Deck 8: Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Which statement is true?

A) Estrogen is found only in females, and androgens are found only in males.
B) Estrogen is found only in males, and androgens are found only in females.
C) During puberty, estrogen and androgens are released at the same levels in adolescent males and females.
D) During puberty, estrogen and androgens are released at different levels in adolescent males and females.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The term puberty denotes ____ specific types of changes that mark the transition from childhood to young adulthood.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) six

Answer 2

A

Question 3

From whom would you expect the biggest gains in height and weight over the next three years?

A) Ginger, who is 2 years old
B) Grant, who is 6 years old
C) Tina, who is 11 years old
D) Louise, who is 14 years old

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Pubertal changes that are related to reproduction are to ________ as pubertal changes that are not directly linked to the reproductive organs are to ________.

A) adrenal maturatives; pituitary maturatives
B) primary sexual characteristics; secondary sexual characteristics
C) pituitary maturatives; adrenal maturatives
D) secondary sexual characteristics; primary sexual characteristics

Question 5

At about age ____, most boys reach spermarche, which is the first spontaneous ejaculation of sperm-laden fluid.

A) 9
B) 11
C) 13
D) 15

Question 6

Which of the following chemicals, when released in the body, will initiate the biochemical changes that produce body hair?

A) phytogens
B) prolactins
C) androgens
D) estrogens

Question 7

Young Tiffany is just starting puberty, and there are several changes occurring in her body. Which of the following would be an example of change in a secondary sexual characteristic?

A) development of her ovaries
B) development of her breasts
C) development of her vagina
D) development of her uterus

Question 8

Suzy has just begun her pubescent growth spurt, and her mother often says, "That girl is growing like a weed!" If Suzy's development is typical of most girls, she is probably about ____ years old.

A) 9
B) 11
C) 13
D) 15

Question 9

________ refers to a collection of physical changes that marks the onset of adolescence, including bodily changes and transitions in one's sexual maturation.

A) Adolescence
B) Climacteric
C) Puberty
D) Menarche

Question 10

During the peak of adolescence, a girl may gain as much as ________ pounds in a year, while a boy may gain ________ pounds.

A) 5-7; 6-8
B) 8-10; 10-12
C) 10-12; 14-15
D) 14-15; 16-17

Question 11

The key player in the physical changes that are experienced as puberty begins is the

A) pituitary gland.
B) adrenal gland.
C) gonads (testes or ovaries).
D) thalamus.

Question 12

A sex difference during puberty involves the fact that ____ is greater for girls than boys.

A) muscle development
B) heart capacity
C) lung capacity
D) body fat

Question 13

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to the timing of the onset of puberty in youngsters?

A) The timing of puberty is regulated by environmental forces, but these environmental forces are strongly influenced by genetics.
B) Puberty is something that is uniquely determined by environmental factors, and genetics play no part in when these changes emerge.
C) The timing of puberty is regulated by genetics, but these genetic forces are strongly influenced by environmental factors.
D) Puberty is something that is uniquely determined by genetics, and environmental influences play no part in when these changes emerge.

Question 14

A typical girl starting her growth spurt is to ______ years of age, as a typical boy starting his growth spurt is to _____ years of age.

A) 12; 10
B) 11; 13
C) 9; 12
D) 13; 10

Question 15

Izzy is starting her pubertal growth spurt. Which of the following body parts do you think would start to grow the earliest?

A) her breasts
B) her hips
C) her arms
D) her hands

Question 16

Why is it that social interactions between 11- and 12-year-old boys and girls are frequently so awkward?

A) Because girls tend to do much better than boys in school at this age, and this becomes a source of endless teasing and torment.
B) Because girls form cliques and boys form crowds, and thus they really have nothing to talk about
C) Because they are not yet at the age where they have anything in common, and thus there is no real value in these social interactions.
D) Because the girls may be taller and look more mature than the boys, since their pubertal growth spurt begins earlier.

Question 17

Why is it that the brain of an adolescent becomes capable of processing information more efficiently than the brain of a child?

A) Because the brain has grown to its adult size by the time puberty occurs.
B) Because synaptic pruning begins to take place in adolescence.
C) Because not all of the cerebral lobes were "active" before puberty, but they are all working in adolescence.
D) Because the corpus callosum, a structure which used to block messages from going between the two cerebral hemispheres, atrophies and disappears during adolescence.

Question 18

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the brain of a person who is in early adolescence?

A) It has finally developed all 12 lobes of the cerebrum.
B) It reached its full size within the last two to three years and has already begun experiencing loss of both gray and white matter.
C) It has nearly reached its full size.
D) It is about half of its adult size.

Question 19

Which of the following individuals has just experienced menarche?

A) Mona, who has started developing breasts.
B) Gaspar, who recently experienced his first ejaculation of semen.
C) Lisa, who recently experienced her first menstrual cycle.
D) Johnny, whose testicles have enlarged and descended.

Question 20

Which of the following is an accurate differentiation between a young man's initial and later ejaculations?

A) Initial ejaculations contain relatively few sperm, while later ejaculations contain enough sperm to fertilize an egg.
B) Initial ejaculations only occur during sleep (nocturnal emissions) while later ejaculations can occur either while sleeping or awake.
C) Initial ejaculations contain no sperm cells, while later ejaculations (typically starting around 15 years of age) do contain sperm cells.
D) Initial ejaculations contain a high content of urine combined with semen, while later ejaculations are almost exclusively semen.

Question 21

In what way is genetics most directly related to a child's risk of developing obesity?

A) Heredity determines whether a child is more or less likely to be sedentary, thus putting him/her at risk for putting on unhealthy weight.
B) Heredity determines whether you can or cannot be an athlete, and thus get enough exercise to burn off the calories that you consume.
C) Heredity may set a person's basal metabolic rate, which determines how quickly the body burns calories.
D) Heredity determines whether your pubertal growth spurt will increase your body's calorie needs enough to cause you to lose your "baby fat," and thus prevent you from developing adolescent or adulthood obesity.

Question 22

The result of too much fast food and other unhealthy eating practices is that many teenagers consume too much/many _________ and not enough ________.

A) preservatives and minerals; lymphocytes and basophils
B) sodium and fat; iron and calcium
C) nitrates and nitriles; ketones and amino acids
D) cholesterol and vitamins; sugars and carbohydrates

Question 23

Kendra is a 15-year-old girl who has been experiencing menstruation since she was 12 years of age. During her monthly period she loses some hemoglobin, the matter in red blood cells that carries oxygen. In order to replace this hemoglobin in her body, she should make sure she eats a diet that has adequate amounts of ________.

A) potassium
B) iron
C) vitamin D
D) riboflavin

Question 24

Dontee is a typical teenager. Research has indicated that the moodiness that he is exhibiting is most likely due to

A) raging hormone levels.
B) changes in social settings and activities.
C) negative verbal interactions with his parents.
D) concern over his changing body.

Question 25

Today, rough one in ______ children in the United States would be defined as being overweight.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 10

Question 26

Mickie is a girl who started going through the changes associated with puberty just a few months before her ninth birthday. The ill effects of such early maturation will be less severe if Mickie

A) is African American.
B) is homosexual.
C) is Latina.
D) is European American.

Question 27

How many of the following children would be classified as overweight: Alan, who is in the upper 20 percent for weight for his height; Erin, who is in the upper 10 percent for weight for her height; Tim, who is in the upper 5 percent for weight for his height; and/or Toni, who is in the upper 2 percent for weight for her height?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 28

Girls who experience harsher punishment during their preschool and young childhood years are likely to

A) experience a later onset of menarche.
B) experience an earlier onset of menarche.
C) experience an absence of menarche.
D) be uneducated about what it means to experience menarche.

Question 29

Research has found that girls who mature earlier than their peers are at risk for several problematic consequences. Which of the following is NOT one of those outcomes, as noted by your authors?

A) being depressed
B) being less popular than her peers
C) being more likely to smoke and drink
D) having an overabundance of self-esteem

Question 30

The technical definition of "overweight" is based on the ________, which is an adjusted ration of weight to height.

A) leptin uptake pace (LUP)
B) body mass index (BMI)
C) mean dormant metabolic output (MDMO)
D) basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Question 31

While there are several factors that influence this question, the average teenage boy should consume about _______ calories a day.

A) 1200
B) 1800
C) 2200
D) 2700

Question 32

The "off-time hypothesis" suggests that

A) pubertal physical changes are not continuous, but rather are very "stop and go" because the hormonal releases that mediate such changes have "off" and "on" periods.
B) when a girl experiences puberty earlier than average, it interrupts her later-life reproductive potential, since her eggs will be "older" when it comes time to attempt pregnancy.
C) boys do not have a traditional "on-time" period of pubertal change, which explains why developing earlier or later than the average peer brings with it no negative consequences for boys.
D) both early and late physical development is stressful for boys, who prefer to be "on time" in their physical development.

Question 33

Druzella tends to worry quite a bit about her appearance, particularly since her body began changing last year when she entered puberty. Which of the following factors may contribute to this concern, as well as to her dissatisfaction with her appearance?

A) If she is heterosexual.
B) If appearance is a frequent topic of conversation with her friends.
C) If she has parents who are only "moderately" attractive at best.
D) If she is does not perform well academically.

Question 34

In the past 25 to 30 years, the number of overweight children in the United States has ________, while the number of overweight adolescents has ________.

A) tripled; quadrupled
B) quintupled; doubled
C) doubled; tripled
D) quadrupled, stayed constant

Question 35

While there are several factors that influence this question, the average teenage girl should consume about _______ calories a day.

A) 1200
B) 1800
C) 2200
D) 2700

Question 36

The negative effects associated with being an early-maturing female have been found to be offset by

A) hormone replacement therapy.
B) hanging around with older males.
C) possessing a strong personal fable.
D) having supportive parents.

Question 37

The average age of the onset of puberty in girls is ______, while the average age of onset of puberty in boys is ______.

A) 13 years, 11 years
B) 11 years, 13 years
C) 12 years, 10 years
D) 10 years, 12 years

Question 38

Children who are in the upper ______ percent of their body mass index are defined as being overweight.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 15

Question 39

Compared to ___________, ____________ are much more concerned about their overall appearance.

A) children and adults; adolescents
B) preschoolers and adolescents; adults
C) adolescents and emerging adults; children
D) children and adolescents; emerging adults

Question 40

Which of the following BEST summarizes your authors' position on dealing with the problem of obesity in children?

A) Be very careful about addressing a child's obesity, as the psychological toll can be more devastating than the physical outcomes.
B) Gradually increase a child's exercise so that extra weight comes off slowly.
C) Prevent obesity in the first place through increased activity and good eating habits.
D) Even in children, weight-reduction surgeries can be a useful tool for helping to eliminate obesity and restore health.

Question 41

If you were asked to develop an effective prevention program concerning eating disorders in teens, you should

A) utilize psychoactive medication.
B) teach the importance of resisting social pressure to be thin.
C) create a highly structured environment in which the teens have little personal input.
D) avoid teaching about specific diets.

Question 42

A very serious problem related to participation in organized athletics during adolescence is

A) the risk of serious injury, which happens to many high school athletes.
B) the risk of becoming socially ostracized if one is not victorious on their team.
C) the use of illegal drugs to enhance performance.
D) the likelihood of getting involved in inter-school fights over team loyalty.

Question 43

The site of ongoing cognitive processing in the human brain is called ________.

A) working memory
B) active calibration
C) the executive control system
D) the visuospatial sketchpad

Question 44

For the average adolescent, "regular activity" means exercising for at least ____ minutes, at least ____ times per week.

A) 75; 5
B) 60; 3
C) 45; 4
D) 30; 3

Question 45

Paradoxically, many adolescents who engage in very high risk behaviors tend to ________ the likelihood of harm associated with those actions.

A) overestimate
B) negate
C) ignore
D) underestimate

Question 46

Although far more common in girls, boys make up about ____ percent of diagnosed cases of eating disorders.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 7
D) 10

Question 47

The most important risk factor(s) for adolescents to develop an eating disorder is/are

A) having peers who engage in eating disordered behaviors.
B) having parents who utilize an authoritative parenting style from early childhood.
C) being overly concerned about one's body and weight and having a history of dieting.
D) having unusually high self-esteem, which leads to a perception that one needs to be "perfect."

Question 48

For adolescent boys in the United States, the most popular organized sport is ________, in which approximately one million boys participate.

A) basketball
B) track and field
C) baseball
D) football

Question 49

According to research presented in your textbook, approximately ____ percent of high school student report having used anabolic steroids, with more frequent use occurring in boys and in younger students.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7

Question 50

Donald is a 16-year-old adolescent who just started his tenth grade year. In a tragic turn of events, he died over the recent weekend when he was shot by another adolescent. According to the trends presented in your chapter, Donald was most likely

A) Latino American.
B) Asian American.
C) African American.
D) European American.

Question 51

Jewell wants to play on her high school basketball team, and speaks with her parents about this desire. Her parents understand that there are many benefits to participation in organized sports, but they are also rightly concerned that about _____ percent of high school athletes will be injured and will require some form of medical treatment.

A) 2
B) 6
C) 12
D) 15

Question 52

A primary cause of death that is common to both adolescent girls and boys is

A) drug overdose.
B) firearms.
C) motor vehicle accidents.
D) suicide.

Question 53

Although the number of high school athletes who get injured playing their sport is not small enough to ignore, the fact is that

A) most of those injuries are minor, such as bruises and strained muscles.
B) even a serious injury cannot negate the positive impact of such athletic participation.
C) these injuries are found almost entirely among football players and wrestlers.
D) research has found that suffering an athletic injury can actually be good for psychological development, as it helps to develop resilience.

Question 54

Of the following individuals, how many are getting "regular activity?" Marco exercises twice a week for 1 to 2 hours; Jennifer exercises 4 times a week for about 45 minutes; Angela exercises every Sunday by going for a 3 to 4 hour bicycle ride; Benignus exercises 3 days a week for about 30 to 40 minutes.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 55

Based on statistics, which of the following 16-year-olds is most likely to die as the result of natural causes?

A) Kay, who is a European American female
B) Mae, who is an African American female
C) Jay, who is a European American male
D) Ray, who is an African American male

Question 56

Without treatment, as many as _____ of adolescents with anorexia nervosa may die from this condition.

A) 15%
B) 18%
C) 21%
D) 24%

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor that increases the likelihood of an adolescent boy developing an eating disorder?

A) childhood obesity
B) low self-esteem
C) late onset of puberty
D) participation in sports

Question 58

For adolescent girls in the United States, the most popular organized sport is ________, in which approximately half a million girls participate.

A) volleyball
B) track and field
C) field hockey
D) lacrosse

Question 59

________ is a disease in which people alternate between binge eating and purging.

A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Bulimia nervosa
C) Orthorexia nervosa
D) Rumination disorder

Question 60

LaTanya has refused to eat more than a few hundred calories a day for the past several months in an attempt to become more slender. As a result, she has lost an enormous amount of weight to the point where she is now severely underweight. She has an intense fear of putting that weight back on. In addition, she continues to see herself as being somewhat overweight. LaTanya may be suffering from

A) orthorexia nervosa.
B) anorexia nervosa.
C) bulimia nervosa.
D) binge-eating disorder.

Question 61

Jade is a child who is presented with a moral dilemma in the tradition of Lawrence Kohlberg's research. When she is asked what she would do, she answers, "I wouldn't do anything that would get me into trouble!" This answer reflects moral reasoning at the ________ substage of development.

A) social systems morality
B) interpersonal norm
C) obedience orientation
D) instrumental orientation

Question 62

The most influential account of moral development was proposed by ________.

A) Erik Erikson
B) Jean Piaget
C) Carol Gilligan
D) Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 63

Substage 1 of preconventional morality is to ________ as substage 2 of preconventional morality is to ________.

A) interpersonal norms; social systems morality
B) an obedience orientation; an instrumental orientation
C) social contract; justice, compassion, and equality
D) early adulthood; middle and late adulthood

Question 64

A child's attempt to solve a problem is to ________ as an adolescent's attempt to solve that same problem is to ________.

A) heuristics; analysis
B) experience; novelty
C) approximation; specificity
D) algorithms; hypotheses

Question 65

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding processing speed in adolescence and young adulthood?

A) By the time most adolescents reach their mid-teenage years, their processing speed is equivalent to that of a young adult.
B) Processing speed actually begins to slow down during late adolescence, and is much slower in early adulthood.
C) The processing speed of an adolescent is much slower than that of a young adult.
D) Processing speed for both adolescents and young adults is much slower than it is for children just prior to puberty.

Question 66

You and a friend argue over who is the best golfer in the world. Which of your responses would represent an ad hominem argument?

A) "Everyone knows that it is Tiger Woods."
B) "I am right, you are wrong, end of story!"
C) "I think that the winner of the last big tournament is the best."
D) "You just like Tiger Woods because you do not know how to golf."

Question 67

In the Victor Hugo story Les Misérables, a character named Valjean steals a loaf of bread to feed his starving niece. How would a person in the instrumental orientation of Kohlberg's stages describe Valjean's theft?

A) "It is okay that he took the bread, because his niece will probably give him a big hug and kiss for getting her something to eat."
B) "It isn't okay that he took the bread because the police will probably come arrest him!"
C) "It is okay for him to take the bread, as long as he goes back the next day to work to pay for it."
D) "It isn't okay for him to steal the bread because stealing is wrong and nobody should ever steal."

Question 68

Which of the following represents the correct stages of moral development, according to Lawrence Kohlberg?

A) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
B) childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, young adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood
C) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations, postformal operations
D) preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Question 69

"Those who cannot attack the thought will attack the thinker." This oft-stated maxim neatly summarizes a(n) ________ argument.

A) ad ignorantiam
B) ad populum
C) heuristic
D) ad hominem

Question 70

As your authors note, processing speed improve significantly between childhood and adolescence. Which of the following physical factors helps explain some of this change?

A) An increase in myelination during adolescence allows nerve impulses to travel more rapidly, and this allows for faster and more efficient processing of information.
B) The growth of the amygdalae and hippocampi are both maximized in early adolescence, which enhances the speed of data processing.
C) Hemispheric specialization, which refers to the combined manner in which both halves of the brain simultaneously deal with information, does not begin until puberty.
D) A thickening of the corpus callosum occurs during puberty, and this allows for neural impulses to be sent simultaneously to all four lobes of the cerebrum. This, in turn, drastically enhances processing speed.

Question 71

In his attempt to formulate a comprehensive theory of how morality develops, Kohlberg created a hypothetical scenario with several areas of moral ambiguity. The main character of this made-up story was ________.

A) Little Albert
B) Heinz
C) Clever Hans
D) Rasputin

Question 72

Which statement describes the development of processing speed between ages 6 and 23?

A) Time needed to respond decreases at a consistent rate.
B) Time needed to respond decreases for the first seven years and then levels off.
C) Time needed to respond is constant for the first years and then decreases significantly.
D) Time needed to respond increases at a consistent rate.

Question 73

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, morality develops in a series of _____ levels, and each level, has _____ substage(s).

A) 2; 4
B) 3; 2
C) 6; 3
D) 8; 2

Question 74

What would you predict would happen when Duke, a white supremacist teen, reads a scientific study indicating that Asians have higher IQs than whites?

A) He would dismiss the study as being flawed.
B) He would begin to reconsider his anti-Asian stance.
C) He would now view Asians as more intelligent.
D) He would now views Asians as even less intelligent.

Question 75

In American politics, candidates for office often resort to attacking each other rather than debating the issues that are most salient to the voting public. This political "smearing" of one's opponent is an example of the use of ________ arguments.

A) catastrophizing
B) ad hominem
C) extension fallacy
D) "appeal to scare"

Question 76

Which of the following words best encapsulates why adolescents become more adept at problem solving and specific skill mastery as compared to young children?

A) scaffolding
B) analysis
C) experience
D) metamemory

Question 77

Preconventional moral reasoning is based on ____ forces.

A) internal
B) biological
C) external
D) universal

Question 78

At the ________ level of morality in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, adolescents and adults look to society's norms for moral guidance.

A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) postconventional
D) pluralistic

Question 79

Weinstock and his colleagues (2008) found that adolescents are better than children at detecting flaws in arguments, and that ________ arguments were the easiest to detect at both ages.

A) ad populum
B) ad hominem
C) ad ignorantiam
D) ad liberitum

Question 80

A problem-solving strategy that tends to be very fast and require little effort, but that does not guarantee a successful solution to a problem, is a(n) ________.

A) mnemonic
B) means-end analysis
C) algorithm
D) heuristic