Deck 7: Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

The ________ parenting style can be described as highly controlling but low in warmth.

A) authoritative
B) permissive
C) indulgent
D) authoritarian

Answer 1

D

Question 2

________ parenting is to children who have low self-esteem and tend to be overly aggressive, as ________ parenting is to children who are self-reliant, friendly, and responsible.

A) Permissive; authoritarian
B) Uninvolved; permissive
C) Authoritarian; authoritative
D) Authoritative; uninvolved

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When Ki-Jana asks his parents if he can buy a car, his parents say no but sit down and explain to him the reasoning behind their decision. His parents express affection toward him and tell him that they may consider the matter at some later time. Which parenting style best describes Ki-Jana's parents?

A) authoritarian
B) permissive
C) uninvolved
D) authoritative

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A style of controlling a child's behavior where the parent tells them what to do, when to do it, and why it should be done is called ________.

A) direct instruction
B) direct implementation
C) guided participation
D) scaffolded inculcation

Question 5

Solomon lives only with his mother. He has never known his father. His mother wants very much for him to "like" her, and worries that if she disciplines him he will come to resent her. She is very loving with Solomon, but rarely asserts any control over his behaviors. Solomon's mother is providing him with ________ parenting.

A) permissive
B) uninvolved
C) authoritarian
D) egalitarian

Question 6

As a typical parent in Latin America, Maria would place great emphasis on developing a strong sense of _____ in her children.

A) self-reliance
B) family ties
C) emotional restraint
D) free-thinking

Question 7

Maryann's mother asks her to go clean up her room, and Maryann promptly ignores the instruction. Her mother asks her again, and the outcome is the same. After a third attempt, this time with a bit of volume, Maryann starts whining that she doesn't want to clean up her room. Her mother finally gives up and says, "Fine, if you want to live in a filthy room, that's your choice." Maryann has achieved her own goal via the

A) negative reinforcement trap.
B) positive punishment matrix.
C) positive reinforcement gambit.
D) negative punishment stratagem.

Question 8

Israel's parents have been taking him to different places in the neighborhood lately-the temple, the Jewish Community Center, and the local B'nai B'rith headquarters. They are hoping that he will really embrace his own religious background and culture, as his older siblings have. This process of teaching a child the values, roles, and behaviors of a culture is called ________.

A) enculturation
B) inculcation
C) socialization
D) nationalization

Question 9

The Thompson family is having several people over for dinner, including friends and relatives. During the dinner, young Phillip behaves very poorly at the table, and is going to receive a punishment for his actions. Based on the recommendations of your textbook, which of the following individuals should deliver the punishment?

A) Phillip's father, with whom the child has a close, warm relationship.
B) Phillip's aunt, whom Phillip knows distantly but does not see very often.
C) A family friend, whom Phillip has not met before this particular dinner party.
D) Phillip's grandmother, who lives out of town and only sees Phillip once every two or three months.

Question 10

According to Baumrind (1975, 1991), the four distinct parenting styles do NOT include which of the following?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) egalitarian

Question 11

Gabe tends to be very aggressive with his siblings and peers, and he is doing poorly in school. According to your chapter, he probably receives ________ parenting in his home.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) uninvolved
D) permissive

Question 12

Which of the following are the two dimensions that differentiate various parenting styles?

A) warmth and responsiveness & expressed emotionality
B) parental control & expressed emotionality
C) warmth and responsiveness & parental control
D) style of discipline & assignment of responsibilities

Question 13

Jordan sometimes watches his parents play Angry Birds on their computer, and sometimes they give an exasperated, "Oh, MAN!" when they fail to get a better score. After he is allowed to play on the computer, he is playing a children's game one afternoon and when he fails to capture enough gold stars, he slaps his forehead and yells, "Oh, MAN!" Clearly Jordan has learned this behavior through

A) direct instruction.
B) modeling.
C) feedback.
D) guided participation.

Question 14

P.J.'s parents provide neither warmth for him nor control of his actions. They do not spend much time with him, and they do give him much opportunity for any real emotional bonding with them. According to Baumrind (1975, 1991), P.J. is receiving ________ parenting.

A) authoritarian
B) permissive
C) uninvolved
D) authoritative

Question 15

________ is any action that increases the likelihood of the response that it follows.

A) Reinforcement
B) Feedback
C) Punishment
D) Conditioning

Question 16

Which of the following discipline techniques combines the best features of punishment while also avoiding its drawbacks?

A) long-term grounding
B) corporal punishment (spankings)
C) a negative reinforcement trap
D) time-out

Question 17

Which of the following is the BEST summary of the "negative reinforcement trap?"

A) "A spanking begets a spanking."
B) "You give up? I win!"
C) "When all else fails, do as you're told."
D) "Common sense is most uncommon."

Question 18

The main problem with a negative reinforcement trap is that it

A) is only effective with very young children.
B) ends up increasing the incidence of an unwanted behavior.
C) involves aversive consequences.
D) requires an age-peer model.

Question 19

When an aversive stimulus is applied or a desirable stimulus is removed in order to discourage the repetition of a specific behavior, ________ has taken place.

A) punishment
B) feedback
C) modeling
D) reinforcement

Question 20

With regard to the level of parental control that is asserted over children, research finds that a(n) ________ amount of control is best for children.

A) moderate
B) low
C) high
D) extreme

Question 21

As infants grow older, their relationships with siblings develop and become more complicated. All but which of the following are ways in which these relationships change?

A) Older siblings become a source of comfort and care for the younger sibling when they are upset or distressed.
B) Older siblings serve as teachers for young siblings, teaching them how to play games or to cook simple foods.
C) Older children who do well in school and with peers serve as a model to young siblings, who often follow suit.
D) Older children are essential in facilitating communication between the younger sibling and the parents, often interpreting "baby talk" and poorly-enunciated words for the parents to understand.

Question 22

Many countries in ________ have a strong cultural prohibition against using physical punishment with children.

A) Europe and Asia
B) Australia and Africa
C) South America and North America
D) South America and Africa

Question 23

One of these things is not like the others. Can you spot the "odd man out"?

A) blended family
B) reconstituted family
C) reconstructed family
D) remarried family

Question 24

Which of the following individuals is likely to experience the most harmful effects of their parents' divorce?

A) Noah, who is in preschool
B) Harmony, who is a college sophomore
C) Ben, who is an adolescent
D) Willamina, who is a newly married young adult

Question 25

What does your textbook have to say about children observing disagreements between their parents?

A) It is unhealthy, as it can lead to a fear of conflict.
B) It is to be avoided at all costs, as it is positively correlated with mental health issues in adolescence and emerging adulthood.
C) When handled constructively, disagreements can actually lead to positive outcomes in children as it promotes family cohesion and dealing with life's problems.
D) It is something that should be actively pursued so that children learn to "fight fairly." In fact, parents should actively look for occasional opportunities to disagree so their children can learn from it.

Question 26

Anjali's parents are divorced. Anjali spends weekends with his father and the rest of the week with his mother. In legal terms, this arrangement is an aspect of what is known as

A) an indifferent-uninvolved parenting style.
B) direct instruction.
C) a blended family.
D) joint custody.

Question 27

Which of the following children is MOST likely to have older siblings?

A) Joe, who is very popular with his peers and who is very innovative.
B) Steve, who conforms easily to his parents' and other adults' requests.
C) Martin, who has known from his middle-school years that he is "destined" to go to college.
D) Herb, who earned a very high score on a recent administration of an intelligence test.

Question 28

There was this family-maybe you've heard of them. There was a father who had three sons, and he married a woman with three daughters. They were a really fun "bunch." This group is an example of a(n) ________ family.

A) step
B) blended
C) adjusted
D) augmented

Question 29

One form of child maltreatment is called ________, which involves depriving a child of adequate food, clothing, and/or medical care.

A) neglect
B) abuse
C) abandonment
D) "stepping"

Question 30

Which of the following is one of the benefits to a child of having a new baby brother or sister come into the home?

A) The father becomes more involved with the older child as the mother devotes more time to the baby.
B) They get more toys and clothes as loved ones buy gifts to make sure that the older sibling doesn't feel left out.
C) They get to become more independent, as their parents will not be able to devote as much time to them.
D) They will progress through the stages of cognitive development more rapidly, as their help will be essential in assisting with the new baby.

Question 31

Which is the most effective way for parents to reduce the negative impact of divorce on a child?

A) Reinforce the idea that in life you cannot control what happens to you.
B) Make sure that only one parent is actively involved with the child's life.
C) Ask the child to help mediate disputes between you and your ex-spouse.
D) Don't view the love of your child as a competition between you and your ex-spouse.

Question 32

Which BEST describes the relationship between parenting styles and children's temperaments?

A) Parenting styles cause temperaments.
B) Parenting styles may develop as the result of temperament.
C) Temperaments develop as the result of parenting styles.
D) Temperament and parenting styles are unrelated.

Question 33

As adults, children whose parents divorced are more likely to experience all but which of the following?

A) domestic abuse
B) conflict in their own marriage
C) negative attitudes about marriage
D) depression

Question 34

Parents tend to be more affectionate and more punitive toward

A) "middle" children.
B) first-born children.
C) their youngest child.
D) children born with a chromosomal handicap.

Question 35

Research noted in your chapter has noted that by increasing __________, one of a child's most important interpersonal resources, parents can help the child experience better adjustment after his/her parents' divorce.

A) the mother-child relationship quality
B) the father-child relationship quality
C) the quality of the child's relationship with older siblings
D) the number of friends/peers the child has

Question 36

Of the nearly three-quarters of a million children who suffer from maltreatment or neglect, about _____ percent of them are maltreated psychologically.

A) 75
B) 10
C) 5
D) 15

Question 37

Which of the following pairs of siblings is most likely to have the closest, warmest relationship?

A) Yarone is 13 years old, and his younger sister Shayla is 8 years old.
B) Tiffany is 5 years old and her younger brother Tajuan is 4 years old.
C) Marquis is 9 years old and is very laid back, and his brother, Lanom, is 7 years old.
D) Jack and his sister Jill are same-aged fraternal twins, and where Jack is very mellow his sister tends to be very emotional.

Question 38

Why is it that children who are frequently ill have a greater likelihood of being abused?

A) Because children who are ill are usually the youngest in the family, and the statistics are clear that the "baby" of the family is the most likely to be abused.
B) Because the child who is ill tends to be unmanageable and demanding, which in turn causes parents to get angry more easily.
C) Because the research finds that the "illnesses" are really a symptom of abuse in the first place.
D) Because children who are ill tend to whine and cry, which can increase parents' annoyance levels.

Question 39

Sexual abuse and physical abuse, together, constitute

A) neglect.
B) abandonment.
C) maltreatment.
D) reconstitution.

Question 40

Who is MOST likely to abuse his child?

A) Joe, who is socially isolated from friends and relatives
B) Derek, who was never abused when he was a child
C) Louis, who relies on the time-out technique to punish his children
D) Scott, who is wealthy

Question 41

The ________ child in a classroom is liked by some classmates, and disliked by other classmates, but in neither case is there a high level of intensity to those feelings.

A) popular
B) controversial
C) rejected
D) average

Question 42

Which of the following parental discipline styles would be most likely to result in a "rejected child" in the classroom?

A) Martha does not discipline her child at all, and only occasionally sets limits on her behaviors.
B) Hank is very consistent with his discipline, and it combines occasional physical punishment with discussions and affection. Only when infractions are extreme is a spanking administered.
C) Henry is very consistent with his discipline, when tends to be more forceful and demanding of obedience and compliance.
D) Jessica is very inconsistent with her son, punishing misbehavior one day and then ignoring it the next day.

Question 43

Research has found that when junior and senior high school students are confronted with peer pressure to behave in antisocial ways, such as stealing, they typically

A) acquiesce.
B) resist.
C) talk to their parents about the pressure.
D) blog about it on the internet.

Question 44

A ________ is a voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking.

A) culmination
B) clique
C) group
D) friendship

Question 45

Yuri is the leader of a group called "The Wannabes." All the other members know that Yuri is in charge, and they respect that. What is the best term to describe this type of group structure?

A) clique
B) crowd
C) friendship
D) dominance hierarchy

Question 46

As a "neglected" child, you would expect Juno to be _____ by her peers.

A) bullied
B) disliked
C) ignored
D) feared

Question 47

Billy is liked by many of his classmates. He has a lot of friends, and no real 'enemies.' Even the kids with whom he does not share a close friendship generally find him pleasant and enjoy being around him. Billy would be described as a(n) ________ child.

A) popular
B) A-list
C) elite
D) controversial

Question 48

A dominance ________ refers to the ordering of individuals within a group in which group members with lower status defer to those with greater status.

A) progression
B) leadership
C) stratagem
D) hierarchy

Question 49

Two subgroups of ________ children include (a) those who are skilled academically and socially, and (b) those who are physically and/or socially aggressive.

A) popular
B) controversial
C) neglected
D) average

Question 50

Cornelius is an elementary school child whose parents are having a conference with his teacher. "I've noticed," his teacher says, "that Cornelius is both intensely liked and disliked by several of his peers." Based on this observation, Cornelius would be regarded as a(n) ________ child.

A) controversial
B) average
C) popular
D) rejected

Question 51

What is the criterion by which most 4- or 5-year-old children select their first friends?

A) Who is a good playmate?
B) Who has the nicest mommy?
C) Who wears the nicest clothes?
D) Who has the best things to trade at lunchtime?

Question 52

Research into the different "types" of children found in elementary school classrooms found five different categories. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) rejected children
B) neglected children
C) controversial children
D) solitary children

Question 53

________ is often regarded as an irresistible harmful force, but research has found that it can have positive consequences as well.

A) Family socialization
B) A dominance hierarchy
C) Peer pressure
D) Broad intensification

Question 54

Although friendships begin early in life, the nature of friendships tends to change as children grow older. When we reach adolescence, another layer of complexity, ________, is added to friendships.

A) trust
B) intimacy
C) autonomy
D) romance

Question 55

Anita and Sarah are two adolescent girls who recently had their first "go steady" relationships. Coincidentally, their boyfriends both decided to end the relationships on the same day. Anita and Sarah have spent the last couple of days talking on the phone, spending time together, and texting each other about their broken hearts. This is an example of ________.

A) co-collectivism
B) co-dependency
C) co-rumination
D) co-muddling

Question 56

Of the different categories of children found in most classrooms, researchers have come to have the best understanding of the ________ and ________ child.

A) rejected; neglected
B) popular; rejected
C) controversial; average
D) neglected; controversial

Question 57

As your authors note, in many schools the ________ have the highest status among the students, while the ________ have the lowest.

A) jocks; burnouts
B) populars; nerds
C) beautifuls; geeks
D) cheerleaders; goths

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding the friendships that often develop between youngsters?

A) Because children typically play with their same-sex peers, boys and girls rarely become friends.
B) Children and adolescents usually befriend others who are different from themselves, and this complementarity enhances the relationship.
C) Most friends are alike in age, gender, and race, and it is uncommon for an older child to develop a friendship with a younger child.
D) Friendships among children from different racial or ethnic groups are more common in schools that are in ethnically diverse neighborhoods.

Question 59

A ________ is to a small group of children or adolescents as a ________ is to a larger mixed-sex group who are known by a common label such as "jocks" or "nerds."

A) crowd; clique
B) crowd; circle
C) gang; mob
D) clique; crowd

Question 60

Jeanette has a rather large group of peers, both boys and girls, with whom she shares some common interests. This group is known in the school as the "musicals," and they all participate in choir, band, or orchestra. They frequently get together to play music, discuss performances, or just "hang out." In this example, the "musicals" are a ________.

A) crowd
B) clique
C) gang
D) mash-up

Question 61

In a research study of German school children, those kids who were judged by their teachers to be the more aggressive of their peers were, as young adults, _____ times as likely as their non-aggressive classmates to have been charged with criminal activity.

A) 20
B) 12
C) 8
D) 4

Question 62

The biggest positive influence of American television on children has been ________.

A) Sesame Street
B) Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood
C) Blue's Clues
D) The Wiggles

Question 63

Roughly ____ percent of youth get "hooked" on video games, showing many of the signs and symptoms associated with pathological gambling.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 7
D) 10

Question 64

________ aggression occurs when a child uses aggressive actions to achieve an explicit goal.

A) Relational
B) Instrumental
C) Utilitarian
D) Narrow

Question 65

There have recently been several high-profile cases of 'cyber-bullying,' where adolescents used social networking websites to torment a peer. In one instance, the bullies called a young girl names, interrupted her friendships with other classmates, and led her to feel very depressed and isolated. Which of the following is the type of aggression that was used in these cases?

A) relational
B) vigilant
C) instrumental
D) peer-delimited

Question 66

Research examining oft-made criticisms of television-watching in children has found that

A) children's programs that are less than 30 minutes in length can harm a child's attention span, but longer programs actually promote attention skills.
B) watching television is harmful to a child's attention span, regardless of the content of the program being viewed.
C) simply watching television does not do harm to a child's ability to pay attention.
D) it is virtually impossible to make any blanket statements about the benefits or harms associated with watching television in childhood.

Question 67

All but which of the following have been found to be associated with watching television?

A) An increase in aggressive behavior after watching violence.
B) The learning of gender stereotypes.
C) An increased likelihood of volunteering in one's community.
D) An increase in generosity, cooperativeness, and self-control.

Question 68

Several personal characteristics in a child seem to lead to an increased likelihood that the child will be victimized by peers. Which of the following is NOT one of those qualities?

A) Being very submissive.
B) Being very withdrawn.
C) Being very aggressive.
D) Being very popular.

Question 69

Surprisingly, research has found that some children who are chronic victims of aggression or bullying by peers tend to have higher levels of _________ themselves.

A) boredom
B) aggression
C) hostility
D) self-esteem

Question 70

For children, peer rejection in childhood can have serious long-term consequences, including all but which of the following outcomes?

A) suffering from increased numbers of medical problems
B) dropping out of school
C) committing juvenile offenses
D) suffering from psychopathology

Question 71

The most striking similarity between the effects on children of watching television and the effects on children of playing video games is that

A) they both rob a child of his/her ability to pay attention, and over the long term they both invariably lead to significant deficits in this area.
B) whether the activity is done alone or with others ultimately determines the outcomes of these activities.
C) the number of hours watching or playing is what determines the ultimate outcome of these activities.
D) the content of what is watched or played is what determines the ultimate outcome of these activities.

Question 72

The primary purpose of hostile aggression seems to be

A) to undermine one's social relationships with other peers.
B) to accumulate objects, such as money, toys, or other desirable "things."
C) to accomplish a specific, explicit goal.
D) to intimidate, harass, or embarrass the victim.

Question 73

Why is it that the potential prosocial benefits of watching television are outweighed by the negative consequences?

A) Because children don't believe that the prosocial behaviors they see on television are "real" and, thus, they cannot relate to them.
B) Because prosocial behavior is seen far less frequently than aggressive behaviors.
C) Because prosocial behaviors are always intricately connected to aggressive behaviors in television depictions, and children cannot distinguish one from the other.
D) Because prosocial acts in television programs are almost always conducted by older characters, and children cannot connect with those role models.

Question 74

DeJuan is riding the bus with his classmates, when he sees that Justin is playing with a cool toy. DeJuan moves to the seat next to Justin, pushes him roughly, and takes the toy away. It is not until a bus monitor hears Justin crying that the toy is returned and DeJuan is punished. What type of aggression has DeJuan demonstrated?

A) Relational
B) Egalitarian
C) Instrumental
D) Narrow

Question 75

By the time she graduates high school, the average American teenager has spent the equivalent of ________ watching television.

A) six months
B) two years
C) four years
D) six years

Question 76

If you were advising a friend on the benefits or harms of allowing her young children to watch television, you would be most correct if you informed her that the most important factor in this question is

A) the content of the programs that children watch.
B) the number of hours that children watch television.
C) the number of programs that children watch television.
D) whether children watch television while doing other things, such as eating meals.

Question 77

Research finds that a very common use of computers, particularly for boys, is to

A) search out online pornography.
B) play games online.
C) update their profiles on social networking sites.
D) conduct research for school assignments.

Question 78

Randy is a seven-year-old who exhibits a high degree of hostile aggression. What is he most likely to be like when he is in high school?

A) More hostile aggressive but not greater in instrumental aggression than his same-age peers
B) More aggressive than his same-age peers
C) About as aggressive as his same-age peers
D) More instrumentally aggressive but not greater in hostile aggression than his same-age peers

Question 79

In their junior high school English class one day, Jason is reading a book and minding his own business. Suddenly, Steve, a well-known bully, yells, "Hey, Jason, you're fat!" Some of the classmates laugh nervously, and Jason looks up and just smiles. Then Steve says, "Look at that smile, man. You're ugly, too!" The laughter in the class stops, as Jason looks back down at his book, clearly embarrassed and humiliated. Steve has engaged in a form of ________ aggression.

A) socialized
B) instrumental
C) relational
D) hostile

Question 80

Casey is a chronic victim of bullies. What is one way research suggests to decrease the likelihood that Casey will continue to be victimized?

A) help him make more friends
B) increase his own hostile aggressiveness
C) try to externalize the fear experienced while being bullied
D) put him in time-out