Deck 2: Biological Aging, Health, and Longevity

Question 1

The Hayflick Limit refers to ______.

A) the immortality of our cells
B) normal human cell division and replication
C) the explanation for cell division
D) why we age

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good theory?

A) parsimonious
B) generalizable
C) has heuristic value
D) accounts for error

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Generalizability means that something can ______.

A) not be applied to other groups
B) be used to explain a wide range of findings
C) offer a vague explanation for a phenomenon
D) contains a universal process

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Theories of biological aging can be divided into two main groups, genetic programming theories and ______ theories.

A) variable-rate
B) variable success
C) error success
D) programming error

Question 5

What are the protective ends on chromosomes that prevent loss of genetic information?

A) master clocks
B) free radicals
C) Senescence
D) telomeres

Question 6

Which of the following is not impacted by sensory aging?

A) memory
B) audition
C) olfaction
D) vision

Question 7

A(n) ______ is considered to be an age-normative visual change.

A) increase in the pupil's resting diameter
B) thinning of the aqueous humor
C) strengthening of the ciliary muscles
D) thickening, yellowing, and increased opacity of the lens

Question 8

Which of the following relates to the eye's adjustment to focus and/or refocus?

A) presbyopia
B) glaucoma
C) absolute threshold
D) static visual acuity

Question 9

As one ages, there is a reduced ability to discriminate among ______.

A) blues and reds
B) blues and yellows
C) yellows and orange
D) blues and violets

Question 10

Three-quarters of older adults experience ______ or more chronic health conditions.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 11

The buildup of fatty plaques in the walls of the coronary arteries is known as ______.

A) cancer
B) laterosclerosis
C) angina
D) atherosclerosis

Question 12

When the brain experiences a sudden lack of blood, it is referred to as ______.

A) a stroke
B) diabetes
C) anxiety
D) a heart attack

Question 13

Who created a life expectancy calculator based on environmental characteristics, lifestyle and behavioral choices, and genetic factors?

A) Serle
B) Andersen
C) Feldman
D) Perls

Question 14

Intermittent fasting has shown all of the following benefits EXCEPT ______.

A) improved tissue repair and reduced damage from oxidative stress (free radical damage)
B) improved function due to decreased inflammation
C) decreased metabolic homeostasis via improved protein synthesis
D) healthier mitochondria

Question 15

Studies of calorie restriction in humans have suggested that it ______.

A) does not reduce life span or reduce disease
B) increases life span but does not reduce disease
C) may reduce disease but might not increase life span
D) reduces disease and increases life span

Question 16

Cumulative models suggest that exposure to specific risks at each stage of development may ______.

A) result in a cascading of effects
B) strengthen reserve capacity
C) leave social trajectories unaltered
D) improve coping with future illnesses

Question 17

Some studies have suggested that additional factors can contribute to the length of one's life, including restricting the number of hours per day or days per week in which one eats. This practice is best referred to as ______.

A) intermittent fasting
B) caloric restriction
C) dieting
D) intake restriction

Question 18

Gender-based differences in life expectancy result partly from interactions with ______.

A) education and profession
B) education and race
C) marital status and race
D) profession and marital status

Question 19

Some areas in the United States, such as rural Appalachia, have lower life expectancies. This is referred to as ______.

A) differential life span
B) discriminatory health
C) place-based health disparities
D) factor-based impact

Question 20

The maximum life expectancy of a human is ______ years.

A) 75
B) 100
C) 125
D) unknown

Question 21

Biological aging refers to the decline in functioning in mid to late adulthood.

Question 22

The free radical theory suggests that damaged is caused to DNA by the buildup of waste materials.

Question 23

Women experience more frequent and severe losses in hearing, taste, and smell.

Question 24

Individuals experience peak visual functioning around late adolescence or emerging adulthood.

Question 25

In middle-aged and older adults, the experience of glare can result in car accidents.

Question 26

Approximately 30% of individuals older than 80 have significant hearing loss.

Question 27

Decreased sense of taste is the most common sensory loss among adults.

Question 28

Evidence suggests that rate of decline in olfaction does not different by race or gender.

Question 29

Older adults have a reduced ability to regulate their body temperature.

Question 30

Car accidents are the leading cause of traumatic brain injuries among older adults.

Question 31

Explain what it means when we say that a good theory has heuristic value.

Question 32

What are three genetic programming theories of aging?

Question 33

Pick one error/variable rate theory and describe it.

Question 34

Describe two age-related changes in vision.

Question 35

Describe presbycusis and explain how it impacts individuals as they age.

Question 36

Compare and contrast the characteristics of genetic programming theories and variable rate or error theories of aging.

Question 37

Describe two common disorders that may increase with advanced age and their treatments.

Question 38

Explain two different models of how socioeconomic position factors might influence heath across the lifespan.

Question 39

Compare and contrast the neuroendocrine theory and the immunological theory of biological aging.

Question 40

What are the three primary qualities of a good theory? Explain each.