Deck 1: North America Encounters the Atlantic World

Question 1

The first wave of migrants who appeared on the North American continent during the last Ice Age most likely were

A)following prophesies from their spirit world.
B)following game.
C)looking to improve their economic situation.
D)trying to escape tribal wars.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The early American Indians were able to adapt to their new environment by

A)cultivating high-yield crops for vitamins and small game for protein.
B)constantly moving to warmer climates.
C)using horses as a way of hunting herds.
D)successfully domesticating large wild animals immediately after arriving.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What happened as early Indians learned to make better use of local resources?

A)They tended to expand their annual migratory practices.
B)Cultural diversity led to an increase in the number of languages spoken.
C)They made less use of grains and wild plants, turning instead to the hunting of herd animals.
D)They became culturally isolated because they tended to stay in one place.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

European and Indian dietary practices

A)were very similar in areas of grain and protein sources.
B)differed because Indians tended to hunt more exclusively than Europeans.
C)were similar because both allowed underbrush growth to hinder small game hunting.
D)differed because Indians generally relied on small game and fish for protein sources.

Question 5

In the century prior to European contact, the Indians who inhabited the Americas

A)were culturally united because they spoke the same language.
B)were concentrated in areas mainly east of the Mississippi.
C)did not have extensive trading opportunities due to the lack of roads.
D)occupied the world's most diverse place at that period of time.

Question 6

Which of these was a trait that the Hohokam and Anasazi had in common?

A)The descendants of both societies eventually were incorporated into other tribes.
B)Both were rural societies located east of the Mississippi.
C)Both were located near natural water sources that promoted extensive farming and agricultural practices.
D)Both communities lived in relative isolation and were self-sufficient.

Question 7

Why is the Epic of Deganawidah still considered an important historical source?

A)It highlighted the power of men in the Iroquois tribe and explains in detail the entire history of the Iroquois nation.
B)It explained in full the rules and regulations to be followed by the shaman.
C)It illustrated the power that women have in the tribe and the importance of cooperation within the tribe.
D)It promoted mourning wars as a way to keep the tribal population intact.

Question 8

When Columbus arrived in the Americas in 1492, most scholars agree

A)the area was sparsely populated with relatively little diversity.
B)Californian Indians were the most populous and included a significant number of language families.
C)trading was limited and almost non-existent among the tribes located in North America.
D)the Indians east of the Mississippi spoke a greater number of different languages than the western Indians.

Question 9

Which of these was one of the primary reasons Europeans supported expansion during the 15^th century?

A)They were looking for investment opportunities due to the increased wealth of the European middle class.
B)They hoped to prove to the Muslims and Turks that the earth was round.
C)They needed someplace to send their criminals due to the increase in crime.
D)Men of ordinary birth were looking for ways to enhance their social mobility.

Question 10

The _____________ were the first European people to succeed in profiting from the Atlantic slave trade because they improved profitability by learning how to deal directly with African captors.

A)French
B)Dutch
C)Potuguese
D)Spanish

Question 11

One of the reasons the slave trade was so successful for Europeans in general was that

A)sugar plantations off the coast of Africa provided a ready market for slaves.
B)the increased wealth of European people provided a lucrative market for domestic help that was fulfilled by African slaves.
C)the Catholic Church was not supportive of slavery, thereby increasing its appeal among non-Christian nations.
D)Europeans had a natural immunity to West African diseases thereby allowing them internal access to slaves.

Question 12

In order to promote 15^th century exploration it was necessary

A)for European monarchs to promise to subsidize losses incurred by explorers.
B)for the citizens of each country to be assured that monarchs would not raise taxes.
C)for Africans to participate in the Mediterranean slave markets.
D)for Muslims and Europeans to collaborate on seafaring knowledge.

Question 13

Why did the Canary Islands and Madeira play an important part in the expansion of the Atlantic trade routes?

A)They were relatively unknown areas that could be developed as safe harbors for long distance shipping endeavors.
B)Their plantation economy provided a ready market for African slaves.
C)Madeira especially was a lucrative wine growing area.
D)They were a Christianized area that welcomed missionaries who eventually were sent to convert the Indians.

Question 14

When Columbus departed on his first voyage to find a shorter route to Asia, he

A)had the verbal support of the Spanish monarchs but not their financial support.
B)had no knowledge of the process of colonization.
C)failed to adequately prepare for the trip because he did not have access to ancient Greek texts.
D)had to contribute part of the financing required, most of which he borrowed.

Question 15

As a result of Columbian expeditions,

A)everyone agreed with Columbus when he claimed he had reached Asia.
B)England immediately realized the potential of the New World and began to make arrangements for its own expeditions.
C)The Catholic Church took control and awarded the Spanish large tracts of land.
D)The Portuguese were able to claim most of South America.

Question 16

The report that Columbus wrote concerning his encounter with the Taino Indians

A)reinforced the European perception that the Indians were intelligent and could easily be incorporated into Spanish culture.
B)showed that Columbus believed that the Taino were very concerned about the natural resources of the land, as evidenced by their farming techniques.
C)molded European perceptions that many Indians were cannibals.
D)highlighted the opinion that Columbus had arrived on a new continent since they were so different from any other people he had ever encountered.

Question 17

Which of these was among the negative consequences of the Columbian exchange of animals, people and crops between the continents?

A)It restricted the work of missionaries who had no immunity to the diseases of the Indians.
B)It caused the European monarchs to curtail future voyages to the Americas because of the lack of monetary support.
C)It encouraged the Spanish to give up their conquest for gold and silver and instead exploit the fishing grounds off the coast of Maine.
D)It increased the profitability of the slave trade.

Question 18

What was the most significant result of the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas?

A)It deprived the Portuguese of valuable land in South America.
B)It gave the British some control over Spanish colonies in the New World.
C)It allowed the Portuguese to continue their control of the Atlantic trade.
D)It proved that the Catholic Church had no authority over secular matters.

Question 19

Why was the discovery of cod off the coast of Maine in the early 1500s significant?

A)It was a new food product for Europeans who were tired of the lack of variety in their day-to-day protein sources.
B)It was the precursor to the eventual lucrative trade of animal skins.
C)It immediately created friction between the Indians and Europeans, leading to many deadly conflicts.
D)It decreased the opportunity for trade because of the dangerous water conditions surrounding the fishing areas.

Question 20

The expeditions of ___________________ accelerated the decline of Mississippian societies.

A)de Soto
B)da Gama
C)Pizarro
D)Coronado

Question 21

Although conquistadors and missionaries did not always agree, which of these is something on which they did both agree?

A)Spain's right to rule in the Americas
B)the right of Europeans to enslave Indians in order to have an adequate workforce for plantation agriculture
C)the right of the natives to continue practicing their local customs
D)the legality of encomiendas

Question 22

What was one of the factors that aided Cortes in his conquest of the Mexica people?

A)the ability of Cortes and his men to speak the native language
B)Cortes' loyalty to the Spanish governor of Cuba, who sent troops to help with the conquest
C)the success of Malintzin and others in winning allies for Cortes
D)the ability of Cortes and his men to convince the native Indians that conquest would ultimately improve their lives

Question 23

The devastation of the Greater Antilles in the early 1500s

A)was a result of the declining world market for sugar cane.
B)increased criticism regarding the way the local Indians were treated.
C)occurred because of the lack of profitability of the local encomiendas.
D)caused missionaries to move their conversion efforts to other areas.

Question 24

Which event prompted Europeans to realize that the Atlantic and Pacific oceans were connected?

A)The Europeans charted the Gulf of Mexico.
B)De Soto and his men penetrated the interior, eventually reaching the Pacific ocean.
C)Magellan passed through South America in 1520 and later circumnavigated the globe.
D)De Soto and his men established trade with Indians from the Pacific coast.

Question 25

During the 1550s European rivalries in the Americas

A)often mirrored the political and religious events occurring in western Europe.
B)had little to do with political undercurrents of western European nations.
C)were not affected by the Protestant Reformation.
D)were quickly reconciled so that the nations could assist each other in their common goal of subduing the Indians.

Question 26

What allowed the Protestant Reformation to finally take hold in England in the mid 1500s?

A)King Henry VIII issued the Act of Supremacy, declaring that the entire country should follow the doctrines of the Catholic Church.
B)King Henry's daughter Mary declared the Church of England the official religion of the country.
C)All reformers felt that the religious changes were adequate, thereby creating religious harmony in England.
D)When Elizabeth came to power, she promoted religious moderation.

Question 27

Martin Luther argued that salvation came as a result of

A)good deeds.
B)personal faith.
C)adherence to the strict translation of the bible.
D)infant baptism.

Question 28

Which of these was a result of the wars between France and Spain during the mid 1560s?

A)both countries amassed fortunes in the spoils of war
B)peace was established in the Caribbean areas
C)religious violence encouraged Huguenots to seek refuge in a Brazilian colony
D)both countries ceased their exploration efforts in North America

Question 29

Why was Florida an important area for European settlement?

A)its ideal weather conditions
B)the tremendous quantity of gold and silver in local mines
C)for the French, it was the site of a permanent settlement
D)as a global crossroads, it was strategically important for trading purposes

Question 30

The founding of ______________ was an important event in colonial history because it became a permanent settlement, which solidified the colonization process of the Americas.

A)Cahokia
B)St. Augustine
C)Ozita
D)Tordesillas

Question 31

Many of the early Indians in North America

A)did not believe their ancestors migrated to North America, but thought instead they were placed on the land by a spirit god.
B)tended to remain in the same location, hunting and farming the existing land around them.
C)tended to consider migration a formative part of their history.
D)were not affected by the environmental changes that occurred during the Ice Age.

Question 32

The climates of California and the Pacific Northwest altered local cultivation practices, and

A)the mild climate encouraged Indians to embrace advanced agricultural practices.
B)the abundance of game and plant life meant that the Indians had more time to devote to outside activities .
C)migration increased because the variety of microclimates were long distances from each other.
D)the Indians generally continued to practice subsistence farming for a longer period of time.

Question 33

What is one reason Indians were vulnerable to European diseases?

A)They had an extensive diet of grain, which hindered immunity.
B)They were not particularly healthy due to their dietary restrictions.
C)They had primitive methods of medicine.
D)Because they relied heavily on small game, they were not exposed to the pathogens of domesticated animals

Question 34

Why was the cultivation of corn in America significant?

A)Europeans were able to show the Indians how detrimental corn was to the soil, thereby helping them to preserve natural resources.
B)Corn cultivation was labor intensive, thus providing a way to keep the Indians from engaging in tribal warfare.
C)Corn could only be grown in the southwest so it provided a unique source of trade for the Indians of that area.
D)Corn transformed the Mississippian societies.

Question 35

One of the ways northeastern Indians protected themselves from destruction by enemy tribes was by

A)keeping on the move, to inhibit the ability of the enemy tribes to engage in warfare.
B)arming their warriors with sophisticated weapons.
C)forming confederations with neighboring tribes.
D)perfecting the means of negotiations and political maneuvers.

Question 36

Although the Indians of North America were diverse in may cultural practices, similarities that united them included:

A)They shared a religious belief in the power of ancestors to guide them in their worldly journey.
B)They all employed the same agricultural practices.
C)They all used the longhouse as a place of worship.
D)They all spoke a similar language.

Question 37

How does the Epic of Deganawidah portray the Iroquois League?

A)disorganized, relying mostly on current events to determine tribal policy
B)concerned with placing all political decisions in the hands of the current tribal leader
C)determined to respect and continue their old traditions
D)placing little value on the art of gift-giving as compared to other groups of Indians

Question 38

Prior to their encounters with Europeans, Indians of North America

A)fully engaged in the practice of diplomacy in trading negotiations.
B)existed peacefully with each other.
C)did not engage in any political maneuvers to enhance their status.
D)engaged in war only when they needed food.

Question 39

Which statement most accurately summarizes the view of exploration held by 16^th century monarchs in England, France, Portugal and Spain?

A)They were not initially in favor of transatlantic travel because they feared insurrection by those were away from the mother country.
B)They were in favor of exploration in order to have direct access to African and South Asian traders.
C)They supported exploration but realized that navigators did not have the necessary equipment and knowledge to make long distance voyages
D)They did not want to upset the established trade routes through the Mediterranean by pursuing Atlantic trade

Question 40

Up until the 15^th century, world slavery practices

A)were confined to enslaved labor purchased from northern and western Europe
B)included inherited status, passed on to the children of African slaves.
C)included a cooperative effort between the Portuguese and Africans.
D)took place only between European traders and African leaders

Question 41

By the 15^th century the Portuguese dominated the western water route to Asia because

A)they monopolized navigational technology which remained unknown to the rest of the world for many centuries.
B)they refused to cooperate with the Catholic Church with respect to conversions and could concentrate on the economic advantages of slavery
C)they supported Columbus and therefore reaped the rewards of his ventures
D)they established a chain of feitorias down the Atlantic coast supporting their position off Africa's west coast.

Question 42

The 15^th century's increased activity in Atlantic exploration by Europeans generally

A)had very little to do with the growing power of the Ottoman Turks.
B)was hindered due to the stagnation of technological developments that would facilitate long distance travel.
C)showed that the countries of Western Europe often had similar reasons for wanting to expand their trade networks
D)grew despite the fact that European explorers had no knowledge of geography or access to information outside of Europe.

Question 43

Prior to setting sail on his first voyage, Columbus

A)was given titles of authority by the Spanish monarchs, which enhanced his power.
B)had offers of financial support from several European countries, but chose Spain because it agreed to finance his entire voyage.
C)had little experience traveling the Atlantic Ocean, since most of his voyages had been confined to the Mediterranean Sea.
D)relied more on the stars for navigation than on geography, books or maps.

Question 44

Which of these is one of the reasons the voyages of Columbus are considered successful?

A)The men he left behind were able to establish a profitable colony
B)They established the beginnings of the Columbian exchange.
C)He was able to establish favorable relations with the Tainos, who helped the Europeans survive.
D)He maintained professional and lucrative relations with his crew, who were successful in helping him gain funding for additional voyages.

Question 45

One of the ways Europeans judged the level of civilization of American Indians was

A)by how quickly they learned the European language.
B)their willingness to convert to Catholicism.
C)their advanced agricultural practices
D)their clothing and jewelry adornments.

Question 46

Why did exploration of the northern shores of America became lucrative?

A)It led to the discovery of a shorter route to the Pacific than the route through South America.
B)The natives were non-resistant.
C)European crop failures encouraged the discovery of new food sources
D)The French readily recognized that the fishing trade could surpass the quest for gold and silver markets.

Question 47

In order to financially support the slave trade in Española, Europeans had to

A)find work for the slaves that kept them healthy and prolonged their longevity
B)encourage slaves to intermarry with the Indians in order to produce a constant supply of slaves.
C)curtail the quest for gold and silver and concentrate on finding domestic employment for newly arrived slaves
D)find ways to make the sugar trade financially lucrative

Question 48

Europeans who settled in the Spanish colonies in the 16^th century

A)often had to bribe women from Spain to settle in the colonies because they could not marry the native Indians.
B)found it difficult to raise any animals in the Caribbean due to the climate and the natural predators.
C)often had to learn to eat unfamiliar Indian crops to survive.
D)had complete immunity from all native diseases.

Question 49

Which is the best summary of Bartolome de las Casas' writings regarding Indians?

A)He harshly criticized the practices of conquistadors in dealing with native Americans.
B)He suggested that Indians should be allowed to practice their local religions.
C)He agreed that Indians needed to be disciplined, sometimes harshly, in order for ecomiendas to be profitable.
D)He worried that the enslaved Africans would deprive local Indians of paying jobs

Question 50

The Spanish were encouraged in their exploration of the area north of Mexico because

A)the climate was milder and they didn't have to worry about tropical diseases
B)they were aware that none of the other European nations were interested in exploring the area north of Mexico.
C)according to stories by returning conquistadors, the natives were less hostile to European intrusions.
D)they believed it was a way of finding a quicker route to Asia.

Question 51

As a result of the 16^th century conquest of the Mexica by __________________, there was a continued Spanish alliance with the Nahua, who were crucial in remaking Mexico into New Spain.

A)Pizarro
B)de Soto
C)Cortes
D)Cabot

Question 52

By the mid 16^th century enslaved Africans in the Caribbean

A)were outnumbered by Indians
B)sometimes escaped and eventually formed free black communities
C)were exclusively used for working in the gold and silver mines
D)were prohibited from slaughtering pigs and cattle

Question 53

How were Indians able to curtail temporarily the success of Spanish expeditions?

A)by using their larger supply of manpower
B)they were more familiar with the land and so could set traps for the Europeans
C)their ability to understand the Spanish language gave them an advantage in negotiations
D)by deflecting the invaders with tales of gold and silver that were always located in other areas

Question 54

What was the main point of contention over which France and Spain fought a series of wars starting in the 1520s?

A)search and seizure issues
B)religious reformation
C)control over areas of North America
D)the Africa slave trade

Question 55

The French effort to colonize North America in the 16^th century

A)met little resistance because all Europeans recognized the value of the Canadian north.
B)was encouraged by papal mandates that allowed all unknown land to go to the European nation responsible for its discovery.
C)were aided when the Indians showed the French how to combat scurvy.
D)were not successful because northeastern Indians were not affected by European diseases that plagued the Indians in the southern portion of North America.

Question 56

As a result of the religious reformation the __________ were founded to encourage converts overseas and in Europe.

A)Jesuits
B)Franciscans
C)Lutherans
D)Puritans

Question 57

On which of these issues did both Protestant and Catholic reformers agree?

A)Governments should allow individuals to choose their own religious faith without fear of prosecution.
B)The interpretation of the bible should be left to individuals.
C)It was possible to incorporate local folk beliefs into religious faith.
D)Church clergy should be better educated in Christian doctrines.

Question 58

A core belief of ______________ was that a person's salvation is predetermined by God.

A)Martin Luther
B)the Anglican Church
C)John Wesley
D)John Calvin

Question 59

One of the reasons that the wars between France and Spain on the European continent continued between 1556 and 1561 was

A)the reluctance of Spain to supply France with African slaves
B)the challenge by Huguenots to Iberian claims in the Americas.
C)the difference in the methods of conversions between the French and Spanish missionaries.
D)the Spanish claim to the areas explored by Cartier.

Question 60

Which of these is one of the reasons both Spain and France were interested in Florida>

A)It provided colonization opportunities for religious dissidents who could live there peacefully.
B)The Indians were friendly and would provide a willing workforce.
C)They believed stories promoting the availability of precious metals along the eastern coast.
D)It was a safe haven for ships due to the relative calmness of the coastline.

Question 61

Identify who, what, where, when, and/or why the following are important:
1. HohokamHohokam
2. Chaco Canyon
3. Mourning Wars
4. Caravel
5. Feitoria
6. Encomienda
7. Treaty of Tordesillas
8. Francisco Pizarro
9. Malintzin
10. Canary Islands

Question 62

One of the differences between the Hohokam and the Anasazi was

A)only the Anasazi used irrigation systems and canals.
B)the Hohokam remained an intact society but the Anasazi merged into other Indian communities
C)the Anasazi did not have an extensive trade route whereas the Hohokam traded with several other communities
D)the Hohokam built a canal system that supported a large population with food while the Anasazi concentrated on creating an extensive trade network.

Question 63

How does the Epic of Deganawidah reveal Indian attitudes about migration?

A)The epic very clearly states that outsiders are not welcome in the Iroquois Confederation.
B)The epic shows that Indians were unlikely to adopt ideas from others, thereby keeping their traditions and culture intact.
C)Deganawidah is an accepted outsider who brought ideas to the tribe, reflecting the Iroquois effort to transform enemies into kin through adoption.
D)Iroquois believed that all captives of war should be killed so that their souls would not "migrate" to another person outside the tribe.

Question 64

Why did the monarchs of Spain support expansion?

A)They wanted to pursue additional revenue to support the national economy
B)They wanted a place to transport the Muslims who were driven from the Iberian peninsula.
C)They wanted to prove to other nations that they had the wealth to support expansion.
D)They wanted to experiment with the recent technologies invented by Spanish navigators.

Question 65

One of the reasons the Portuguese were the frontrunners in western Atlantic trade expansion was

A)theirs was a wealthy nation and therefore could financially support navigators.
B)their geographical location gave them the advantage of position.
C)Portugal was a nation involved in constant wars so they were looking for peaceful trading partners.
D)their constant involvement with the Muslims showed them that long distance trade could be lucrative.

Question 66

Spanish conquistadors who ventured into North America during the 16^th century

A)were largely unsuccessful due to strong Indian resistance.
B)were mostly unknown and contributed very little to the eventual permanent settlement of North America.
C)gained Indian support in some areas by adopting Indian customs.
D)were successful in convincing the Indians to adopt all Spanish customs.

Question 67

Which of these was a factor in the Franciscan's success in their conversion attempts in New Spain?

A)Franciscans allowed the Indians to retain their temples as places of worship.
B)Franciscans encouraged the Indians to keep their written histories so they would not lose their culture.
C)Franciscans encouraged Indians to blend their beliefs with Christianity.
D)Franciscans studied the Indian languages and provided the Indians with an alphabet so they could better understand religious concepts.

Question 68

Which of the following statements best reflects the state of slavery in Europe during the late 1400s?

A)Muslims believed war captives from Northern Europe were more suited to slavery than those from Sub-Saharan Africa.
B)Christian Europeans were more reluctant to enslave people due to religious beliefs.
C)Prejudice regarding skin color developed after slaves were brought to the Americas.
D)African slaves were enslaved for life and passed this status on to their children.

Question 69

An accurate summary of the achievements of European explorers of the 16^th century would include which of the following statements?

A)They proved that the most successful means of dealing with the Indians was through peaceful negotiations.
B)They managed to keep the religious influence of the Catholic Church out of their political maneuvering.
C)They set in motion a network of trade that would eventually include several continents.
D)They ultimately provided the Indians with the necessary tools to live a more productive life.

Question 70

As a result of the success of several Indian groups in turning back European invasions in the late 16^th century, ________________ and his men were sidetracked on several of their excursions, often becoming hopelessly lost.

A)de Soto
B)de las Casas
C)Diaz
D)Verrazzano

Question 71

The protestant reformers who swept Europe in the 16^th century

A)did not address the superiority of the pope over all matters.
B)encouraged people to rely on members of the clergy to interpret the bible because the clergy were more educated on religious matters.
C)agreed that governments should enforce religious diversity.
D)believed that only personal faith could save the soul.

Question 72

What was the most powerful group of Indians in the northeast during the 16^th century?

Question 73

What was the main purpose for inter-tribal wars among the Indians?

Question 74

What were some of the reasons for Europeans sought exploration outside the Mediterranean World?

Question 75

Where did Columbus and his crew first land on their 1492 voyage to the Americas?

Question 76

What criteria did Columbus use to judge the level of civilization of the Tainos?

Question 77

During the 15^th century, Western Europeans had many reasons for supporting exploration. Name the various groups of people who supported exploration and discuss the reasons for their support.

Question 78

Although they experienced tremendous loss and suffering, the Indians were not helpless bystanders during the 16^th century process of exploration and discovery in the Americas. Explain how the various groups of Indians were able to affect the efforts of certain European explorers. In your opinion, could this story have had a "happy ending" for both the Europeans and Indians? Why or why not?

Question 79

Identify who, what, where, when, and/or why the following are important:
1. Pueblos
2. Na-Dene
3. Reconquesta
4. Huegenots
5. Columbian Exchange
6. Tainos
7. Tenochtitlan
8. Bartolome de las Casas
9. New Spain
10. Martin Luther

Question 80

Which of these was probably a factor in explaining the disappearance of the vibrant culture of the Hohokam?

A)Their area suffered from the lack of a reliable water supply.
B)They were unable to trade with adjoining communities because they had little of value to trade.
C)They overtaxed their environment.
D)Internal civil wars caused them to exterminate each other.