Deck 20: Landscape Ecology

Question 1

Landscape ecology addresses

A) the effects of the size and shape of habitats.
B) interactions within homogeneous regions.
C) the biological components of the community.
D) interactions at the level of the biosphere.
E) none of the above

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The recovery of the black footed ferret

A) focused on multiple spatial scales.
B) required recovery of umbrella species.
C) includes dispersal corridors among all populations.
D) has now extended beyond the original range of the species.
E) none of the above

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of phase differences?

A) local patterns of precipitation
B) net immigration or emigration
C) unique local predators
D) heterogeneity in the disturbance pattern
E) none of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is not affected by landform?

A) soils
B) phase differences
C) the flow of water
D) the local vegetation
E) none of the above

Question 5

The assignment test

A) allows us to assign vegetation to a specific landscape.
B) allows us to identify dispersers across the landscape.
C) allows us to measure genetic drift.
D) requires DNA sequence information.
E) none of the above

Question 6

Satellites measure the patterns of vegetation

A) with the assignment test.
B) by high resolution photography.
C) by measuring which wavelengths are reflected.
D) at large spatial scales.
E) none of the above

Question 7

In landscape ecology, a cell is

A) the same as a patch.
B) a set of contiguous patches.
C) a surface area that differs from its surroundings.
D) composed of local variables can be quantified.
E) none of the above

Question 8

The proximity index

A) is the opposite of connectivity.
B) measures the isolation of patches.
C) is based on the variable S_k, the isolation of a patch.
D) includes the variable n_k, the area of patch k.
E) none of the above

Question 9

A habitat with a complex shape has

A) a large fractal dimension.
B) a small fractal dimension.
C) a fractal dimension that is an integer.
D) the same perimeter if measured with a large or a small scale.
E) none of the above

Question 10

The central data of landscape ecology is the

A) cell.
B) patch.
C) fractal dimension.
D) connectivity.
E) none of the above

Question 11

The scale of a landscape is

A) its total size.
B) measured by the grain size of a cell.
C) the spatial dimension of an ecological process.
D) determined by the fractal dimension.
E) none of the above

Question 12

The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)

A) is independent of the leaf area index.
B) includes data on absorption of rainfall.
C) measures red and near-red reflectance patterns.
D) normalizes the differences among vegetation in different patches.
E) none of the above

Question 13

Competition is detected at the landscape scale

A) by the effect of covariance on patches.
B) by a positive covariance among species.
C) by a negative covariance among species.
D) is independent of the scale employed.
E) none of the above

Question 14

Landscape studies of ponderosa pine forests in the Pacific Northwest

A) show that mature trees are most susceptible to fire.
B) are the result of recurring low intensity fires.
C) are the result of large stand-destroying fires.
D) are the result of moderate fire intensity.
E) none of the above

Question 15

The tallgrass prairies of Illinois and Iowa

A) occur where rivers form natural fire breaks.
B) occur where fires can move parallel to the rivers
C) occur where there is not enough moisture for trees.
D) are separated from the western grasslands by rivers.
E) none of the above

Question 16

In soundscape ecology,

A) biophony is the collection of sounds produced by organisms.
B) geophony drowns out biophony.
C) anthrophony represents sounds from physical factors.
D) biodiversity and biophony are unrelated.
E) none of the above

Question 17

The ecological disturbance index (EDI)

A) is a measure of biophony.
B) explains variation in tropical forest regeneration.
C) is positively correlated with measures of regeneration.
D) is expensive and time-demanding to measure.
E) none of the above

Question 18

Landscapes are characterized by patches, cover type, and cell size.

Question 19

Primary production is scale dependent.

Question 20

Disturbance increases landscape heterogeneity.

Question 21

Chance is important in the scaling of disturbance in the landscape.

Question 22

The absorption of green light is correlated with photosynthesis.

Question 23

Remote sensing can now measure the flow of nutrients in ecosystems.

Question 24

The ecological community is scale-dependent.

Question 25

Relative richness is a measure of the variation in cover types.

Question 26

Single sequence repeats (SSRs) are useful measures of genetic variation in landscapes because they are subject to natural selection.

Question 27

The shape of a landscape with fractal dimension D = 2.3 is less complex than one in which D = 3.1.

Question 28

__________ refers to the finest spatial scale of a data set; __________ refers to the total size of the study area.

Question 29

What kinds of analysis are possible with GIS systems?

Question 30

What data characterize a landscape?

Question 31

How is chance important in landscape heterogeneity?

Question 32

Describe two important spatial scales in monarch butterfly ecology.

Question 33

What types of sounds contribute to the soundscape?