou just turned and looked in his mother's direction, demonstrating recognition of his own name. How old would you say that Lou must be?

A) 1 or 2 months old
B) 2 or 3 months old
C) 4 or 5 months old
D) 6 or 7 months old

Question 67

Jimmy is only three days old, but he is making a high-pitched cry, is moving his arms and legs back and forth, and has an elevated heart rate. It is likely that Jimmy is currently

A) poopy.
B) hungry.
C) in pain.
D) asleep and experiencing an REM stage.

Question 68

Dennis is sitting on a train and is looking at the mountains in the distance. He suddenly becomes aware that the trees and signs that are very close to the tracks look as if they are moving by far more rapidly than the mountains that are several miles away. Those mountains look as if they are just crawling by. Dennis is currently using ________ to determine the distance of what he is seeing.

A) kinetic cues
B) visual expansion
C) texture gradient
D) motion parallax

Question 69

Which child's vision would have most recently matched that of an adult with 20/20 vision?

A) D.J., who is one month old
B) Stephanie, who is one year old
C) Michelle, who is three years old
D) Tanner, who is six years old

Question 70

Which of the following is an example of intersensory redundancy?

A) laying a child on her back to help her sleep
B) using a soft sponge to clean the child during bath time
C) singing "Pat-a-cake" to your baby while also clapping her hands to the beat of the song
D) softly blowing in your child's face to make her smile

Question 71

When an object gets closer to you, the image of that object projected onto your left and right retinas moves farther apart. Conversely, as an object moves farther away, the image on your retinas gets closer together. The ability to determine distance based on this change in retinal projection is called retinal ________.

A) occularity
B) disparity
C) parallax
D) kinesthesis

Question 72

With regard to the ability to see colors, newborns

A) can perceive a few colors.
B) are colorblind.
C) can see primary and secondary colors, but not blended colors.
D) can see the entire spectrum of colors.

Question 73

Which is considered a pictorial cue to depth?

A) visual expansion
B) texture gradient
C) retinal disparity
D) motion parallax

Question 74

Imagine that you are standing on a pair of railroad tracks. As you look down at your feet, the tracks look a certain distance apart. As you lift your head and watch the tracks move away from you, they appear to get closer together until they converge at the farthest point. This bit of visual trickery is called

A) the texture gradient.
B) the linear perspective.
C) the retinal disparity.
D) the visual cliff.

Question 75

A judgment of depth using motion parallax relies heavily on the _____ of an object.

A) color
B) speed
C) size
D) shape

Question 76

Wendell can tell that the trees on the mountain are very far away, because rather than being able to see individual trees and the spaces between them, he just perceives a big green patch. Which depth cue best describes this?

A) linear perspective
B) visual expansion
C) texture gradient
D) motion parallax

Question 77

What is an example of intersensory redundancy?

A) noticing the shirt your mother is wearing while listening to a portable CD player
B) observing your mother while listening to her talk
C) brushing your mother's hair while you talk to her
D) listening to several voices at the same time

Question 78

By about ________ months of age, infants begin to process faces in a manner similar to adults; that is, they see the internal elements (eyes, nose, mouth) as arranged and spaced in a unique way.

A) 7-8
B) 4-5
C) 11-12
D) 14-16

Question 79

________ cues are to motion as visual ________ is to an object filling more of one's retina

A) Kinetic; expansion
B) Proprioceptive; widening
C) Vestibular; binaural
D) Olfactory; parallax

Question 80

Cher offers her 10-day-old daughter, Chastity, a taste of some juice she is drinking. Based on the fact that Chastity makes a terrible face when she tastes the juice, you would suspect that it was

A) cold.
B) sweet.
C) sour.
D) fruity.