Deck 9: Moving Into the Adult Social World: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Gabe is a 17-year-old high school student who is nearing the end of his junior year. His parents have been asking him about what colleges he may want to attend, but he has done nothing to gather information about the various options. He knows he wants to go to college, but hasn't sent away for any brochures or done any online research. Gabe is currently experiencing which of Marcia's identity statuses?

A) identity moratorium
B) identity foreclosure
C) identity achievement
D) identity diffusion

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Every year, a local community has a "Greek Food Festival," which includes cuisines, music and dance performances, and art from Greece. This year, 16-year-old Stavros has decided that he is going to go along with some of his friends, as he has recently started taking an interest in his ethnic heritage. He is in the ________ phase of achieving an ethnic identity.

A) first
B) second
C) fourth
D) sixth

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The third phase of ethnic identity achievement involves

A) wondering about one's ethnic heritage.
B) rejecting one's heritage.
C) deciding to not explore one's ethnic roots.
D) creating a distinct ethnic self-concept.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

P.J. is in 10ᵗʰ grade, and has some incredible skill at ballet. He has been dancing since he was young, invites his friends and his girlfriend to all of his performances, and has expressed to his parents that this is what he wants to do for his future. His parents, though supportive of dance as a hobby, have told him, "If you want to dance for fun in college that is up to you, but you are going to study law or medicine so that you can support yourself." They have not really given him a choice, and P.J. has accepted their decision even though it makes him unhappy. According to Marcia, P.J. is currently experiencing

A) identity moratorium.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity diffusion.
D) identity achievement.

Question 5

In the very popular movie "Bend It Like Beckham," the main character, Jesminder, is constantly urged by her mother to learn how to make aloo gobi, which is a vegetable and potato dish that is native to their Indian background. At the start of the movie Jess is uninterested in this task, but partway through she seems to take an interest in being taught this ethnic skill. When she finally learns to make the meal, she is demonstrating the ________ phase of ethnic identity achievement.

A) fourth
B) third
C) second
D) first

Question 6

Which best describes the thought process underlying adolescent egocentrism?

A) Adolescents cannot believe that others have different perspectives than they have.
B) Adolescents do whatever their parents say.
C) Adolescents believe that everyone is ignoring them.
D) Adolescents are much more interested in their own feelings than those of others.

Question 7

"Overwhelmed" is to identity ________ as "completed" is to identity ________.

A) moratorium; foreclosure
B) diffusion; achievement
C) achievement; moratorium
D) foreclosure; diffusion

Question 8

When Tanya comes home from the 10ᵗʰ grade dance in tears, she runs right to her room and slams the door. When her mother knocks to ask her what is wrong, she yells, "I can't believe he broke up with me at a dance! I don't want to talk about it. Nobody could EVER understand how I feel right now!" Tanya's belief that her experience is unique and that nobody has ever experienced a similarly painful break-up demonstrates

A) the personal fable.
B) the illusion of invulnerability.
C) adolescent egocentrism.
D) the imaginary audience.

Question 9

Which parents are most likely to raise a teenager with high achievement status?

A) Ozzie and Harriet, who discourage experimentation in their children
B) Ward and June, who encourage conformity in their children
C) Kate and Allie, who encourage autonomy in their children
D) George and Jane, who strictly enforce unjustified rules

Question 10

What type of reasoning skills, usually developed during the formal-operational stage of Piaget's theory, are needed for an adolescent to experiment with different selves to learn more about possible identities?

A) deductive reasoning skills
B) hypothetical reasoning skills
C) intuitive reasoning skills
D) expansive reasoning skills

Question 11

Abby is 16, and Andy is 5. Both exhibit egocentrism. How is this egocentrism MOST LIKELY to differ between them?

A) Andy is going to exhibit more self-interest.
B) Abby has reached achievement in most areas.
C) Abby knows that other people have different perspectives than her own.
D) Andy is more likely to exhibit the illusion of vulnerability.

Question 12

Before Nayla was born, her parents immigrated to the United States from their home country of Saudi Arabia. She has been raised in the USA, and has never taken a large interest in her family's cultural background. Phinney (1989) would suggest that Nayla is in the ________ phase of achieving an ethnic identity.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fifth

Question 13

According to Phinney (1989), achieving an ethnic identity occurs in ____ phase(s) for young people who are members of specific ethnic groups.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 14

According to ________, adolescents face a crisis between identity and role confusion. They must balance the desire to try out different selves with the need to select a single self.

A) Erik Erikson
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Lev Vygotsky
D) Jean Piaget

Question 15

Myfanwe's parents were born and raised in Wales, but she was raised in the United States. During a college interview, she is asked to discuss the importance of her ethnic background. If she were to state, "I see myself as a combination of influences from Wales and America," it would indicate that she was in the ________ phase of ethnic identity achievement.

A) first
B) third
C) seventh
D) ninth

Question 16

According to your textbook, roughly ________ of the adolescents and young adults living in the United States are members of one of several ethnic minority groups.

A) one-third
B) one-half
C) one-quarter
D) two-thirds

Question 17

When parents set rules with little justification and enforce them without explanation, children are more likely to remain in the identity ________ status. These teens are prevented from experimenting with different selves, and simply do what they are told to do.

A) foreclosure
B) achievement
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

Question 18

Patrick wakes up one morning before high school to find that he has developed an enormous pimple right on the end of his nose. All throughout the day he is absolutely sure that everyone is staring at the blemish, when in reality almost nobody cares enough about it to even look. Patrick's certainty that he is the focus of others' attention demonstrates ________.

A) identity moratorium
B) adolescent arrogance
C) limited centration
D) the imaginary audience

Question 19

When parents encourage discussion with their kids and recognize their children's ________, the children are more likely to reach identity achievement because they have experienced the personal experimentation that leads to identity.

A) vulnerability
B) egocentrism
C) freedom
D) autonomy

Question 20

Which of the following phenomena do you think BEST explains why so many teenagers who engage in sexual intercourse choose not to use contraception?

A) the illusion of invulnerability
B) the personal fable
C) adolescent egocentrism
D) the imaginary audience

Question 21

Luanne has recently had her first sexual encounter with a classmate in her high school. She is most likely to describe her partner as

A) her soul mate.
B) a casual date.
C) someone she loves.
D) a "friend with benefits."

Question 22

Which of the following individuals is MOST LIKELY to have a host of problems in adolescence, such as drug use and lower grades, as well as less satisfying relationships in adulthood?

A) Bernardo, who has been dating the same person for three years, a relationship that began when he was 15 years old.
B) Madhavi, who has had only one or two girlfriends during his adolescent years, and in both cases was with his partner for over a year.
C) Andrea, who did not start dating until she was in college.
D) Samira, who has dated many people since she started dating.

Question 23

Which of the following statements BEST describes the position of your authors regarding the self-esteem of adolescents?

A) Self-esteem can vary across different domains within the same person.
B) Self-esteem is global; that is, if an adolescent feels good about herself in one area, she is most likely to feel good about herself in all areas.
C) Self-esteem is surprisingly unaffected by the relationships that adolescents have with their peers.
D) Self-esteem is surprisingly unaffected by the relationships that adolescents have with their parents and siblings.

Question 24

Which of the following BEST encapsulates the majority of relationships between adolescents and their parents?

A) The relationships are a constant battle for power, independence, and dominance.
B) The relationships are fraught with conflict and struggle.
C) The relationships are distant, with few areas where parents and their adolescent children see eye to eye.
D) The relationships are warm, loving, and satisfying.

Question 25

Seventeen-year-old Linda has been having several arguments with her parents in recent months, more so than just a few years ago. Over which of the following issues are these arguments MOST LIKELY to occur?

A) educational failures in high school
B) personal choices, such as clothing and hairstyle
C) Linda's plans for her future, including her college preferences
D) Linda's choices in people to date

Question 26

Of the following choices, which set of parents are MOST LIKELY to have an adolescent who has high self-esteem?

A) Ezra and Shelly, who have provided their daughter with every advantage and luxury, and have gone to great lengths to prevent her from every being disappointed.
B) Cindy and Tom, who have taken a "leave her alone" approach to parenting their daughter, allowing her to "find her own way" with minimal guidance.
C) John and Laurie, who have raised their daughter with an "iron fist" so that her achievements would be maximized and her Difficulties would be minimized.
D) Barry and Cheryl, who have raised their daughter with reasonable expectations and who discuss their rules and discipline with her.

Question 27

Which of the following is the single best predictor of adolescent sexual behavior?

A) the adolescent's popularity among his/her peers
B) the "crowd" with whom the adolescent most closely identifies
C) the adolescent's racial or ethnic background
D) there is no single factor that best predicts adolescent sexual behavior

Question 28

Thomas has recently had his first sexual encounter with a classmate in his high school. He is most likely to describe his partner as

A) his soul mate.
B) a casual date.
C) someone he loves.
D) a "friend with benefits."

Question 29

In which of the following circumstances would you expect Alphonse's self-esteem to remain stable as he transitions from elementary to middle school?

A) When he moves from one district to another, thus giving him a chance to "rebuild" his standing with his new peers.
B) When he moves into a homeroom class that is led by a teacher who is well-known for being warm and kind to students.
C) When he moves into a middle school with kids from various elementary schools, many of whom he has never met before.
D) When the transition is accompanied by most of his classmates from the same school.

Question 30

Which of the following outcomes has NOT been found to be associated with the development of a strong ethnic identity during adolescence?

A) higher self-esteem
B) enhanced likelihood of marrying someone who shares the same ethnic background
C) better academic performance in school
D) an increased likelihood of going to college after high school

Question 31

Teenagers are more likely to engage in sexual activity when parents

A) actively discourage sexual activity.
B) encourage dependence.
C) remain emotionally attached.
D) fail to monitor their activities.

Question 32

By high school, roughly ________ of US adolescents have had a romantic relationship within the previous 18 months.

A) three-quarters
B) two-thirds
C) one-half
D) one-quarter

Question 33

Which of the following is a sexually transmitted disease that is caused by a virus?

A) chlamydia
B) hepatitis B
C) gonorrhea
D) syphilis

Question 34

For adolescents, describing a first sexual partner as "someone I love" is to ________ as describing a first sexual partner as "a casual date" is to ________.

A) males; females
B) females; males
C) older adolescents; younger adolescents
D) younger adolescents; older adolescents

Question 35

In about ____ percent of families, the relationship between an adolescent and his/her parents is marked by serious conflict and behavioral problems. These issues often predate adolescence and, as children, there may have been problematic relationships with peers.

A) 15
B) 25
C) 30
D) 35

Question 36

Stephanie has recently been diagnosed with a bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD). If her doctor were to suggest that this ailment was caused by bacteria, which of the following would be the most likely affliction?

A) syphilis
B) hepatitis B
C) genital herpes
D) HIV

Question 37

According to Shulman & Kipnis (2001), intimacy, trust, and ________ become important features of romantic relationships for older adolescents.

A) popularity
B) support
C) sexual behavior
D) peer approval

Question 38

The drop in self-esteem often found when children first enter middle school appears to be due to

A) the acquisition of concrete operational thinking.
B) the illusion of invulnerability.
C) changes in ethnic identity.
D) peer comparisons.

Question 39

According to novelists and filmmakers, the search for identity is described as a struggle, a time of ________ for adolescents.

A) tabula rasa
B) peace and tranquility
C) storm and stress
D) ebb and flow

Question 40

According to published studies, approximately ________ of American adolescents will have had sexual intercourse by the time they complete high school.

A) one-quarter
B) one-half
C) two-thirds
D) three-quarters

Question 41

In a study on dating violence, investigators asked teenage boys whether they had committed violent acts on a date. This methodology is intended to determine

A) who is most likely to be a victim of dating violence.
B) the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted disease.
C) the correlation between violence and self-esteem.
D) what factors increase the risk of committing dating violence.

Question 42

Research examining the frequency with which a sample of male respondents acknowledged that they had used some form of dating violence found that ____% had used a "mild" form of violence, while ___% had used a "severe" form at some point.

A) 3; 1
B) 5; 2
C) 12; 8
D) 10; 4

Question 43

Of the following individuals which is the MOST LIKELY to become pregnant while she is a teenager?

A) Rodney, who is a European American
B) Bao, who is a Vietnamese American
C) Guadalupe, who is a Latin American
D) Neva, who is a Native American

Question 44

Among American adolescent girls who have had sexual intercourse, approximately 1 in ____ becomes pregnant. As a result, nearly half a million babies are born to American teenagers per year.

A) 6
B) 8
C) 10
D) 12

Question 45

There is rather little evidence that sexual education programs focusing on ________ are effective in reducing sexual activity or increasing contraception use among adolescents.

A) exposure to parenting Difficulties
B) abstinence
C) religious values and morals
D) the impact of sexually transmitted diseases

Question 46

Lester is 14 years old, and has started the long journey of figuring out what sort of career he will be interested in. He is using his current identity as a source of ideas about careers, thinking about things that he enjoys and is good at. According to Donald Super, Lester is in the ________ phase of career development.

A) implementation
B) exploration
C) specification
D) crystallization

Question 47

About ___% of teenage boys and girls identify themselves as homosexual.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 8
D) 12

Question 48

In the research study examining males' tendencies to behave in violent ways toward their dates noted in your chapter, the participants who completed the questionnaires were 576 males in ________.

A) eighth and ninth grades
B) tenth and eleventh grades
C) twelfth grade
D) college

Question 49

Your authors describe a progression of sexual orientation discovery for homosexual males that involves three key components. Which of the following is the correct order of those components?

A) "feeling" different, becoming interested in gender-atypical activities, being attracted to other males
B) being attracted to other males, "feeling different," becoming interested in gender-atypical activities
C) "feeling" different, being attracted to other males, becoming interested in gender-atypical activities
D) becoming interested in gender-atypical activities, being attracted to other males, "feeling different"

Question 50

Who has the LEAST effective plan for decreasing the probability of teenage pregnancy in a school population?

A) Ira, who says, "We need to convince our young people that teenage pregnancy can happen to them."
B) Denise, who says, "Teenage women should be more informed about how Difficult it is to be a teenage parent."
C) Afi, who says, "We must do a better job of informing our students about contraception."
D) Dmitri, who says, "To eliminate teenage pregnancy, we must limit access to contraceptives."

Question 51

One of the most important factors for predicting who is at greater risk of being a victim of sexual violence is

A) drug and alcohol use.
B) early pubertal development.
C) an absence of religious involvement.
D) poor academic achievement.

Question 52

The research presented in your textbook suggests that for ________, same-sex attraction to other individuals is less likely to occur during one specific developmental period; in fact, such attraction for these people may develop in mid- or late-adolescence all the way up through old age.

A) men
B) women
C) people diagnosed with gender identity disorder
D) both men and women

Question 53

Research has found that females who adhere more to traditional gender stereotypes may be at increased risk for dating violence victimization. Why is this?

A) Because media portrayals of women who are more "traditional" in style often presents these women as victims.
B) Because they are sending messages, even nonverbally, that they want to be treated in an aggressive and, in some cases, violent nature.
C) Because their view of the female gender role may include being more submissive to a male's desires.
D) Because they are typically less educated and less "worldly," and thus may not recognize violent behavior even when they are receiving it.

Question 54

Marius is a 13-year-old whose parents have encouraged him to "begin thinking" about his future. As he ponders this question, Marius thinks to himself, "You know, I'm not really very talkative and I get a little uncomfortable around people I don't know. I guess being a teacher is really something that is not for me!" Marius is currently in the midst of the ________ phase of career development.

A) crystallization
B) exploration
C) specification
D) implementation

Question 55

Which statement concerning the origins of sexual orientation is true?

A) There is a "lesbian gene."
B) Lesbian attraction to the same sex tends to occur later than gay male same-sex attraction.
C) Gay males tend to reject things they classify as "feminine."
D) Interest in the same sex tends to occur much later in males.

Question 56

Penelope has been diagnosed as suffering from a sexually transmitted disease. This disease affects approximately 20 million people in the United States, and usually has no symptoms. In some cases, however, it can cause a discharge from the penis or vagina. Penelope's doctor has advised her that it can also lead to cervical cancer. Which diagnosis has Penelope most likely received?

A) genital human papilloma virus (HPV)
B) chlamydia
C) gonorrhea
D) genital herpes

Question 57

One effective program for reducing sexual violence is called "________," which is targeted at middle school and high school students, and involves a play, interactive sessions, and a poster contest.

A) Just Say NO MORE!
B) No Means No
C) Out of the Dark
D) Safe Dates

Question 58

Unfortunately, statistics suggest that approximately one in _______ adolescents has been a recipient of some form of dating violence, including emotional, physical, or sexual violence

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 59

According to a theory proposed by ________, identity is a primary force in an adolescent's choice of career.

A) Linda Subich
B) Linda Gottfredson
C) Donald Super
D) John Holland

Question 60

According to a theory proposed by Donald Super, ________ is a primary force in an adolescent's choice of career.

A) socioeconomic status
B) ethnicity
C) identity
D) parental occupation(s)

Question 61

Which of the following acronyms presents the six different job personality types proposed by John Holland?

A) FACE
B) CAREER
C) RISCEA
D) OCEAN

Question 62

Rivalee is a high school sophomore who is working at her first part-time job to save money for some fancy clothes that her parents have refused to buy for her. "You can have it if you earn the money to pay for it yourself," they've told her. As long as she works no more than _______ hours per week, having a job while she is in school should not negatively impact her.

A) 3-5
B) 5-10
C) 8-12
D) 12-15

Question 63

Which statement concerning part-time work and teenagers is true?

A) The negative impacts of part-time employment are more severe in males.
B) Teens who save money from working have a worse relationship with their parents.
C) The number of hours worked does not appear to matter.
D) Jobs that require the use of some skill tend to enhance self-esteem.

Question 64

In the personality-type theory of career development, solving concrete problems is to ________ as thinking about abstract relations is to ________.

A) realistic; investigative
B) enterprising; conventional
C) social; artistic
D) conventional; realistic

Question 65

A politician in a position of power must have excellent leadership skills, show a high level of verbal ability, and be able to use her or his power in an appropriate manner. These are all skills that Holland would say typifies a person with a(n) ________ personality type.

A) conventional
B) realistic
C) enterprising
D) social

Question 66

Research has found that teenagers who work more than ______ hours a week have a higher rate of depression and anxiety and that their self-esteem tends to suffer.

A) 5-10
B) 10-15
C) 15-20
D) 20-25

Question 67

Despite popular headlines and media portrayals, the majority of adolescents avoid drugs, with one glaring exception-________.

A) ecstasy
B) marijuana
C) cigarettes
D) alcohol

Question 68

The main assumption of Holland's theory is that people

A) develop career goals at different rates.
B) will be happiest in work environments that match their personalities.
C) should take tests to determine which career is best for them.
D) should choose a career based on economic issues and should not be concerned about choosing a career in order to fulfill their lives.

Question 69

According to the personality-type theory of ________, people find their work fulfilling when the important features of a job or profession fit the worker's personality characteristics.

A) Linda Subich
B) Linda Gottfredson
C) John Holland
D) Donald Super

Question 70

Which of the following 15-year-olds is LEAST LIKELY to drink alcohol?

A) Tony, who is experiencing a lot of family problems
B) Jeannie, whose mother and father are uninvolved in her life
C) Larry, whose friends all drink when they get together
D) Barbara, whose parents sometimes drink small amounts with meals

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT one of the potential hazards of working part-time during adolescence?

A) school performance suffers
B) positive relationships with peers may diminish
C) mental health and behavioral problems can emerge
D) money management skills may become skewed

Question 72

During ________, individuals enter the workforce and learn firsthand about jobs.

A) specification
B) implementation
C) crystallization
D) exploration

Question 73

Jericho is doing a quick survey for his high school newspaper. He hands out a simple index card to 200 seniors in his high school and asks them to simply drop it in a box left near the gymnasium. The card has no place for a name or identifying information. It simply says "In the past year, have you been drunk even one time?" The student simply has to check "yes" or "no." If Jericho's classmates are like most U.S. seniors, about ____ of them will check "yes."

A) 25
B) 50
C) 100
D) 150

Question 74

Valerie is a college freshman who thinks she might be cut out for a career in business. She goes to the head of the business department and has a discussion about the various options a business degree would give her. She also asks what the requirements are for that degree. Then she contacts the head of the Student Business Association to find out about joining that group. According to Donald Super, Valerie is in the ________ phase of career development.

A) specification
B) exploration
C) crystallization
D) implementation

Question 75

Today, about _____ percent of high school seniors in the United States work at a part-time job.

A) 25
B) 33
C) 50
D) 75

Question 76

Jade is a 15-year-old high school freshman who tends to be very high-strung and tense. Sometimes when her parents aren't home she will sneak a shot of liquor from their bar, or sit in the basement and drink a beer from the downstairs refrigerator. She tells herself that the alcohol helps her to relax. According to your textbook, an effective way to help Jade reduce her drinking would be to

A) provide therapy that teaches better stress-coping strategies.
B) ask her physician to give her a prescription for a mild, yet legal sedative.
C) encourage her to get a part-time job where she can work 10 to 20 hours a week, so that she has something to take her mind off of her stressors.
D) suggest that she spend more time with friends and less time at home so that she can relax a little bit with peers.

Question 77

Research examining the utility of John Holland's personality-type theory of career development has found that it is useful in describing the career preferences of:

A) African, Asian, European, Native, and Latino-American adolescents.
B) African, Asian, European, and Latino-American adolescents.
C) African, European, and Latino-American adolescents.
D) African, Asian, and European American adolescents.

Question 78

Josephine is a teenager who works part-time to make money to pay for the upkeep of her car, gasoline, and car insurance. She also spends some money on movies and various activities with friends. If she is like two-thirds of American youth who hold part-time jobs, she works

A) as some sort of performer.
B) as a peer tutor.
C) in childcare.
D) in retail.

Question 79

Forming ideas about a career path is to ________ as actually entering the work force is to ________.

A) exploration; crystallization
B) implementation; specification
C) specification; exploration
D) crystallization; implementation

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT identified by your authors as being a factor that is associated with an increased likelihood of drinking among teenagers?

A) having parents who purchase liquor and keep it in the house
B) having parents who drink as an important part of their social lives
C) having parents who are relatively uninvolved in their lives
D) having parents who set unreasonable or arbitrary standards for their teens