Deck 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and

Question 1

________ refers to an enduring socioemotional relationship between a child and his or her caregivers.

A) Affectivity
B) Bonding
C) Attachment
D) Industry

Answer 1

C

Question 2

John Bowlby, one of the earliest theorists in the area of attachment, advocated a(n) ________ perspective of human relationships.

A) ethological
B) object-relations
C) evolutionary
D) cognitive-behavioral

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A blend of autonomy, shame, and doubt give rise to ________, the knowledge that, within limits, a youngster can act on his/her world with intentionality.

A) industry
B) hope
C) will
D) purpose

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following does research suggest is more emphasized by fathers as they interact with their babies?

A) reading and talking to them
B) showing them toys
C) playing quiet games
D) physical play

Question 5

Research has consistently found that approximately ________ percent of American babies have secure attachment relationships.

A) 60-65
B) 40-45
C) 80-85
D) 25-30

Question 6

According to Erikson, a proper balance of trust and mistrust leads children to develop a sense of ________.

A) efficacy
B) hope
C) equilibration
D) egocentrism

Question 7

Bowlby described four phases in the growth of attachment. They are, in correct order:

A) preattachment, attachment in the making, true attachment, and reciprocal relationships.
B) reciprocal relationships, attachment in the making, preattachment, and true attachment.
C) preattachment, attachment in the making, reciprocal relationships, and true attachment.
D) preattachment, attachment in the making, reciprocal relationships, attachment in the making, and true attachment.

Question 8

Four-year-old Luticia pretends to be a doctor and has begun to realize that she needs to be responsible and cooperate with her parents. According to Erikson, this indicates that she is beginning to achieve a sense of

A) trust.
B) purpose.
C) intimacy.
D) will.

Question 9

Which of the following is the primary thrust of the psychosocial theory of development?

A) There are five different stages of psychosexual growth, each of which contributes to our adult personality.
B) At each of eight different stages, people encounter a unique crisis that must be resolved for development to proceed normally.
C) Development is a dynamic process of interaction with our environment, where unskilled children are guided by more skilled adults.
D) There are four stages of cognitive development, and at each stage a child becomes more capable of understanding and utilizing symbolic thought.

Question 10

According to Erikson, which is the foundation of human development?

A) autonomy
B) initiative
C) identity
D) trust in oneself and others

Question 11

Mitzi is very worried about her daughter, Maya, because the bottle that she gave her had formula that was a little too hot and Maya cried when she first drank some of it. She fears that even at her early age Maya will now be afraid of her mother, and that this mistake will have detrimental consequences on Maya's development. Based on Erikson's theory, what would you say to Mitzi?

A) Children at this age cannot associate such an experience with the person who caused it, so you're in the clear.
B) The child is now unlikely to develop a basic sense of trust in you, but you will be able to overcome that in the next stages of psychosocial development.
C) A child can actually benefit from some of these experiences, because it helps them develop hope.
D) You should now switch to nursing instead of bottle feeding so that this mistake does not happen again.

Question 12

Anthony and Martina are the new parents of a new baby named Zoe and are wondering whether Zoe will attach to them. A developmental psychologist explains to them that if Zoe is a typical baby, she will

A) attach to both Anthony and Martina.
B) attach only to Martina.
C) attach only to Anthony.
D) not attach to either Anthony or Martina.

Question 13

Marlee and her father are being observed to determine the kind of attachment relationship they share, and the evaluation is using the Strange Situation experiment. Marlee gets somewhat upset when her father leaves the room, but stops crying when he returns. She walks over to him for a hug and seems easily comforted. This indicates that there is a(n) ________ attachment.

A) avoidant
B) secure
C) resistant
D) disorganized (disoriented)

Question 14

Which developmentalist is credited with having proposed the psychosocial theory of development?

A) Erik Erikson
B) Lev Vygotsky
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Urie Bronfenbrenner

Question 15

Many parents play the "What do you want to be when you grow up?" game with their children. Perhaps they don't realize that this question, in Erikson's theory, helps preschoolers develop a sense of

A) initiative.
B) industry.
C) autonomy.
D) basic trust.

Question 16

Ainsworth created a research procedure that was/is used to test the different forms of attachment that may exist between a child and his/her caregiver. That procedure is called the ________.

A) Visual Cliff
B) Strange Situation
C) Shockbox Experiment
D) Apgar Protocol

Question 17

Jessminder is a two-year-old girl who is exploring her world. She can walk very well, and frequently tries to walk away from her parents to go look around. According to Erikson, Jessminder is attempting to develop a sense of ________.

A) initiative
B) industry
C) basic trust
D) autonomy

Question 18

Which of the following represents the correct order of the first three stages of psychosocial development?

A) basic trust vs. mistrust, initiative vs. guilt, autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt, basic trust vs. mistrust, initiative vs. guilt
C) initiative vs. guilt, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, basic trust vs. mistrust
D) basic trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt

Question 19

Baby Hughie has singled out his mother as someone different from all others. When his mother takes him to a new place, Hughie is able to explore but looks back to his mother every once in a while for reassurance. He also cries when he is separated from his mother for more than a minute or two. According to Bowlby, Hughie is most likely in the ____ phase of attachment.

A) attachment in the making
B) reciprocal relationships
C) preattachment
D) true attachment

Question 20

Caden is a four-month-old child whose parents spend quite a bit of time with him. There is rarely a time when one of them is not holding him, and they always make sure to come to him when he cries in his crib. According to the first stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, Caden should develop a sense of

A) basic trust.
B) autonomy.
C) initiative.
D) guilt.

Question 21

One-year-old Mathieu is afraid of the dog because he saw his father react with fear to the same dog. Which term BEST explains why Mathieu is afraid?

A) stranger wariness
B) avoidant attachment
C) complex emotions
D) social referencing

Question 22

What is often the first indication that a child has developed the ability to experience the emotion of fear?

A) stranger wariness
B) separation anxiety
C) egocentric dystonia
D) generalized apprehension

Question 23

When Sarah and her mother Rika are observed using the Strange Situation protocol, the observers conclude that there is an avoidant attachment between the two. Which of the following behavior sets would lead to such a conclusion?

A) Sarah seems confused both when Rika leaves the room and when she returns. She doesn't seem to understand at all what is happening.
B) Sarah is mildly upset when Rika leaves the room and is easily soothed when she returns.
C) Sarah is upset when Rika leaves the room and is angry and difficult to console when she returns.
D) Sarah is not upset when Rika leaves the room and ignores her when she returns.

Question 24

How does temperament contribute to attachment?

A) Infants with easygoing temperaments are more likely to form disorganized attachments.
B) Infants who fuss often and are difficult to console are more prone to insecure attachments.
C) Infants with moms who have rigid temperaments tend to form secure attachments.
D) Infants with any type of temperament are equally likely to form secure attachments.

Question 25

Place the following basic emotions in the chronological order in which they typically emerge:

A) joy, anger, fear
B) fear, joy, anger
C) anger, joy, fear
D) joy, fear anger

Question 26

Which of the following children is experiencing a complex emotion?

A) Ippy, who is surprised when his father sneezes loudly
B) Martita, who smiles deeply when her mother smiles at her
C) Michele, who sulks when her father catches her taking cookies that she knows she's not permitted to have.
D) Malcolm, cries when his toy falls out of his crib

Question 27

As early as ________ month(s) of age, infants begin to distinguish facial expressions associated with different emotions.

A) one
B) three
C) four
D) six

Question 28

Verna struggles with several different behavioral problems, including anxiety, anger, and aggressive actions. According to research presented by your authors, she is most likely to have had a(n) ________ attachment relationship with her parents during her childhood.

A) disorganized
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 29

There is a student who earned the highest score on a quiz in her math class. The teacher pointed out her triumph to the whole class, and her classmates applauded and told her how great she is. Which of the following students would be MOST likely to be embarrassed by this public display?

A) Yvan, who is a Guatemalan-American child
B) Tion, who is a Korean-American child
C) Mario, who is an Italian-American child
D) Kjell, who is a European-American child

Question 30

Basic emotions include all but which of the following?

A) surprise
B) apathy
C) distress
D) disgust

Question 31

Dalton is a six-month-old baby who is watching the faces of his parents and their friends as they sit around the dinner table. From his mother's arms, he has a good view of each diner's expression. Which dinner guest would probably draw the most of Dalton's attention?

A) Linda, whose face is really expressing no emotion at all.
B) Melvin, who is not terribly engaged in the conversation but is not unhappy either.
C) Stan, who looks irritated because his wife keeps interrupting him.
D) Barb, who is happy to be chatting with her friends.

Question 32

Social ________ refers to behavior in which infants in unfamiliar or ambiguous environments look at an adult for cues to help them interpret the situation.

A) anxiety
B) referencing
C) balancing
D) equilibration

Question 33

Which of the following is a central defining characteristic of the basic emotions?

A) They are demonstrated as early as two or three days after birth.
B) They trigger activity in the same facial muscles, though in slightly different ways.
C) They activate a common part of the brain that is responsible for all emotions.
D) They are experienced by human beings worldwide.

Question 34

The fact that infant Ricardo has come to expect that his mother is available when he needs her means that Ricardo has developed

A) temperament.
B) parallel play.
C) an internal working model.
D) autonomy.

Question 35

Infants, like adults, tend to pay more attention to faces depicting ________ emotions and pay attention to those faces for longer than other emotional displays.

A) negative
B) self-conscious
C) positive
D) complex

Question 36

Research has found that children who have a(n) ________ attachment relationship with their parents have higher-quality friendships and fewer conflicts in their friendships than children with other types of attachments.

A) avoidant
B) ambivalent
C) secure
D) disorganized

Question 37

Giselle is three weeks old and during a diaper change she looks up at her mother and smiles. Her mother gets very excited and immediately tells her husband, Chin, what happened. Since Chin has read your textbook, he thinks to himself:

A) Giselle is smiling as a result of operant conditioning, not as a result of an emotional state.
B) This was a paradoxical smile, as children at this age will frequently demonstrate the wrong facial expressions based on the emotion they are currently experiencing.
C) Giselle already recognizes her mother and feels joy when she is nearby.
D) It is way too early for Giselle to be experiencing a social smile.

Question 38

Many different factors contribute to the nature of attachment relationships between children and their parents. Undoubtedly, the most important factor is

A) the age at which parents begin fostering an attachment with their children.
B) the number of siblings in the home.
C) the interactions between parents and their babies.
D) genetic considerations.

Question 39

Complex emotions differ from basic emotions in that complex emotions require some understanding of

A) self.
B) biology.
C) waking states.
D) purpose.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a complex emotion?

A) pride
B) guilt
C) embarrassment
D) surprise

Question 41

LaTanya is only two years old, and recently she has begun playing with an imaginary friend whom she has named Bonnie. LaTanya's parents wonder why this is occurring, as LaTanya has two older siblings and often has play dates with other children her own age. What would you advise her parents?

A) I'm not sure! While imaginary friends may promote some important social skills, they are so uncommon that one can't help but wonder why LaTanya needs Bonnie!
B) Watch out! It is not a sure thing that this is a problem, but kids with imaginary friends have a tendency to develop fewer positive characteristics as they grow.
C) Worry! Research has found that children with imaginary friends have more difficulty making real friends later in life.
D) Relax! Having an imaginary friend is common and is associated with many positive characteristics.

Question 42

How might a five-month-old infant best demonstrate emotional regulation when confronted with a frightening stimulus?

A) By chewing harder on his/her pacifier.
B) By dropping his/her security blanket.
C) By looking away from the stimulus.
D) By crying loudly.

Question 43

The one word that best distinguishes cooperative play from parallel play is:

A) observation
B) imagination
C) together
D) cooperation

Question 44

The phrase, "interest but no interaction," best describes _____ play.

A) cooperative
B) simple social
C) parallel
D) make-believe

Question 45

If a group of children are playing together, which of the following games would NOT be an example of cooperative play?

A) playing tag
B) hide and seek
C) playing with toy cars on the floor
D) playing house

Question 46

When Adam walks into the dark basement, he feels afraid but is able to calm himself down by saying to himself, "Don't be afraid. There's nothing down here that can hurt you." Apparently, Adam is successfully

A) engaging in solitary play.
B) expressing complex emotions.
C) regulating his emotions.
D) utilizing social referencing.

Question 47

The suppression of fear, anger, and joy by adults based on social norms is an example of emotional ________.

A) regulation
B) disinhibition
C) equilibration
D) referencing

Question 48

What is it that distinguishes 'early' make-believe play from 'later' make-believe play?

A) The early play is usually abstract, while the later play is more concrete
B) The early play is based on true fantasy, while the later play is based on variations of real-life circumstances.
C) The early play usually requires realistic props, while the later play does not.
D) The early play is done solo, while the later play involves peers.

Question 49

Your textbook presents three different types of play in which young children can engage. Which of the following is the correct chronological order in which you would expect each type of play to appear?

A) simple social play, parallel play, cooperative play
B) parallel play, simple social play, cooperative play
C) parallel play, cooperative play, simple social play
D) cooperative play, simple social play, parallel play

Question 50

Kimmy is playing with her doll in her yard, and is watching as Shira-Leah is playing with a similar doll in the yard across the street. Shira-Leah is also aware of and observing Kimmy, but the two girls have not yet played together. These youngsters are engaging in ________ play.

A) collaborative
B) imitative
C) onlooker
D) parallel

Question 51

Simple social play between toddlers typically begins

A) between 12 and 15 months of age.
B) between 15 and 18 months of age.
C) between 18 and 21 months of age.
D) between 21 and 24 months of age.

Question 52

Play that is organized around a particular theme, with each child taking on a different role, is called ________ play.

A) cooperative
B) associative
C) parallel
D) simple social

Question 53

Children who have difficulty with emotional regulation often encounter all but which of the following?

A) problems solving problems
B) difficulties adjusting to school
C) conflicts with peers
D) inadequate physical growth

Question 54

Which statement is TRUE regarding make-believe?

A) It seems to promote cognitive development.
B) It is a sign of emotional disturbance.
C) Children make-believe the same things in all cultures.
D) It always involves imaginary companions.

Question 55

When children play alone but remain aware of and interested in what another child is doing, they are engaging in ________ play.

A) collaborative
B) imitative
C) onlooker
D) parallel

Question 56

Nell and Delia have gotten together for a "Mommy Meet," during which they have coffee and chat at their homes. Today they both have their 18-month-old sons, Steve and Nash. While the ladies sip and chat, Steve and Nash crawl around on the floor pushing toy trucks and making "vroooom" sounds. Every now and then, they switch trucks with each other. Steve and Nash are engaged in ________ play.

A) cooperative
B) simple social
C) parallel
D) conjunctive

Question 57

The one word that best distinguishes simple social play from parallel play is

A) rules
B) cooperative
C) interaction
D) imagination

Question 58

Johnny's parents have told him that they are going to a 4ᵗʰ of July picnic tonight, and Johnny is afraid of the fireworks that he is going to see and hear. Which of the following would be the best way for Johnny to deal with this fear?

A) Johnny takes his favorite stuffed animal and plays "fireworks," telling the toy not to be afraid.
B) Asking his father to tell him a story about how fireworks got their name.
C) Trying hard to tell himself to "be brave."
D) Immersing himself in other activities so that he doesn't have to think about the fireworks until they get to the picnic.

Question 59

According to your authors, children who engage in make-believe play tend to be more advanced in several areas. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) centration
B) language
C) memory
D) reasoning

Question 60

As kids get older and move beyond simple strategies for regulating their emotions, they may employ several different methods to control their feelings. Which of the following is NOT one of these methods, as presented by your chapter?

A) Regulating their own emotions rather than relying on others (including adults) to do it for them.
B) Accurately matching regulation strategies with the setting in which emotions occur.
C) Relying on mental strategies to regulate emotions.
D) Increasing their reliance on peers to help them control their emotional outbursts.

Question 61

Hank and his son Adam like to play a game on Hank's cell phone. The game involves looking at cubes with letters in them and finding words. Sometimes Hank plays below his own skill level so that Adam can win, and other times Hank plays a little harder to encourage Adam to develop his own skills. In this scenario, Hank is occupying the role of

A) mediator.
B) playmate.
C) coach.
D) social director.

Question 62

When a parent helps their child acquire and master the social skills needed to have successful interactions with peers, that parent is acting in the role of a ________.

A) mediator
B) playmate
C) social director
D) coach

Question 63

According to Maccoby (1998), the tendency for preschool children to gravitate toward peers of the same sex has three distinct features. They include all but which of the following?

A) Children spontaneously choose same-sex playmates without adult pressure.
B) Children are interested in activities of the opposite sex peers, but resist their interest to avoid the scorn of same-sex peers.
C) Children resist parental pressure to play with children of the opposite sex.
D) Children are obviously reluctant to play with opposite sex peers, even when doing gender-neutral activities.

Question 64

Hulk often has to step in and solve disagreements between his son Hogan and his daughter Brooke. This action best reflects the idea of a parent as a

A) playmate.
B) social director.
C) coach.
D) mediator.

Question 65

Three-year-old Maxim is playing with his toys happily as his mother is watching a movie. He looks up to see a few tears running down his mother's cheeks, because a sad scene just occurred in the film. He puts down his toys, climbs up next to his mother, and lays his head on her arm. When she asks him what's wrong, he says, "I'm sad, Mommy." Maxim has demonstrated the capacity to experience

A) empathy.
B) sympathy.
C) acrimony.
D) alimony.

Question 66

Stanley and Barbara are talking about how they can teach their children, Andrew and Christine, to be more prosocial. They decide that this weekend they are going to take their children to a local food kitchen and they are going to volunteer as a family. After they do so, the children both ask when they can go back and help again. In this case, Stanley and Barbara have helped inspire prosocial behavior through

A) induction of prosocial acts.
B) providing Andrew and Christine with an opportunity to behave prosocially.
C) disciplinary practices.
D) modeling.

Question 67

As they left the restaurant, Jack and Mimi passed by a man on a park bench who was asking for spare change. Jack put a dollar in the man's cup and smiled at him, and he and Mimi went to their car to drive home. Jack's behavior demonstrates

A) egocentrism.
B) centration.
C) cooperation.
D) altruism.

Question 68

Matthew sees that one of his kindergarten classmates is unhappy today because nobody is playing with him. Matthew walks over to his classmate and asks if they can play together, which they do until the teacher calls for music time. Matthew's actions demonstrate ________ behavior.

A) mediating
B) centralized
C) altruistic
D) prosocial

Question 69

Prosocial behavior where both involved parties benefit is to ________ as prosocial behavior where the actor does not benefit is to ________.

A) cooperation; altruism
B) altruism; empathy
C) empathy; altruism
D) cooperation; altruism

Question 70

Evidence supporting the idea that prosocial behavior may be genetically wired into human beings is supported by the fact that children as young as ________ months of age will try to comfort an adult when they perceive that the adult is hurt or upset.

A) 9
B) 12
C) 18
D) 24

Question 71

Which of the following qualities of young children may actually serve to interfere with their ability to experience and demonstrate empathy?

A) centration
B) reversion
C) egocentrism
D) altruism

Question 72

The ability to experience and relate to another person's emotions is called

A) sympathy.
B) empathy.
C) altruism.
D) cooperation.

Question 73

All acts of altruistic and cooperative behavior are also

A) prosocial behaviors.
B) basic emotions.
C) examples of dispositional praise.
D) social roles.

Question 74

Several different factors may contribute to a child being more likely to behave in an altruistic manner. They include all but which of the following?

A) The child feeling happy or successful.
B) The child feeling competent to act in a helpful manner.
C) The child feeling responsible for the person in need.
D) The child recognizing that the cost of the altruistic act would be quite high.

Question 75

Play among girls is often described as ________, while play among boys is often described as ________.

A) antisocial; prosocial
B) enabling; constricting
C) prosocial; antisocial
D) constricting; enabling

Question 76

Young Jim experiences the sadness of his friend Abdul when Abdul's dog runs away. Jim is exhibiting

A) empathy.
B) cooperation.
C) altruism.
D) sympathy.

Question 77

When one's actions or remarks support others and sustain interactions, they can be described as engaging in ________ exchange.

A) enabling
B) constricting
C) detracting
D) centrating

Question 78

When one partner in an exchange behaves in ways that allows them to emerge as the victor by threatening or contradicting the other partner, (s)he is engaging in a(n) ________ exchange.

A) constricting
B) enabling
C) detracting
D) centrating

Question 79

Any behavior that benefits another person is ________.

A) acquiescent
B) empathic
C) prosocial
D) constricting

Question 80

When Delia and her mother are out shopping, they watch as another shopper accidentally drops her basket of groceries all over the floor. Delia's mother tells her to wait while she assists the lady, and proceeds to help pick up all of the dropped groceries. At school the next day, Delia assists a classmate who dropped her books on the way into class in the same manner. In this case, Delia's mother has helped inspire prosocial behavior through

A) induction of prosocial acts.
B) providing Delia an opportunity to behave prosocially.
C) disciplinary practices.
D) modeling.