Deck 13: Mutualism

Question 1

Plant pollination syndromes

A) are adaptations to innate preferences by pollinators.
B) represent floral advertisements.
C) prevent learning by pollinators.
D) deceive the pollinators.
E) none of the above

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Mutualism can evolve if

A) its benefits equal its costs.
B) it increases fitness even when rare.
C) there are no unsuccessful mutualists.
D) the average fitness of the population does not change.
E) none of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The yucca and the yucca moth exemplify

A) a pollination parasite.
B) facultative mutualism.
C) obligate mutualism.
D) deceptive pollination.
E) none of the above

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Termites and their protozoa are

A) specialized mutualists.
B) facultative mutualists.
C) generalized mutualists.
D) required to pollinate larkspurs.
E) none of the above

Question 5

Commensalism

A) is an example of symmetric mutualism.
B) is a form of asymmetric mutualism.
C) benefits both species equally.
D) is an obligate form of mutualism.
E) none of the above

Question 6

The ant-accacia mutualism is an example of

A) transportation mutualism.
B) perfectly symmetric mutualism.
C) deceptive mimicry.
D) a pollination syndrome.
E) none of the above

Question 7

Pollination

A) is a transportation mutualism.
B) is a protection mutualism.
C) requires no learning.
D) is an unstable mutualism.
E) none of the above

Question 8

Which of the following is not an example of a pollination syndrome?

A) bees/blue flowers
B) hummingbirds/red tubular flowers
C) moths/flat, orange flowers
D) bats/nocturnal, fragrant flowers
E) none of the above

Question 9

A floral advertisement

A) is based on genetic behavior of the pollinator.
B) indicates that pollination has not occurred.
C) is independent of the pollinator's sensory ability.
D) indicates the presence of a nectar or pollen reward.
E) none of the above

Question 10

Mutualism can evolve if

A) it can increase in frequency when rare.
B) the benefits to both species are equal.
C) one species' benefits outweigh the costs to the other species.
D) pw_sm + qw_um < w_nm.
E) none of the above

Question 11

The evidence suggests that some mutualisms

A) evolved in the earliest angiosperms.
B) evolved more than 400 million years ago.
C) evolved after the present-day oceans separated.
D) preceded wind pollination.
E) none of the above

Question 12

Pollinator constancy

A) benefits only the pollinator.
B) is found in generalist pollinators.
C) decreases pollination efficiency.
D) is enhanced by pollination syndromes.
E) none of the above

Question 13

Carrion crows

A) prey on cuckoos.
B) are preyed on by cuckoos.
C) parasitize cuckoos.
D) are parasitized by cuckoos.
E) none of the above

Question 14

Yuccas deter cheating by yucca moths

A) by aborting flowers with large numbers of moth eggs.
B) by closing the flowers during the day.
C) by offering greater rewards.
D) not producing a pollen reward.
E) none of the above

Question 15

Ecological disturbance

A) is required for coral/zooxanthellae mutualism.
B) favors plants with nitrogen-fixing mutualists.
C) favors cheating by mutualists.
D) moves mutualists to new geographic areas.
E) none of the above

Question 16

Pollination syndromes require learning by the pollinators.

Question 17

Plants that deceive pollinators have lower fitness.

Question 18

Pollination contains elements of transportation and nutrition mutualism

Question 19

The predation rate on carrion crows decreases when cuckoos parasitize their nests.

Question 20

Pollinator constancy requires generalist pollinators.

Question 21

Fossil evidence indicates that scorpion flies pollinated gymnosperms.

Question 22

Mutualism arises only if pw_sm - qw_um > w_nm.

Question 23

The benefits to each species in mutualism can be difficult to demonstrate.

Question 24

Optimal foraging theory applies to pollinators' behavior.

Question 25

Floral advertisements attract pollinators genetically programmed to certain floral traits.

Question 26

Bonobos and tamarind trees in the Congo are an example of a __________ mutualism. This relationship is __________.

Question 27

Ants inhabit __________ in bullthorn acacias. __________ found on the leaf tips produce lipids for the ants.

Question 28

The tanager/mistletoe interaction is an example of a __________ mutualism.

Question 29

Ectomycorrhizal fungi provide __________ to the plant and receive __________ from the plant.

Question 30

Lichens are an association between __________ and __________.

Question 31

Match the flower characteristics with the most common pollinator.
-Red tubular flowers

A)bees
B)hummingbirds
C)butterflies
D)bats

Question 32

Match the flower characteristics with the most common pollinator.
-Nocturnal fragrant flowers

A)bees
B)hummingbirds
C)butterflies
D)bats

Question 33

Match the flower characteristics with the most common pollinator.
-Violet of blue flowers

A)bees
B)hummingbirds
C)butterflies
D)bats

Question 34

Match the flower characteristics with the most common pollinator.
-Yellow or orange flowers with large landing platforms

A)bees
B)hummingbirds
C)butterflies
D)bats