Deck 2: Current Paradigms and Integrative Approaches

Question 1

The biological paradigm adopts the stance that mental illness is the result of a disturbance of a biological process.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Resilient children often struggle the most with mental illness.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Dizygotic twins share more genetic material than any other sibling pair, but less than monozygotic twins.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Behaviour therapy and behaviour modification are the same thing.

Question 5

Researchers in the area of molecular genetics often think that disorders are due to gene-environment interactions.

Question 6

The biological paradigm adopts the stance that mental illness is the result of physical illness.

Question 7

Bandura's most famous research is his work on self-efficacy.

Question 8

According to Beck, dysfunctional thoughts are the root of depression.

Question 9

When we are faced with new information, we try to fit into existing schema.

Question 10

Problems with reuptake explain most neurotransmitter imbalances.

Question 11

Positive reinforcement increases behaviour; negative reinforcement reduces or eliminates behaviour.

Question 12

Operant conditioning works well as a treatment for children with depression.

Question 13

Because we know so much about mental illness, doctors can easily prescribe the correct medication to treat disorders.

Question 14

Both cognitive and behavioural therapists pay attention to thoughts and feelings.

Question 15

Classical conditioning offers a good explanation for how fears develop.

Question 16

The phenotype changes over time; the genotype does not.

Question 17

Norepinephrine is implicated in both mania and anxiety.

Question 18

When you adopt a paradigm to understand the world, you are being completely objective.

Question 19

According to Ellis, people should believe that they ought to be loved by everyone.

Question 20

According to the behavioural perspective, mental illness is learned much like any other behaviour.

Question 21

When children whose parents are critical and uninvolved grow up with sufficient financial security, they are protected from mental health problems.

Question 22

Paradigms specify

A) What school you belong to
B) What problems scientists will investigate
C) What a person's diagnosis is
D) What type of therapy will cure a person with mental illness

Question 23

The diathesis-stress and biopsychosocial models are more or less the same thing.

Question 24

Psychoanalytic therapy is considered an insight therapy.

Question 25

Poor language skills create a barrier to accessing mental health care for immigrants.

Question 26

Psychodynamic therapy today is practiced in the same way as when Freud developed it.

Question 27

The biopsychosocial model suggests that various factors increase one's risk of developing a mental illness

Question 28

It's not clear whether bullying is the cause or effect of abnormal behaviours

Question 29

The three parts of the mind (i.e., id, ego, and superego) all develop at the same time.

Question 30

Many clinicians today practice from an eclectic perspective.

Question 31

A humanistic therapist doesn't focus on how psychological problems develop.

Question 32

Neurotic anxiety is adaptive.

Question 33

The term psychotherapy only applies to psychoanalytic therapy.

Question 34

Minority groups in Canada (e.g., francophones, Aboriginal people, and recent immigrants) have similar rates of mental illness as those in the majority.

Question 35

Paradigms give us a ______ through which to frame scientific inquiry.

A) Textbook
B) Methodology
C) Lens
D) Practice

Question 36

Freud's limited sample makes it difficult to say that his therapy works for everyone.

Question 37

Rogers believed that conditions of worth were important for psychological wellbeing.

Question 38

The use of some defence mechanisms can be healthy and adaptive.

Question 39

When someone has a diathesis for a disorder, it means they will eventually develop the disorder.

Question 40

According to the authors, which paradigm is currently most dominant when current views are used to explain abnormal behaviour?

A) Behavioural
B) Psychoanalytic
C) Biological
D) Integrative

Question 41

Identifying particular genes associated with mental disorders is the _________ approach to the biological paradigm.

A) behaviour genetics
B) molecular genetics
C) biogenetics
D) biochemistry

Question 42

Another name for the biological paradigm is:

A) Medical model
B) Neural paradigm
C) Biochemical paradigm
D) Psychiatric paradigm

Question 43

One's observable characteristics are called:

A) Fistula
B) Genotype
C) Genetic type
D) Phenotype

Question 44

Linkage analysis is most closely related to the __________ approach within the biological paradigm

A) behaviour genetics
B) molecular genetics
C) biogenetics
D) biochemistry

Question 45

The assumption that environmental factors are a partial cause of concordance equally in MZ and DZ pairs is called:

A) Equal environment assumption
B) Psychogenesis
C) Linkage assumption
D) Reductionism assumption

Question 46

Intelligence is best viewed as an index of:

A) Psychogenesis
B) Somatogenesis
C) Phenotype
D) Genotype

Question 47

The _______ approach to the biological paradigm explains that individual differences in behaviour are the result of differences in genetic makeup.

A) behaviour genetics
B) molecular genetics
C) biogenetics
D) biochemistry

Question 48

When one chooses a paradigm to understand abnormal behaviour, it

A) has little effect on clinical practice, research and treatment.
B) leads to an overly narrow perspective of mental disorders and their treatments.
C) is generally sufficiently narrow in focus to describe the diverse mental disorders.
D) aids conceptualizing, examining, and treating abnormal behaviour.

Question 49

Whereas the _____________ changes over time, the ______________ is fixed at birth.

A) genotype; phenotype
B) phenotype; genotype
C) zygote; dizygote
D) monozygotic type; dizygotic type

Question 50

________ of first degree relatives of index cases with schizophrenia can be diagnosed with schizophrenia, compared with ________ of the general population

A) 25%; 1%
B) 10%; 1%
C) 25%; 3%
D) 10%; 3%

Question 51

A genotype is illustrated by which of the following?

A) Panic disorder
B) Depression
C) Schizophrenia
D) None of these

Question 52

Which viewpoint is similar to the biological perspective?

A) Psychogenic
B) Moral
C) Somatogenic
D) Behavioural

Question 53

The dominant paradigm in Canada from the late 1800s until the middle of the 20ᵗʰ century was the ______________ paradigm.

A) biological
B) psychoanalytic
C) behavioural
D) cognitive

Question 54

Jane has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Which of her relatives has the highest risk for developing the disorder?

A) Her (dizygotic) twin sister
B) Her brother
C) Her daughter
D) All of the above have an equal chance of developing the disorder

Question 55

What was Hall's biological treatment for insanity among women around the turn of the 19ᵗʰ Century?

A) Removal of ovarian cysts or the ovaries themselves.
B) Assessing for and treating physical illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease.
C) Administering progesterone to correct hormonal imbalances.
D) Injecting small doses of vitamins and minerals that she felt the client was lacking.

Question 56

Behaviour genetics refers to:

A) The effect of euthanasia on unwanted behaviour problems.
B) The effect of genetic contributions to behaviour.
C) The result of operant conditioning on physiological processes.
D) The association between the nervous system and behaviour.

Question 57

In Hall's 1900 historical report on "insanity" in women from British Columbia, "Mrs. D" was reported to have delusions that her husband was trying to poison her and she frequently wandered away from home. The treatment for Mrs. D was:

A) Trephining her skull
B) An early version of psychoanalysis
C) A crude form of electroconvulsive shock treatment (ECT)
D) Removal of her ovaries

Question 58

In Hall's 1900 historical report on "insanity" in women from British Columbia, "Mrs. D" was reported to have delusions that her husband was trying to poison her and she frequently wandered away from home. Mrs. D's behaviour was attributed to:

A) Mercury poisoning
B) Evil spirits
C) Oversized ovaries
D) An overactive pituitary gland

Question 59

Michael suffers from delusions that he is a close personal friend of the Queen of England. Which explanation for his symptoms would be typical of the biological paradigm?

A) Michael has an excess of libido associated with delusions.
B) Michael had a mild concussion at some point in his development.
C) There is an apparent genetic predisposition for delusions.
D) The biological paradigm does not offer an explanation for delusions

Question 60

Relatives of individuals with mental illness are studied to determine the frequency with which the same diagnosis applies to them. The individuals here are referred to as:

A) Prototypes
B) Linkages
C) Meninges
D) Probands

Question 61

Research on genetic linkage typically assumes:

A) Genetic contributions only
B) Environmental contributions only
C) Gene-environment interaction
D) Research is unclear about the contributions to genetic linkage

Question 62

Linkage analysis is a method in molecular genetics used to?

A) Study rare disorders
B) Identify the specific genes that cause mental illness
C) Identify genetic markers related to psychopathology
D) Study the gene-environment interactions

Question 63

Neurotransmitters

A) deliver nerve impulse information across the synapse.
B) allow for the detection of brain activity, through measures such as EEG.
C) transmit genetic information from parents to offspring.
D) block the flow of information and contribute to behavioural problems.

Question 64

Recent research has demonstrated the use of linkage analysis. Zai and colleagues (2006) in Toronto found an association between obsessive-compulsive disorder and a _______ gene.

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) norepinephrine
D) GABA

Question 65

A study of genetic linkage in adolescents and young adults found that a locus on chromosome 9 is associated with enhanced risk for:

A) Depression
B) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
C) Internalizing disorders
D) Externalizing disorders

Question 66

A genetic explanation of schizophrenia would be supported by which of the following choices?

A) Higher concordance between MZ than DZ twins.
B) Similar concordance rate between MZ and DZ twins
C) Relatives of someone with schizophrenia are no more likely to have schizophrenia than anyone else.
D) MZ twins reared together are likely to share the disorder.

Question 67

The family method refers to

A) identifying the gene(s) believed to cause inherited disorders.
B) comparing the incidence of disorders in other members of a family.
C) examining twins raised apart.
D) examining phenotypes of nuclear families.

Question 68

) A nerve impulse is:

A) The gap between sending and receiving brain cells
B) A change in electric potential within the cell
C) The genotypic features of the cell
D) A group of chemical substances called neurotransmitters

Question 69

The reabsorption of a neurotransmitter after it has performed its function is called ________. It prevents further activity of the neurotransmitter.

A) synapse
B) reuptake
C) anabolism
D) neuromodulators

Question 70

Tannock and her colleagues from the Hospital For Sick Children in Toronto argue that the following is involved in the development of ADHD:

A) There are deficits in temporal processing.
B) There is a specific abnormality in the reward-related circuitry of the brain.
C) There are deficits in working memory.
D) All of the above.

Question 71

The small gap between brain cells that is involved in message transmission is called the:

A) Neurotransmitter
B) Axon
C) Ganglion
D) Synapse

Question 72

The authors of your textbook conclude that the results of a recent Canadian survey on the causes of illness, both physical and mental:

A) Are encouraging as they show that 3 out of 5 Canadians believe that genetic factors are a significant factor in the development of health and mental health problems.
B) Are discouraging as they show that 3 out of 5 Canadians believe that genetic factors are a significant factor in the development of health and mental health problems.
C) Were inconclusive as they show that 3 out of 5 Canadians believe that genetic factors are a significant factor in the development of health and mental health problems.
D) Were inconclusive as they show that 2 out of 5 Canadians believe that genetic factors are a significant factor in the development of health and mental health problems.

Question 73

The behaviour genetic view suggests which of the following relations between genes and abnormal behaviour?

A) Genetic predispositions increase the likelihood of abnormal behaviour.
B) It is possible and reasonable to manipulate an individual's genes.
C) Twins, mono or dizygotic, are more likely to exhibit abnormal behaviour.
D) Abnormal behaviour is solely the result of environmental influences on genetics

Question 74

Mental disorders can be the result of

A) an abundance of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
B) excesses of different neurotransmitters, such as dopamine.
C) deficiencies in different neurotransmitters, such as serotonin.
D) any of the above.

Question 75

Concordance for disorders should be greater for ______________ than ______________ if there is a genetic predisposition for the condition.

A) monozygotic; dizygotic pairs
B) genotypic; phenotypic pairs
C) dizygotic; monozygotic pairs
D) phenotypic; genotypic pairs

Question 76

) Molecular genetics is an approach that:

A) ompares the level of genetic overlap between individuals with the same disorder.
B) Studies the differences in behaviour that are attributable to genetic makeup.
C) Allows for the identification of the level of similarity of genes between relatives.
D) Identifies a particular gene or genes involved in the development of disorders.

Question 77

An investigator finds that the concordance rate for bipolar disorder is higher among monozygotic twins than for dizygotic twins. Which would be an incorrect conclusion on the basis of this finding?

A) Bipolar disorder is partially inherited.
B) Bipolar disorder is learned through interactions and observations of family members.
C) Genetics play no role in bipolar disorder.
D) Identical twins may not be treated in the same way as nonidentical twins.

Question 78

Which of the following is another term for an index case?

A) Genotype
B) Phenotype
C) Proband
D) Zygote

Question 79

Current theory and research on ADHD indicates that:

A) The lateral area of the prefrontal cortex is the most significant area of the brain involved in ADHD.
B) Significant reductions in volume of the cerebrum and cerebellum are potentially involved.
C) Delays of up to 7 years in the maturation of the cortex have been related to ADHD.
D) ADHD may be due to an excess of dopamine.

Question 80

Determining the influence of being raised by disordered parents, and eliminating that influence in behaviour genetics research is accomplished by the ___________ method.

A) twin
B) adoptee
C) family
D) spouse