Deck 6: Off to School: Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

If you use the old mnemonic "My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas" to remember the order of the original nine planets in our Solar System as they move outward from the Sun, you are using a memory strategy called ________.

A) centration
B) egocentrism
C) schematizing
D) organization

Answer 1

D

Question 2

"Nyah, nyah, nyah, nyah," Diane says to her younger sister Rhonda. "I have reached the formal-operational stage of thinking, so according to Piaget I can now think ________ and you can't!" As ridiculous as this conversation is, if Diane is 13 and Rhonda is 9, what would the correct answer be?

A) logically
B) hypothetically
C) tangibly
D) postformally

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The third stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which typically occurs between ages 7 and 11 years, is the ________ operational period.

A) formal
B) concrete
C) pre-
D) post-

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Fifteen-year old Stephanie is having difficulty remembering how to spell the word "definitely" for an upcoming quiz in her English class. She can't remember whether it is "definitely" or "definately." She thinks about it for a moment and decides that the easiest way to remember is that the word has one prefix ("de"), one root word ("finite"), and one suffix ("ly"). By separating the root word, she has an easier time remembering that the middle vowel is "i" and not "a." Stephanie has used the memory strategy of ________ to master this word.

A) acrostics
B) rehearsal
C) elaboration
D) organizing

Question 5

Thirteen-year-old Kiki is learning to play the piano, and her teacher is showing her the notes of a standard musical scale. She is struggling to remember which notes go on the lines and which notes go in the spaces, so the teacher says, "To remember that the line notes are E, G, B, D, and F, just say to yourself Every Good Boy Does Fine." This type of memory strategy demonstrates ________.

A) formalizing
B) reversibility
C) operations
D) organization

Question 6

The best example of metamemory would involve knowing that

A) a 10-word list of unfamiliar foreign words will be harder to recall than a 20-word list of familial words.
B) whales are mammals, not fish.
C) two numbers added together produce a sum that his greater than either number alone.
D) foreign words come from another country.

Question 7

An individual's informal understanding of memory, including the ability to accurately assess memory problems and to monitor the effectiveness of their remembering strategies, is called ________.

A) metamemory
B) metacognition
C) metacognitive knowledge
D) meta-analysis

Question 8

Mental ________ are cognitive actions that can be performed on objects or ideas, and they are usually acquired during the concrete operational period of cognitive development

A) schemes
B) accommodations
C) assimilations
D) operations

Question 9

A memory strategy that involves embellishing information in order to make it easier to recall is called ________.

A) mnenomizing
B) elaboration
C) self-referencing
D) organization

Question 10

When children spend more time with people who share their own perspectives on the world, they tend to experience a reduction in ________.

A) equilibration
B) centration
C) egocentrism
D) arrogance

Question 11

A concrete operational thinker and a formal operational thinker are given the following logical statements:
(1) If you drop a 20-pound bowling ball on your foot, it will tickle.
(2) You drop a 20-pound bowling ball on your foot. What reaction would you expect?

A) Only the concrete operational thinker would conclude that "your foot would tickle."
B) Only the formal operational thinker would conclude that "your foot would tickle."
C) Both would conclude that "your foot would tickle."
D) Both would conclude that "your foot would never tickle" after having a 20-pound bowling ball dropped on it.

Question 12

If you were to ask nine-year-old Sharlise the following questions, with which would Piaget predict that she'd have the greatest struggle?

A) "What did you do in school today?"
B) "What do you want to do for your tenth birthday party?"
C) "What color do you want Mommy to dye your hair?"
D) "Do you think there will ever be a female president?"

Question 13

Text author Robert Kail won tickets to the Indianapolis 500 auto race by listing all the possible words that could be created from the words "SAFE RACE", which is an example of

A) combinatorial reasoning.
B) animism.
C) functional fixedness.
D) object permanence.

Question 14

Georgie is taking a chemistry class, where different liquids must be combined in specific amounts in order to produce an end product. Rather than just pouring them all together, Georgie understands that he must combine specific amounts of each ingredient so that he creates the right mixture. Clearly Georgie has reached the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A) latency
B) trust vs. mistrust
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 15

Typically, a child reaching the last of Piaget's stages would be at least ____ years of age.

A) 9
B) 11
C) 13
D) 15

Question 16

________ psychologists focus on the means by which children store information in memory and retrieve it when it is needed at a later time.

A) Piagetian
B) Biopsychosocial
C) Ethological
D) Information-processing

Question 17

The main limitation of concrete operational thinking is that such thought is limited to

A) hypothetical situations.
B) tangible, real-life examples.
C) emotional issues.
D) long-term memories.

Question 18

Your authors note that as children progress through the elementary-school years, they become more adept at selecting appropriate strategies for learning and remembering. These skills fall under the larger heading of

A) metacognition.
B) metamemory.
C) meta-analysis
D) metamorphosis

Question 19

Fourteen-year old Franco is doing his homework for the night, and starts by reading some of the history chapter he was assigned. Every few pages, he turns to the "Test yourself" quiz at the end of the chapter to try to answer the questions on the material he just read. If he gets the questions wrong, he reviews the material again. Franco is engaged in ________.

A) centrating
B) validating
C) monitoring
D) rehearsing

Question 20

The ability to draw a conclusion from a set of facts reflects ________ reasoning.

A) inductive
B) co-constructive
C) combinatorial
D) deductive

Question 21

Your textbook notes that three of the types of intelligence proposed in Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences are included in traditional theories of intelligence. Those three include all but which of the following?

A) linguistic intelligence
B) logical-mathematical
C) interpersonal intelligence
D) spatial intelligence

Question 22

The first legitimate test of intelligence was devised in _________ around 1904 by Binet and Simon.

A) France
B) Germany
C) the United States
D) Ireland

Question 23

A person's knowledge and awareness of their own cognitive processes is called ________ knowledge.

A) autocognitive
B) formal-cognitive
C) concrete-cognitive
D) metacognitive

Question 24

While higher IQ may be related to a person's tendency to be drawn toward certain occupations, research has found that even within an occupation (where educational backgrounds are similar between different people), those with higher IQs have better job performance and higher earnings, particularly for

A) less skilled jobs.
B) more complex jobs.
C) jobs requiring fluency in at least two languages.
D) jobs where one must work in general solitude as opposed to working with others on a regular basis.

Question 25

Allison can solve problems that are typically solved correctly by other children who are eight years old. Allison, however, is 10 years of age. According to intelligence tests, Allison's mental age is

A) 8.
B) 10.
C) 80.
D) 0.8.

Question 26

Regulating the way one feels, recognizing how others feel, and correctly interpreting the facial expressions of others are all elements of ________ intelligence.

A) fluid
B) crystallized
C) emotional
D) componential

Question 27

One way of assessing whether intelligence tests actually work is to compare their results with other areas known to be affected by one's intellect. In fact, intelligence tests are very powerful predictors of all but which of the following?

A) school grades
B) scores on achievement tests
C) social skill and peer acceptance
D) number of years of education

Question 28

Lewis Terman, of ________ University, revised Binet and Simon's test and re-released it in the United States in 1916.

A) Stanford
B) Harvard
C) Yale
D) Tulane

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT one of the individualized tests of intelligence used to assess children today?

A) the Stanford-Binet
B) the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt
C) the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
D) the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

Question 30

In 1916, a Stanford University professor adapted and revised the Binet and Simon's test and re-released it in the United States. That psychologist was ________.

A) David Wechsler
B) Sir Francis Galton
C) Robert Sternberg
D) Lewis Terman

Question 31

Howard Gardner is to ___ type(s) of intelligence, as Charles Spearman is to ____ type(s) of intelligence.

A) one; nine
B) nine; one
C) three; seven
D) seven; three

Question 32

More than 100 years ago, ________ developed a theory of intelligence that suggested that there was a singular factor, called 'g', that was responsible for performance on all mental tests.

A) Charles Spearman
B) Lewis Terman
C) Howard Gardner
D) John Carroll

Question 33

Which evidence best demonstrates an environmental impact on intelligence?

A) a high correlation between the IQ scores of identical twins
B) a low correlation between the IQ scores of strangers
C) the rapid increase in average WISC scores seen during the past 25 years
D) the stability of WISC scores seen during the past 25 years

Question 34

As Joe is telling his grandmother about the animals he saw at the city zoo, he tells her "And there was a dinosaur there too!" Joe's grandmother says to him, "Are you sure there was a dinosaur there, or are you just pretending?" Joe gets upset, thinking that his grandmother does not believe him, and insists that he is remembering correctly. Joe's lack of ability to recognize that people can misremember events indicates that he has not yet developed a high level of ________.

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) eidetic imagery
C) source monitoring
D) metamemory

Question 35

Which of the following is the correct formula for determining one's intelligence quotient (IQ), a measure that was first employed in intelligence testing by Lewis Terman in 1916?

A) CA/MA + 100
B) MA/CA X 100
C) CA/MA X 100
D) MA/CA / 100

Question 36

The potential positive influence of environment on intelligence is demonstrated by the fact that children from disadvantaged backgrounds who participate in the ________ program show improved test scores and school performance.

A) D.A.R.E.
B) Head Start
C) YMCA
D) No Child Left Behind

Question 37

Individuals with higher intelligence quotients tend to have higher-paying, higher-prestige jobs within all but which of the following fields?

A) education
B) medicine
C) law
D) engineering

Question 38

Hannah is very crafty. She can adapt to different circumstances, plan ahead for situations, and knows when a course of actions she has planned is or is not likely to be successful. According to the theory of Sternberg, Hannah excels at ________ intelligence.

A) creative
B) analytical
C) fluid
D) practical

Question 39

On modern tests of intelligence, IQ scores are determined

A) by comparing a child's score with the average score of other children of the same age.
B) by using the same IQ calculation as on the original Stanford-Binet exam.
C) based on a child's gender and race.
D) by subtracting a child's chronological age from their mental age.

Question 40

The primary explanation for why there is such a variety of intelligence levels among one particular group of same-aged individuals is ________.

A) context
B) heredity
C) culture
D) education

Question 41

What is the primary reason why understanding learning disabilities is so complicated?

A) Each type of learning disability has its own causes and thus its own treatments.
B) The biological precursors of all learning disabilities are identical, so determining why different symptoms emerge is the emphasis.
C) The research indicates that in a majority of cases intervening actually increases the problem, so parents are advised to let the disability resolve itself. This, of course, often meets with extreme parental resistance.
D) Because there is no common thread that connects learning disabilities, and thus it is impossible to craft one treatment based on what we know about past successful treatments for other cases.

Question 42

Significant limitations in cognitive skills that are accompanied by difficulties in adapting to one's environment define ________, provided that these symptoms emerge prior to 18 years of age.

A) giftedness
B) intellectual disability
C) Down syndrome
D) Savant syndrome

Question 43

By traditional definition, how many of the following 16-year-old children could potentially qualify for a diagnosis of intellectual disability? Kirk, IQ -120; McCoy, IQ - 100; Chekhov, IQ - 80; Sulu, IQ - 60?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 44

A child who is diagnosed with a learning disability must meet all but which of the following criteria?

A) The child has difficulty mastering an academic subject.
B) The child has normal intelligence.
C) The child is not suffering from any other condition that would explain the poor performance.
D) The child has an absence of adaptive skills and has difficulties adjusting to their surroundings.

Question 45

Which statement concerning ethnicity and intelligence is most accurate?

A) The recent discovery of a "smart gene" has led most to believe that intelligence has a strong genetic component.
B) Even if ethnic groups differ significantly in intelligence, the difference is likely the result of environmental factors.
C) Being economically disadvantaged is related to ethnicity but not to intelligence.
D) If intelligence differences within an ethnic group are due to genetics, then intelligence differences between the group and other ethnic groups must be due to genetics.

Question 46

According to a research study discussed by your authors (Bruno, Keating, Sperling, Nakamoto, & Seidenberg, 2007), children with a reading disability had the easiest time recognizing words that ended with a

A) nasal consonant.
B) lateral consonant.
C) stop consonant.
D) vowel.

Question 47

Louanne suffers from the most common type of learning disability. From your reading, you know that she has ________.

A) developmental dyslexia
B) impaired reading comprehension
C) developmental dyscalculia
D) impairment of executive functioning

Question 48

Eddie is a child who has an IQ of 55, and he has difficulty adapting to his surroundings. His pediatrician and other mental health experts have diagnosed him as suffering from intellectual disability. His parents believe that the primary problem for Eddie is inadequate special education services at his school. On which of the four risk factors that place children at risk for intellectual disability are his parents focused?

A) sociocultural factors
B) biomedical factors
C) educational factors
D) behavioral factors

Question 49

Intellectual disability used to be called ________, and many federal and state laws in the United States still use that term.

A) mental retardation
B) emotional impairment
C) cognitive delay
D) autistic disorder

Question 50

One factor that seems to explain group differences in intelligence test scores, particularly between Asian American and European American individuals and African American and Latino American individuals is

A) number of years of education.
B) socioeconomic status.
C) religious devoutness.
D) physical health.

Question 51

Which of the following ethnic groups tends to have the highest overall performance in tests of intelligence?

A) Asian Americans
B) Latino Americans
C) African Americans
D) European Americans

Question 52

Exceptional talent in a specific area has several prerequisites, according to Rathunde & Csikszentmihalyi (1993). Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) The child's love of a subject and intense desire to master it.
B) A peer group that is supportive and equally interested in the subject.
C) Instruction, beginning early, with talented and inspiring teachers.
D) Support and help from committed, involved parents.

Question 53

Intelligence is to ________ as creativity is to ________.

A) divergent thinking; convergent thinking
B) formal operational processing; postformal processing
C) convergent thinking; divergent thinking
D) postformal processing; formal operational processing.

Question 54

Which of the following summarizes what must be done with exceptional talent in a child if that talent is to blossom and grow?

A) It must be nurtured.
B) It must be allowed to flourish without intervention.
C) It must be validated with appropriately standardized measures of aptitude.
D) It must be challenged.

Question 55

The textbook identifies three ways in which the environment can contribute to differences in test scores. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) experience with test contents
B) test-taking skills
C) peer pressure
D) stereotype threat

Question 56

In the United States, approximately ____ percent of children are classified as learning disabled.

A) one
B) three
C) five
D) nine

Question 57

Rich and Seth are given an assignment to come up with a theme for the school's book fair. They sit down at a table together and start making a list of different ideas. They decide not to worry about whether each idea is good or not, but instead to put as many ideas on paper as they can and then go back and evaluate each one. Rich and Seth are engaged in ________ thinking.

A) convergent
B) divergent
C) counterfactual
D) accounted

Question 58

________ thinking involves using information to arrive at one standard and correct answer.

A) Top-Down
B) Intuitive
C) Convergent
D) Divergent

Question 59

Traditionally, giftedness was defined by having an IQ score of ________ or higher.

A) 100
B) 120
C) 130
D) 150

Question 60

When a youngster's home and school environments value nonconformity and curiosity, that child is more likely to be ________.

A) gifted
B) creative
C) convergent
D) intelligent

Question 61

Which of the following factors is NOT listed as one that contributes to reading comprehension as children learn to read?

A) Children become more skilled at word recognition, allowing them to focus on comprehension.
B) Children acquire more general information about their physical, social, and psychological worlds.
C) Over time, children learn to stop "thinking" about reading and just do it as an automatic process.
D) With experience, children use more appropriate reading strategies

Question 62

By kindergarten, children have mastered ________ and use this as the basis for learning how to add.

A) counting
B) sorting
C) ordinal relationships
D) numerology

Question 63

In reading, the process of identifying the sounds made by a combined pattern of letters is called

A) word recognition.
B) phonological awareness.
C) intonation.
D) divergent thinking.

Question 64

Young Pinky is having difficulty with her pronunciation of certain words. She often asks her parents for a glass of "wadah." They understand that she wants "water," and they to gently correct her. Even though they repeat the word, emphasizing the "t" sound in the middle of the word, Pinky doesn't seem to understand what she is saying incorrectly. In this example, Pinky is struggling most with ________.

A) lexical comprehension
B) phonological awareness
C) lingual control
D) morphemic inversion

Question 65

A key finding from research on reading disabilities was that

A) some biologically based disabilities are very difficult to treat.
B) some children must hear more of a word before they are able to recognize it.
C) in some cases, correlational studies can determine the cause of a behavior.
D) in some cases, reading difficulties are the result of visual problems.

Question 66

Why is it that less is known about mathematics learning disabilities than reading disabilities?

A) Because the parts of the brain responsible for mathematics skills have not yet been identified, while the areas that control reading are well understood.
B) Because there are very few times when mathematics skills are needed in real life, while reading is something that we do on a continual basis.
C) Because children are given more encouragement to learn to read than to learn math skills.
D) Because mathematics engages a broader set of skills than reading.

Question 67

When considering the theme paper his teacher just assigned, Theodore says to himself, "Before I start writing, I need to decide what I am going to write about and come up with a general organizational plan." Given this description, Theodore appears to be using a ____ strategy in planning his theme.

A) componential subtheory
B) knowledge-telling
C) phonological awareness
D) knowledge-transforming

Question 68

Many researchers have identified different components that are associated with more successful schools. They include all of the following EXCEPT

A) having a safe and nurturing school climate.
B) having parents who are involved.
C) monitoring of student, teacher, and programs.
D) a variety of extracurricular offerings.

Question 69

By the age of ______ years, most children have learned the addition tables so well that the sums of single digit numbers can be retrieved from memory rather than recalculated.

A) eight or nine
B) six or seven
C) five or six
D) three or four

Question 70

You are a principal who is interviewing potential teachers for your school. Because your highest priority is student achievement, you should be most concerned that the teachers you hire

A) de-emphasize "hands-on" experience in the classroom.
B) earned high grades in college.
C) teach students techniques for monitoring and managing their own learning.
D) discourage the practice of peer tutoring.

Question 71

With regard to treating ADHD, medication alone is to _________ as medication plus behavioral therapy is to ________.

A) hyperactivity symptoms; academic and social skill symptoms
B) academic and social skill symptoms; hyperactivity symptoms
C) impulsivity symptoms; physiological symptoms
D) physiological symptoms; impulsivity symptoms

Question 72

When Titu's parents ask him how his day in kindergarten went, he gives them a chronological review of what he did that day. "First we had story time, then we played outside, then we had lunch, then we rested…" If Titu were expressing this by writing it down rather than saying it he would be using a ________ strategy.

A) comprehensive-review
B) knowledge-reporting
C) knowledge-transforming
D) knowledge-telling

Question 73

In schools where students typically succeed rather than fail, students and staff alike tend to recognize that _________ is the primary goal of the school.

A) a variety of teaching methods
B) academic excellence
C) a balance between academic and extracurricular opportunities
D) promoting social harmony among students

Question 74

Knowledge-telling strategies are to ________ writing skills are knowledge-transforming strategies are to ________ writing skills.

A) later; early
B) early; later
C) American; Eastern
D) Eastern; American

Question 75

A very popular video aimed at teaching children how to read teaches the following song, using each letter in the alphabet; "The A says "ah," the A says "ah!" Every letter makes a sound, the A says "ah."" The song goes on to do each letter in the same way (e.g., "The B says "buh," etc.) This video is helping kids learn to read by promoting ________ awareness.

A) syntactic
B) semantic
C) phonological
D) syllabic

Question 76

Why is it so inaccurate to presume that most children with ADHD will simply "grow out" of their difficulties?

A) Because ADHD is known to be a progressive illness that, in most cases, actually gets more severe over time.
B) Because ADHD cannot be formally diagnosed prior to the age of 12, so a child who has ADHD symptoms automatically becomes an adolescent with such problems when they reach their twelfth birthday.
C) Because research shows that more than half of such children will continue struggling with their difficulties into adolescence or young adulthood.
D) Because proper medication combined with psychotherapy can nearly eradicate the symptoms of most ADHD cases prior to the age of 10 years.

Question 77

For every girl diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), there are approximately ____ boys given the same diagnosis.

A) two
B) three
C) five
D) seven

Question 78

When they come back to school in the fall, many school children are asked by their teacher to write an essay entitled, "What I Did Last Summer." What kind of writing strategy would be used to complete this assignment?

A) knowledge-telling
B) phonological expressive
C) semantic inversive
D) knowledge-transforming

Question 79

While quite a bit of research has been conducted examining the factors that make for a successful school, the qualities of a successful teacher have also been explored. Which of the following is one of those qualities?

A) A teacher who believes that the responsibility for a student's success lies with the student.
B) A teacher who teaches actively.
C) A teacher who emphasizes memorization of course material.
D) A teacher who encourages students to learn in class rather than by using tutors.

Question 80

If Toni, who is only six-years-old, is asked what she would get if she added 5 and 10 together, which of the following processes would she most likely use?

A) She would break the ten down into two fives and then add five together three times.
B) She would start with five and add ten by increasing the sum, one number at a time (e.g., "five, six, seven, eight…").
C) She would already have memorized that the sum is 15, so she would simply retrieve it form memory rather than calculating the answer.
D) She would start with ten, and add five by increasing the sum one number at a time (e.g., "ten, eleven, twelve…").