Deck 21: Statistical Tests and Concepts in Research Analysis

Question 1

Darla wants to test for differences between two sets of variables on religious fundamentalism (an interval variable). Her first variable is biological sex (male and female), and her second variable is religious affiliation (Catholic, Protestant, not religious, and other). What would be the most appropriate statistical test to conduct?

A)one t test and one one-way ANOVA
B)five paired t tests
C)one repeated measures ANOVA
D)one factorial ANOVA

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When Darla runs a 2 x 4 factorial ANOVA, she wants to look for differences between each of the nominal independent variable's categories separately. What is Darla looking for?

A)factors
B)relationships
C)interaction effects
D)main effects

Answer 2

main effects

Question 3

Lamar is researching the potential for significant differences in communication apprehension based on biological sex (male/female) while controlling for an individual's willingness to communicate. Which test would be the most appropriate statistical test for Lamar to conduct?

A)one t test, and one one-way ANOVA
B)five paired t tests
C)one repeated measures ANOVA
D)one ANCOVA

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Robert conducted a test on organizational friendships. He wants to find the relationship between organizational friendship (friendship prevalence and friendship opportunity) and organizational culture (task and relational). In essence, he has four interval scales he is examining: two for organizational friendship and two for organizational culture. Since he is attempting to examine four variables, which test would be the most parsimonious?

A)one canonical correlation
B)two multiple linear regressions
C)two canonical correlations
D)six bivariate correlations

Question 5

Which statistical test allows a researcher to examine differences using one or more nominal independent variables with one or more dependent variables?

A)one-way ANOVA
B)MANOVA
C)repeated measures ANOVA
D)factorial ANOVA

Question 6

Milika is conducting a research study to determine whether or not a student's communication apprehension will decrease over the course of a term in a public speaking class. Milika chooses
To test the students' communication apprehension at the beginning of the term, toward the middle of the term, and again at the end of the term. Which test would be the most appropriate statistical test for Milika to conduct?

A)one-way ANOVA
B)MANOVA
C)repeated measures ANOVA
D)factorial ANOVA

Question 7

Anna has collected data for her dissertation on the following variables: communication apprehension, ethnocentrism, humor assessment, and attitude about college. Anna is interested in determining the causal effects among the variables. Which test would be the most appropriate statistical test for Anna to conduct?

A)path analysis
B)MANOVA
C)repeated measures ANOVA
D)factorial ANOVA

Question 8

Which law of science states that scientists should look for the simplest assumption in the formulation of a theory and the simplest test to interpret data?

A)central limits theorem
B)law of numerical probability
C)law of parsimony
D)law of structural regressions

Question 9

Using path analysis, which variable is explained by one or more of the other variables in the model?

A)an exogenous variable
B)an endogenous variable
C)a parsimonious variable
D)a canonical variable

Question 10

If you have two sets of multiple variables between which you want to find a relationship, which is the most parsimonious test to conduct?

A)a series of linear regressions
B)a series of Pearson product-moment correlations
C)a series of multiple linear regressions
D)a canonical correlation

Question 11

In statistics, what is the simplest assumption in the formulation of a theory and the simplest test to interpret data?

A)law of parsimony
B)Type I error
C)theory of inference
D)law of interpretation

Question 12

Which advanced difference test makes sense in the following scenario?
Jolene is conducting a study to see if individual levels of ethnocentrism decrease as a result of taking a course in intercultural communication. Her goal is to assess ethnocentrism levels every week over the course of a 16-week semester.

A)repeated measures ANOVA
B)multivariate analysis of variance
C)analysis of covariance
D)factorial ANOVA

Question 13

Which advanced difference test makes sense in the following scenario?
Bobby is conducting a study to see if females and males differ in their level of organizational satisfaction. He's worried that one's age may be a factor as well, so he wants to take age out of the picture.

A)analysis of covariance
B)repeated measures ANOVA
C)multivariate analysis of variance
D)factorial ANOVA

Question 14

Which advanced relationship test makes sense in the following scenario?
Tika is creating a new measure to examine patient communication satisfaction with a physician. She wants to make sure her new measure is a single construct with no subscales.

A)factor analysis
B)path analysis
C)structural equation model
D)canonical correlation

Question 15

Which advanced relationship test makes sense in the following scenario?
Penelope is conducting a study examining the relationship between two series of related concepts. On the one hand, she has employee motivation and job satisfaction; on the other hand, she has the two forms of organizational dissent (articulated and latent).

A)canonical correlation
B)factor analysis
C)structural equation model
D)path analysis

Question 16

It is not parsimonious to run a single one-way ANOVA when you could run three Student's t tests.

Question 17

An interaction effect examines the differences in the combination of the two factors.

Question 18

A one-way ANOVA is considered a multivariate test.

Question 19

Path analysis is concerned with observed and latent variables.

Question 20

Factor analysis is a technique needed in research measures creation.

Question 21

Explain factor analysis in research.

Question 22

Explain when a researcher would use a repeated measures ANOVA.

Question 23

Explain the general rationale behind structural equation modeling.

Question 24

Match each of the following terms with the correct statement.
-Factorial ANOVA

A)Statistical test in which a researcher has multiple nominal independent variables and one interval/ration dependent variable.
B)Scientists should look for the simplest assumption in the formulation of a theory and the simplest test to interpret data.
C)Statistical test with two or more related dependent variables.
D)A possible predictive or explanatory variable that is observed rather than manipulated but that can have an effect on the dependent variable.
E)Statistical test with one dependent variable.

Question 25

Match each of the following terms with the correct statement.
-Law of Parsimony

A)Statistical test in which a researcher has multiple nominal independent variables and one interval/ration dependent variable.
B)Scientists should look for the simplest assumption in the formulation of a theory and the simplest test to interpret data.
C)Statistical test with two or more related dependent variables.
D)A possible predictive or explanatory variable that is observed rather than manipulated but that can have an effect on the dependent variable.
E)Statistical test with one dependent variable.

Question 26

Match each of the following terms with the correct statement.
-Multivariate Test

A)Statistical test in which a researcher has multiple nominal independent variables and one interval/ration dependent variable.
B)Scientists should look for the simplest assumption in the formulation of a theory and the simplest test to interpret data.
C)Statistical test with two or more related dependent variables.
D)A possible predictive or explanatory variable that is observed rather than manipulated but that can have an effect on the dependent variable.
E)Statistical test with one dependent variable.

Question 27

Match each of the following terms with the correct statement.
-Covariate

A)Statistical test in which a researcher has multiple nominal independent variables and one interval/ration dependent variable.
B)Scientists should look for the simplest assumption in the formulation of a theory and the simplest test to interpret data.
C)Statistical test with two or more related dependent variables.
D)A possible predictive or explanatory variable that is observed rather than manipulated but that can have an effect on the dependent variable.
E)Statistical test with one dependent variable.

Question 28

Match each of the following terms with the correct statement.
-Univariate Test

A)Statistical test in which a researcher has multiple nominal independent variables and one interval/ration dependent variable.
B)Scientists should look for the simplest assumption in the formulation of a theory and the simplest test to interpret data.
C)Statistical test with two or more related dependent variables.
D)A possible predictive or explanatory variable that is observed rather than manipulated but that can have an effect on the dependent variable.
E)Statistical test with one dependent variable.

Question 29

Which of the following is the best definition of data analytics?

A)a set of tools used to make predictions about the future
B)descriptions of data
C)data used to determine the possible courses of action and the ramifications of varying courses of action
D)a field that extracts knowledge from data

Question 30

Which of the following is the best definition of machine learning?

A)a set of tools used to make predictions about the future
B)descriptions of data
C)data used to determine the possible courses of action and the ramifications of varying courses of action
D)a scientific branch that creates algorithms that enable a computer to learn and make decisions when exposed to new data

Question 31

Which of the following is the best definition of data science?

A)a set of tools used to make predictions about the future
B)descriptions of data
C)data used to determine the possible courses of action and the ramifications of varying courses of action
D)a field that extracts knowledge from data

Question 32

Which of the following is the best definition of prescriptive analytics?

A)a set of tools used to make predictions about the future
B)descriptions of data
C)data used to determine the possible courses of action and the ramifications of varying courses of action
D)a field that extracts knowledge from data

Question 33

Which of the following is the best definition of descriptive analytics?

A)a set of tools used to make predictions about the future
B)descriptions of data
C)data used to determine the possible courses of action and the ramifications of varying courses of action
D)a field that extracts knowledge from data

Question 34

_____ is the amount of data generated.

A)volume
B)velocity
C)variety
D)veracity

Question 35

When the Associated Press reported that there were two explosions at the White House and that President Obama had been injured, what factor related to data influenced this report?

A)volume
B)velocity
C)variety
D)veracity

Question 36

Addie and Lacey started their own dating website called Dog Lovers Only.com. Before launching their new site, they met with a data storage proprietor and asked about whether the storage could grow with their business if it achieved the success of Farmers Only.com. What storage characteristic was of concern in this example?

A)scalability
B)redundancy
C)speed
D)proportion

Question 37

When Addie and Lacey met with the data storage service for their new online dating service, Dog Lovers Only.com, they asked if the service included creating backup copies of their data. What storage characteristic was of concern in this example?

A)scalability
B)redundancy
C)speed
D)proportion

Question 38

Data mining is best described as which of the following?

A)selling information to the highest bidder
B)selling the personal information of only users with high incomes.
C)hulling out information that is not useful
D)examining data for new, useful information

Question 39

Target has created a predictive model based on buying patterns that can fairly accurately predict when a woman is pregnant.

Question 40

Big data is simply a large data set that can be managed in Microsoft Excel or Access.

Question 41

Humans generate data all the time without thinking twice about it, such as when we "favorite" a friend's tweet on twitter.

Question 42

Data mining is the field that attempts to extract knowledge from data through advanced mathematical analyses, computers, and databases.

Question 43

Data gathered in the past cannot be used to make predictions about the future.

Question 44

Describe the difference between human-generated and machine-generated data.

Question 45

Differentiate among the terms Big Data, machine learning, data science, and data analytics.

Question 46

Explain Doug Laney's 3 Vs of Big Data.

Question 47

Explain Mark van Rijmenam's additional 4 Vs of Big Data.

Question 48

Describe the relationship between Big Data and cloud computing.

Question 49

Evaluate different methods researchers can utilize to evaluate Big Data.

Question 50

Match each of the following terms with the correct statement.
-Metadata

A)Information that provides context for other pieces of data generated.
B)Branch of science involving the creation of algorithms that enable a computer to learn and make decisions when exposed to new data.
C)The purposeful use of user-interface designs of various forms of technology that help guide consumers' decision-making processes and behaviors in digital environments.
D)Data analytics designed to determine possible courses of action and what the ramifications of these different courses of action would be.
E)Data that are simply too large to store on a single computer and are beyond the scope of traditional statistical research software.

Question 51

Match each of the following terms with the correct statement.
-Machine Learning

A)Information that provides context for other pieces of data generated.
B)Branch of science involving the creation of algorithms that enable a computer to learn and make decisions when exposed to new data.
C)The purposeful use of user-interface designs of various forms of technology that help guide consumers' decision-making processes and behaviors in digital environments.
D)Data analytics designed to determine possible courses of action and what the ramifications of these different courses of action would be.
E)Data that are simply too large to store on a single computer and are beyond the scope of traditional statistical research software.

Question 52

Match each of the following terms with the correct statement.
-Data Nudging

A)Information that provides context for other pieces of data generated.
B)Branch of science involving the creation of algorithms that enable a computer to learn and make decisions when exposed to new data.
C)The purposeful use of user-interface designs of various forms of technology that help guide consumers' decision-making processes and behaviors in digital environments.
D)Data analytics designed to determine possible courses of action and what the ramifications of these different courses of action would be.
E)Data that are simply too large to store on a single computer and are beyond the scope of traditional statistical research software.

Question 53

Match each of the following terms with the correct statement.
-Prescriptive Analytics

A)Information that provides context for other pieces of data generated.
B)Branch of science involving the creation of algorithms that enable a computer to learn and make decisions when exposed to new data.
C)The purposeful use of user-interface designs of various forms of technology that help guide consumers' decision-making processes and behaviors in digital environments.
D)Data analytics designed to determine possible courses of action and what the ramifications of these different courses of action would be.
E)Data that are simply too large to store on a single computer and are beyond the scope of traditional statistical research software.

Question 54

Match each of the following terms with the correct statement.
-Big Data

A)Information that provides context for other pieces of data generated.
B)Branch of science involving the creation of algorithms that enable a computer to learn and make decisions when exposed to new data.
C)The purposeful use of user-interface designs of various forms of technology that help guide consumers' decision-making processes and behaviors in digital environments.
D)Data analytics designed to determine possible courses of action and what the ramifications of these different courses of action would be.
E)Data that are simply too large to store on a single computer and are beyond the scope of traditional statistical research software.

Question 55

If Adeline observes a class, collects questionnaire data, and conducts interviews, which qualitative methodology is she using?

A)focus group
B)open-ended questionnaire
C)observer
D)triangulation

Question 56

Qualitative research methods involve open-ended questionnaires. Which focal point of open-ended questions is described as the researcher trying to achieve intimacy with the participant?

A)natural setting
B)subjects are able to qualify their answers
C)selected
D)parasocial relationship

Question 57

Reactivism involves several forms. Which form of reactivism is defined as the tendency of participants to choose to respond based on only one part of their personality?

A)guinea pig
B)response sets
C)selected
D)role selection

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of qualitative research?

A)natural setting
B)researcher as participant
C)subject-based communication
D)selected inclusion

Question 59

Which of the following labels is NOT used to describe qualitative research?

A)naturalistic
B)interpretive
C)ethnographic
D)inferential

Question 60

Which form of reactivism results in participants changing their behavior because they are being tested?

A)guinea pig effect
B)role selection
C)response set
D)interviewing effects

Question 61

Which form of reactivism is best described as researchers having unintended consequences on their research as a result of how they interview participants.

A)guinea pig effect
B)role selection
C)response set
D)interviewing effects

Question 62

_____ is best described as an interrogative sentence asked of subjects in a natural setting that is designed to permit spontaneous and unguided responses and that allows subjects to offer qualifiers or contingencies or introduce situational variables they see fit to provide when answering questions.

A)open-ended questions
B)focus groups
C)Liker-type questionnaire
D)action/applied research

Question 63

_____ is best described as research which attempts to resolve "real-world" problems.

A)open-ended questions
B)focus groups
C)Liker-type questionnaire
D)action/applied research

Question 64

Ethnography focuses on the researcher's perspective in a specific, natural setting.

Question 65

Qualitative research takes the form of words rather than numbers.

Question 66

When conducting qualitative research, the researcher should never be perceived as participating in the study by participants of the study.

Question 67

The results obtained in qualitative research do not usually have immediate utility.

Question 68

Triangulation uses only qualitative methods.

Question 69

Explain how to conduct a focus group.

Question 70

Explain four types of reactivism.

Question 71

Explain three methods for conducting qualitative research.

Question 72

Explain three commonly shared characteristics of qualitative research.

Question 73

What are the three threads of inquiry? Define each.

Question 74

Match each of the following terms with the correct statement.
-Critical Research

A)Focuses on values and value judgments.
B)Research that seeks to make the research experiences as much a part of the participant's everyday experience as possible.
C)Research that is like an experiment in that the researcher may exercise control over the manipulation of independent variables but takes place in a natural environment.
D)Focuses on how people communicate in their natural environment.

Question 75

Match each of the following terms with the correct statement.
-Naturalistic

A)Focuses on values and value judgments.
B)Research that seeks to make the research experiences as much a part of the participant's everyday experience as possible.
C)Research that is like an experiment in that the researcher may exercise control over the manipulation of independent variables but takes place in a natural environment.
D)Focuses on how people communicate in their natural environment.

Question 76

Match each of the following terms with the correct statement.
-Field Research

A)Focuses on values and value judgments.
B)Research that seeks to make the research experiences as much a part of the participant's everyday experience as possible.
C)Research that is like an experiment in that the researcher may exercise control over the manipulation of independent variables but takes place in a natural environment.
D)Focuses on how people communicate in their natural environment.

Question 77

Match each of the following terms with the correct statement.
-Qualitative Research

A)Focuses on values and value judgments.
B)Research that seeks to make the research experiences as much a part of the participant's everyday experience as possible.
C)Research that is like an experiment in that the researcher may exercise control over the manipulation of independent variables but takes place in a natural environment.
D)Focuses on how people communicate in their natural environment.