Deck 1: What Is It to Be a Professional the Professions, Leadership, and Work

Question 1

Henry Mintzberg | The Professional Organization
Mintzberg first discusses the basic structure and uniqueness of professional organizations and how they differ from machine bureaucracies and innovative organizations. He then presents various forms and models of professional organizations. Finally, he shows how the characteristics of being both democratic and autonomous can lead to favorable as well as unfavorable conditions among professionals.
-In which type of organization do the workers appear to manage their bosses?

A) the machine organization.
B) the innovative organization.
C) the professional organization.
D) the top-down organization.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Henry Mintzberg | The Professional Organization
Mintzberg first discusses the basic structure and uniqueness of professional organizations and how they differ from machine bureaucracies and innovative organizations. He then presents various forms and models of professional organizations. Finally, he shows how the characteristics of being both democratic and autonomous can lead to favorable as well as unfavorable conditions among professionals.
-Training for professionals requires years of both formal ___________ as well as the application of expertise and skills in on-the-job training.

A) technology
B) education
C) calculation
D) operation

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Henry Mintzberg | The Professional Organization
Mintzberg first discusses the basic structure and uniqueness of professional organizations and how they differ from machine bureaucracies and innovative organizations. He then presents various forms and models of professional organizations. Finally, he shows how the characteristics of being both democratic and autonomous can lead to favorable as well as unfavorable conditions among professionals.
-In which way does the professional bureaucracy differ from the machine bureaucracy?

A) Its standards originate in self-governing associations outside its own structure.
B) It generates standards through its technostructure.
C) It generates standards enforced by its line managers.
D) It emphasizes the power of office.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Henry Mintzberg | The Professional Organization
Mintzberg first discusses the basic structure and uniqueness of professional organizations and how they differ from machine bureaucracies and innovative organizations. He then presents various forms and models of professional organizations. Finally, he shows how the characteristics of being both democratic and autonomous can lead to favorable as well as unfavorable conditions among professionals.
-The fact that professional operators require little supervision suggests that the structure of a professional organization is that of a(n)

A) innovative enterprise.
B) inverse pyramid.
C) single purpose structure.
D) laissez-faire power.

Question 5

Henry Mintzberg | The Professional Organization
Mintzberg first discusses the basic structure and uniqueness of professional organizations and how they differ from machine bureaucracies and innovative organizations. He then presents various forms and models of professional organizations. Finally, he shows how the characteristics of being both democratic and autonomous can lead to favorable as well as unfavorable conditions among professionals.
-Administrators maintain power over professionals only as long as they

A) impose solutions on professionals involved in a dispute.
B) maintain top-down hierarchies of power.
C) control professionals according to the will of outside financial agencies.
D) are perceived as effectively serving the interests of the professionals.

Question 6

Henry Mintzberg | The Professional Organization
Mintzberg first discusses the basic structure and uniqueness of professional organizations and how they differ from machine bureaucracies and innovative organizations. He then presents various forms and models of professional organizations. Finally, he shows how the characteristics of being both democratic and autonomous can lead to favorable as well as unfavorable conditions among professionals.
-Which of the following models describes a professional organization built on common interest as the guiding force, in which decision-making is by consensus?

A) the garbage can model
B) the political model
C) the collegial model
D) the craft enterprise model

Question 7

Henry Mintzberg | The Professional Organization
Mintzberg first discusses the basic structure and uniqueness of professional organizations and how they differ from machine bureaucracies and innovative organizations. He then presents various forms and models of professional organizations. Finally, he shows how the characteristics of being both democratic and autonomous can lead to favorable as well as unfavorable conditions among professionals.
-Two unique characteristics of professionals that can lead to both favorable as well as unfavorable situations are

A) democracy and autonomy.
B) disinterest and respect.
C) discretion and innovation.
D) cooperation and collaboration.

Question 8

Henry Mintzberg | The Professional Organization
Mintzberg first discusses the basic structure and uniqueness of professional organizations and how they differ from machine bureaucracies and innovative organizations. He then presents various forms and models of professional organizations. Finally, he shows how the characteristics of being both democratic and autonomous can lead to favorable as well as unfavorable conditions among professionals.
-Considerable personal ___________ is required when most of the discretion is put into the hands of single professionals.

A) strength
B) indifference
C) judgment
D) loyalty

Question 9

Henry Mintzberg | The Professional Organization
Mintzberg first discusses the basic structure and uniqueness of professional organizations and how they differ from machine bureaucracies and innovative organizations. He then presents various forms and models of professional organizations. Finally, he shows how the characteristics of being both democratic and autonomous can lead to favorable as well as unfavorable conditions among professionals.
-Resistance to innovation by professionals is due to their

A) reluctance to work individually.
B) reluctance to cooperate with each other.
C) tendency to think inductively.
D) tendency to see the general in the specific.

Question 10

Henry Mintzberg | The Professional Organization
Mintzberg first discusses the basic structure and uniqueness of professional organizations and how they differ from machine bureaucracies and innovative organizations. He then presents various forms and models of professional organizations. Finally, he shows how the characteristics of being both democratic and autonomous can lead to favorable as well as unfavorable conditions among professionals.
-Change in professional organizations may be brought about best by calling on professionals' sense of

A) individual freedom.
B) hierarchy of power.
C) technocratic control.
D) public responsibility.

Question 11

Mintzberg states that we can best understand professional organizations as upside-down or inverse pyramid structures, in which the workers "manage their own bosses." Do you agree with this assessment of how these organizations function and the roles administrators play with respect to professionals, support staff, and outside agencies? Why or why not?

Question 12

According to Mintzberg, professional organizations have two unique characteristics: (i) they are democratic, and (ii) they bestow extensive autonomy on individual professionals. How can these two characteristics lead to advantageous results on the one hand and to unfortunate consequences on the other?

Question 13

Michael D. Bayles | The Professions
In this reading, Bayles discusses the characteristics of being a professional and the complex relationship between generally autonomous professionals and their supervisors. He distinguishes between consulting and scholarly professions, concluding with a discussion of how professions monopolize services in order to keep out untrained practitioners.
-Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with being a professional?

A) autonomy in individual work
B) extensive intellectual training
C) an instinctive skill
D) an ability that provides a service to society

Question 14

Michael D. Bayles | The Professions
In this reading, Bayles discusses the characteristics of being a professional and the complex relationship between generally autonomous professionals and their supervisors. He distinguishes between consulting and scholarly professions, concluding with a discussion of how professions monopolize services in order to keep out untrained practitioners.
-Professionals are trained to provide advice rather than ___________ to society.

A) guidance
B) things
C) counsel
D) instruction

Question 15

Michael D. Bayles | The Professions
In this reading, Bayles discusses the characteristics of being a professional and the complex relationship between generally autonomous professionals and their supervisors. He distinguishes between consulting and scholarly professions, concluding with a discussion of how professions monopolize services in order to keep out untrained practitioners.
-Professional associations and organizations differ from trade unions in that they

A) are devoted primarily to members' economic interests.
B) develop ethical codes to ensure fulfillment of the relevant service.
C) seek to advance all goals of the profession, including members' economic interests.
D) seek to advance safety, efficiency, and justice within the profession.

Question 16

Michael D. Bayles | The Professions
In this reading, Bayles discusses the characteristics of being a professional and the complex relationship between generally autonomous professionals and their supervisors. He distinguishes between consulting and scholarly professions, concluding with a discussion of how professions monopolize services in order to keep out untrained practitioners.
-In large bureaucratic organizations, supervisors may seek to limit the ___________ of professionals if their personal judgments are seen to exceed the bounds of acceptable practice.

A) autonomy
B) skills
C) safety
D) common interest

Question 17

Michael D. Bayles | The Professions
In this reading, Bayles discusses the characteristics of being a professional and the complex relationship between generally autonomous professionals and their supervisors. He distinguishes between consulting and scholarly professions, concluding with a discussion of how professions monopolize services in order to keep out untrained practitioners.
-An important distinction among professionals is between ___________ and consulting work.

A) technical
B) scholarly
C) confidential
D) economic

Question 18

Michael D. Bayles | The Professions
In this reading, Bayles discusses the characteristics of being a professional and the complex relationship between generally autonomous professionals and their supervisors. He distinguishes between consulting and scholarly professions, concluding with a discussion of how professions monopolize services in order to keep out untrained practitioners.
-Which type of professional has traditionally practiced on a fee-for-service basis?

A) consulting
B) scholarly
C) supervisory
D) economic

Question 19

Michael D. Bayles | The Professions
In this reading, Bayles discusses the characteristics of being a professional and the complex relationship between generally autonomous professionals and their supervisors. He distinguishes between consulting and scholarly professions, concluding with a discussion of how professions monopolize services in order to keep out untrained practitioners.
-Which of the following is NOT considered a consulting profession?

A) physicians
B) lawyers
C) dentists
D) journalists

Question 20

Michael D. Bayles | The Professions
In this reading, Bayles discusses the characteristics of being a professional and the complex relationship between generally autonomous professionals and their supervisors. He distinguishes between consulting and scholarly professions, concluding with a discussion of how professions monopolize services in order to keep out untrained practitioners.
-The services professionals provide, such as justice, equality, safety, and health, portray the ___________ of a society.

A) hierarchy
B) values
C) laws
D) perceptions

Question 21

Michael D. Bayles | The Professions
In this reading, Bayles discusses the characteristics of being a professional and the complex relationship between generally autonomous professionals and their supervisors. He distinguishes between consulting and scholarly professions, concluding with a discussion of how professions monopolize services in order to keep out untrained practitioners.
-Why do professionals tend to have a monopoly over the provision of services?

A) to prevent supervisors from overriding their discretionary judgments
B) to prevent those who are not legally prepared or licensed from practicing
C) to ensure that everyone is allowed to practice, regardless of education
D) to make it easier for clients to act without professional help

Question 22

Michael D. Bayles | The Professions
In this reading, Bayles discusses the characteristics of being a professional and the complex relationship between generally autonomous professionals and their supervisors. He distinguishes between consulting and scholarly professions, concluding with a discussion of how professions monopolize services in order to keep out untrained practitioners.
-A ___________ is a permission to perform certain acts provided specified conditions are fulfilled.

A) right
B) social good
C) monopoly
D) privilege

Question 23

According to Bayles, what specific characteristics are shared by most professionals, and how do they function similarly or differently in both consulting and scholarly professional work? Do you agree with his assessment? Why or why not?

Question 24

Bayles argues that professionals have the privilege of practicing their work as opposed to having a right to practice. Do you agree? Why or why not?

Question 25

Michael Davis | Professional Responsibility: Just Following the Rules?
Davis criticizes the view that professional responsibility goes beyond merely following the rules of one's code of ethics by necessarily involving certain character virtues. Rather, if a code of ethics is well-written, following these rules means that a professional is acting responsibly. He discusses seven different interpretations of "just following the rules": blind obedience, strict obedience, malicious obedience, negligent obedience, accidental obedience, stupid obedience, concluding with a positive discussion of interpretative obedience.
-Davis criticizes the view that

A) professional responsibility involves moral choices and is therefore more open-ended than legalism.
B) following the rules of a well-written code of ethics means that a professional is acting responsibly.
C) legalism requires the integration of certain character virtues.
D) professional responsibility and following the rules amount to the same thing.

Question 26

Michael Davis | Professional Responsibility: Just Following the Rules?
Davis criticizes the view that professional responsibility goes beyond merely following the rules of one's code of ethics by necessarily involving certain character virtues. Rather, if a code of ethics is well-written, following these rules means that a professional is acting responsibly. He discusses seven different interpretations of "just following the rules": blind obedience, strict obedience, malicious obedience, negligent obedience, accidental obedience, stupid obedience, concluding with a positive discussion of interpretative obedience.
-Most professionals are able to discern whether a particular service is within their area of

A) confidence
B) vision
C) contention
D) competence

Question 27

Michael Davis | Professional Responsibility: Just Following the Rules?
Davis criticizes the view that professional responsibility goes beyond merely following the rules of one's code of ethics by necessarily involving certain character virtues. Rather, if a code of ethics is well-written, following these rules means that a professional is acting responsibly. He discusses seven different interpretations of "just following the rules": blind obedience, strict obedience, malicious obedience, negligent obedience, accidental obedience, stupid obedience, concluding with a positive discussion of interpretative obedience.
-Which of the following defines blind obedience?

A) when we allow our own judgment to be short-circuited by someone else's
B) when there is a division of labor among those giving and those following a rule
C) doing what the rule says without concern for context or consequence
D) when there is understanding about what the rule means and how it functions as a guide to conduct

Question 28

Michael Davis | Professional Responsibility: Just Following the Rules?
Davis criticizes the view that professional responsibility goes beyond merely following the rules of one's code of ethics by necessarily involving certain character virtues. Rather, if a code of ethics is well-written, following these rules means that a professional is acting responsibly. He discusses seven different interpretations of "just following the rules": blind obedience, strict obedience, malicious obedience, negligent obedience, accidental obedience, stupid obedience, concluding with a positive discussion of interpretative obedience.
-"Working to rule" most resembles ___________ obedience.

A) accidental
B) negligent
C) malicious
D) strict

Question 29

Michael Davis | Professional Responsibility: Just Following the Rules?
Davis criticizes the view that professional responsibility goes beyond merely following the rules of one's code of ethics by necessarily involving certain character virtues. Rather, if a code of ethics is well-written, following these rules means that a professional is acting responsibly. He discusses seven different interpretations of "just following the rules": blind obedience, strict obedience, malicious obedience, negligent obedience, accidental obedience, stupid obedience, concluding with a positive discussion of interpretative obedience.
-Malicious obedience is

A) an unconscious failure to take reasonable care in interpreting the rules.
B) a conscious failure to take reasonable care in interpreting the rules.
C) understanding that rules cannot always anticipate special cases.
D) taking reasonable care in interpreting the rules.

Question 30

Michael Davis | Professional Responsibility: Just Following the Rules?
Davis criticizes the view that professional responsibility goes beyond merely following the rules of one's code of ethics by necessarily involving certain character virtues. Rather, if a code of ethics is well-written, following these rules means that a professional is acting responsibly. He discusses seven different interpretations of "just following the rules": blind obedience, strict obedience, malicious obedience, negligent obedience, accidental obedience, stupid obedience, concluding with a positive discussion of interpretative obedience.
-Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with negligent obedience?

A) when the failure to follow the rules unreasonably risks harm to others
B) when there is a failure to provide good practice
C) when there is a failure to exercise due care in following the relevant rules
D) when the failure to follow the rules is a matter of competence

Question 31

Michael Davis | Professional Responsibility: Just Following the Rules?
Davis criticizes the view that professional responsibility goes beyond merely following the rules of one's code of ethics by necessarily involving certain character virtues. Rather, if a code of ethics is well-written, following these rules means that a professional is acting responsibly. He discusses seven different interpretations of "just following the rules": blind obedience, strict obedience, malicious obedience, negligent obedience, accidental obedience, stupid obedience, concluding with a positive discussion of interpretative obedience.
-In accidental obedience,

A) there is a failure to follow the rule for the right reason.
B) due care is never achieved.
C) the rules of good practice are properly understood.
D) the motivation for following a rule is never greed or fear of punishment.

Question 32

Michael Davis | Professional Responsibility: Just Following the Rules?
Davis criticizes the view that professional responsibility goes beyond merely following the rules of one's code of ethics by necessarily involving certain character virtues. Rather, if a code of ethics is well-written, following these rules means that a professional is acting responsibly. He discusses seven different interpretations of "just following the rules": blind obedience, strict obedience, malicious obedience, negligent obedience, accidental obedience, stupid obedience, concluding with a positive discussion of interpretative obedience.
-The most common form of stupid obedience in professional ethics is

A) reading a code of ethics as if each rule were dependent of the others.
B) reading a code of ethics as if each rule were independent of the others.
C) to blame oneself rather than a state of affairs.
D) properly understanding and following the rules.

Question 33

Michael Davis | Professional Responsibility: Just Following the Rules?
Davis criticizes the view that professional responsibility goes beyond merely following the rules of one's code of ethics by necessarily involving certain character virtues. Rather, if a code of ethics is well-written, following these rules means that a professional is acting responsibly. He discusses seven different interpretations of "just following the rules": blind obedience, strict obedience, malicious obedience, negligent obedience, accidental obedience, stupid obedience, concluding with a positive discussion of interpretative obedience.
-Each type of rule-following acknowledges that rules must be interpreted in some way EXCEPT ___________ obedience.

A) blind
B) malicious
C) strict
D) accidental

Question 34

Michael Davis | Professional Responsibility: Just Following the Rules?
Davis criticizes the view that professional responsibility goes beyond merely following the rules of one's code of ethics by necessarily involving certain character virtues. Rather, if a code of ethics is well-written, following these rules means that a professional is acting responsibly. He discusses seven different interpretations of "just following the rules": blind obedience, strict obedience, malicious obedience, negligent obedience, accidental obedience, stupid obedience, concluding with a positive discussion of interpretative obedience.
-According to Davies, a comprehensive interpretation of a professional code of ethics should include all but

A) understanding the history of the profession.
B) knowledge of the organizations in which members of the profession work
C) understanding the purpose of the rules as applied to practice.
D) an interpretation of each rule independently of the others.

Question 35

How does Davis argue against critics who distinguish between the letter of a rule and the spirit of a rule? Do his general and specific answers fit with his overall argument about what it means to follow a professional code of ethics? Why or why not?

Question 36

Only one of the seven different instances Davis provides for "following the rules" lives up to his conception of what students should be taught in learning their respective professional codes of ethics. Explain how Davis arrives at this conclusion. Do you think he has argued adequately against his original criticism of the legalistic view of "merely following the rules"? Why or why not?

Question 37

Joanne B. Ciulla | What Is Good Leadership?
Ciulla discusses the importance have having both an ethical and an effective leader and why it is often difficult to find both qualities in the same individual. When one is emphasized without the other, a leader may have moral character but not be able to effect genuine change or be able to produce end results by questionable means.
-A leader who is both ethical and effective is

A) not hard to find.
B) immoral.
C) irrational.
D) often difficult to find.

Question 38

Joanne B. Ciulla | What Is Good Leadership?
Ciulla discusses the importance have having both an ethical and an effective leader and why it is often difficult to find both qualities in the same individual. When one is emphasized without the other, a leader may have moral character but not be able to effect genuine change or be able to produce end results by questionable means.
-Whereas earlier authors upheld the moral virtues of leaders over their personality traits, by the twentieth century, scholars

A) stressed intention over results.
B) focused more on the personality traits of leaders than their ethics.
C) focused more on the virtues needed for leading a good life.
D) argued that good ethics were necessary for success in business.

Question 39

Joanne B. Ciulla | What Is Good Leadership?
Ciulla discusses the importance have having both an ethical and an effective leader and why it is often difficult to find both qualities in the same individual. When one is emphasized without the other, a leader may have moral character but not be able to effect genuine change or be able to produce end results by questionable means.
-When leaders' actions do not match their values, they lose the ___________ they need to be effective with their stakeholders.

A) consistency
B) inconsistency
C) trust
D) justice

Question 40

Joanne B. Ciulla | What Is Good Leadership?
Ciulla discusses the importance have having both an ethical and an effective leader and why it is often difficult to find both qualities in the same individual. When one is emphasized without the other, a leader may have moral character but not be able to effect genuine change or be able to produce end results by questionable means.
-Unethical leaders sometimes come to think that they are ___________ the rules.

A) guided by
B) bound by
C) dedicated to
D) exceptions to

Question 41

Joanne B. Ciulla | What Is Good Leadership?
Ciulla discusses the importance have having both an ethical and an effective leader and why it is often difficult to find both qualities in the same individual. When one is emphasized without the other, a leader may have moral character but not be able to effect genuine change or be able to produce end results by questionable means.
-According to Ciulla, which of the following is a case of Robinhoodism as opposed to Machiavellianism?

A) suitable ends justified by immoral means
B) stealing for a bad cause
C) stealing for a good cause
D) appropriate means used to justify morally suspect ends

Question 42

Joanne B. Ciulla | What Is Good Leadership?
Ciulla discusses the importance have having both an ethical and an effective leader and why it is often difficult to find both qualities in the same individual. When one is emphasized without the other, a leader may have moral character but not be able to effect genuine change or be able to produce end results by questionable means.
-Who wrote, "The intentions or reasons for an act tell us something about the morality of the person, but the ends of an act tell us about the morality of the action"?

A) Rakesh Khurana
B) John Stuart Mill
C) Benjamin Franklin
D) Dale Carnegie

Question 43

Joanne B. Ciulla | What Is Good Leadership?
Ciulla discusses the importance have having both an ethical and an effective leader and why it is often difficult to find both qualities in the same individual. When one is emphasized without the other, a leader may have moral character but not be able to effect genuine change or be able to produce end results by questionable means.
-If a leader is ___________, good moral intentions can still lead to an unethical outcome.

A) incompetent
B) competent
C) overzealous
D) outraged

Question 44

Joanne B. Ciulla | What Is Good Leadership?
Ciulla discusses the importance have having both an ethical and an effective leader and why it is often difficult to find both qualities in the same individual. When one is emphasized without the other, a leader may have moral character but not be able to effect genuine change or be able to produce end results by questionable means.
-Leaders with overzealous moral convictions may be likely to do any of the following EXCEPT

A) confuse working for God with being God.
B) realize their moral obligation to consult with experts.
C) forget to get their facts straight.
D) forget to follow standard health procedures.

Question 45

Joanne B. Ciulla | What Is Good Leadership?
Ciulla discusses the importance have having both an ethical and an effective leader and why it is often difficult to find both qualities in the same individual. When one is emphasized without the other, a leader may have moral character but not be able to effect genuine change or be able to produce end results by questionable means.
-The moral margin of error is much smaller for leaders than for others because

A) they are not in the public eye.
B) the effect of their actions on others is not noticeable.
C) the effect of their actions on others is greater.
D) the effect of their actions on others is smaller.

Question 46

Joanne B. Ciulla | What Is Good Leadership?
Ciulla discusses the importance have having both an ethical and an effective leader and why it is often difficult to find both qualities in the same individual. When one is emphasized without the other, a leader may have moral character but not be able to effect genuine change or be able to produce end results by questionable means.
-Good leaders do NOT require

A) humility.
B) self-righteousness.
C) help from people who will tell them the truth.
D) the ability to admit wrong.

Question 47

According to Ciulla, it is difficult to find examples of leaders who are both ethical and effective. Do you agree with Ciulla that this is the case and that it is important for educators to not only teach their students "how to do things right" but also to "do the right thing"? Why or why not?

Question 48

Ciulla emphasizes humility as a character trait of a good leader. Do you agree with her depiction of how humility functions with respect to being an ethical and effective leader? Why or why not? Provide specific examples.

Question 49

Richard A. Wasserstrom | Lawyers as Professionals: Some Moral Issues
Wasserstrom discusses moral issues that arise when examining the lawyer-client relationship, focusing in particular on role-differentiated behavior among professionals. Providing a number of supporting reasons, he makes a case for a type of "deprofessionalizing" the legal profession that would counter the effects of the usual paternalistic and impersonal relationship between lawyers and clients.
-Wasserstrom examines all of the following ethical criticisms of lawyers, EXCEPT their

A) morally objectionable and dominant role with clients.
B) impersonal, paternalistic behavior toward clients.
C) systematically amoral dealings with the rest of mankind.
D) collegial partnership with clients.

Question 50

Richard A. Wasserstrom | Lawyers as Professionals: Some Moral Issues
Wasserstrom discusses moral issues that arise when examining the lawyer-client relationship, focusing in particular on role-differentiated behavior among professionals. Providing a number of supporting reasons, he makes a case for a type of "deprofessionalizing" the legal profession that would counter the effects of the usual paternalistic and impersonal relationship between lawyers and clients.
-The special relationship between professionals and clients, according to Wasserstrom, is generally due to ___________ behavior.

A) passive
B) role-differentiated
C) cognitive
D) impulsive

Question 51

Richard A. Wasserstrom | Lawyers as Professionals: Some Moral Issues
Wasserstrom discusses moral issues that arise when examining the lawyer-client relationship, focusing in particular on role-differentiated behavior among professionals. Providing a number of supporting reasons, he makes a case for a type of "deprofessionalizing" the legal profession that would counter the effects of the usual paternalistic and impersonal relationship between lawyers and clients.
-In comparing lawyers to parents and scientists, Wasserstrom is making the point that

A) lawyers must put their own interests above their clients'.
B) clients are not owed representation if they are guilty.
C) it is often necessary to put aside moral considerations when championing a client's self-interest.
D) there is never a reason for overstepping moral guidelines when it comes to representing a client's self-interest.

Question 52

Richard A. Wasserstrom | Lawyers as Professionals: Some Moral Issues
Wasserstrom discusses moral issues that arise when examining the lawyer-client relationship, focusing in particular on role-differentiated behavior among professionals. Providing a number of supporting reasons, he makes a case for a type of "deprofessionalizing" the legal profession that would counter the effects of the usual paternalistic and impersonal relationship between lawyers and clients.
-Compelling a rape victim to submit to a psychiatric examination before trial is an example of the court ___________ a defense procedure that a lawyer may personally find morally objectionable.

A) barring
B) proscribing
C) diverting
D) permitting

Question 53

Richard A. Wasserstrom | Lawyers as Professionals: Some Moral Issues
Wasserstrom discusses moral issues that arise when examining the lawyer-client relationship, focusing in particular on role-differentiated behavior among professionals. Providing a number of supporting reasons, he makes a case for a type of "deprofessionalizing" the legal profession that would counter the effects of the usual paternalistic and impersonal relationship between lawyers and clients.
-The adversary system only works if

A) the opposing parties enter a restorative justice program.
B) the opposing parties are represented by the same lawyer.
C) each party has a lawyer who pleads the merits of his or her case and the demerits of the opponent's.
D) each party pleads guilty.

Question 54

Richard A. Wasserstrom | Lawyers as Professionals: Some Moral Issues
Wasserstrom discusses moral issues that arise when examining the lawyer-client relationship, focusing in particular on role-differentiated behavior among professionals. Providing a number of supporting reasons, he makes a case for a type of "deprofessionalizing" the legal profession that would counter the effects of the usual paternalistic and impersonal relationship between lawyers and clients.
-The ___________ of the lawyer guarantees that every criminal defendant, guilty or innocent, deserves to be well represented.

A) approach
B) amorality
C) inclination
D) intuition

Question 55

Richard A. Wasserstrom | Lawyers as Professionals: Some Moral Issues
Wasserstrom discusses moral issues that arise when examining the lawyer-client relationship, focusing in particular on role-differentiated behavior among professionals. Providing a number of supporting reasons, he makes a case for a type of "deprofessionalizing" the legal profession that would counter the effects of the usual paternalistic and impersonal relationship between lawyers and clients.
-The relationship of inequality between lawyers and clients is intrinsic to the existence of professionalism for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A) lawyers possess expert knowledge.
B) lawyers possess technical language.
C) clients lack the objectivity required to effectively represent themselves.
D) clients are in a position to evaluate how well the professionals perform.

Question 56

Richard A. Wasserstrom | Lawyers as Professionals: Some Moral Issues
Wasserstrom discusses moral issues that arise when examining the lawyer-client relationship, focusing in particular on role-differentiated behavior among professionals. Providing a number of supporting reasons, he makes a case for a type of "deprofessionalizing" the legal profession that would counter the effects of the usual paternalistic and impersonal relationship between lawyers and clients.
-According to Wasserstrom, lawyers tend to see their clients as ___________ rather than persons.

A) objects
B) experts
C) professionals
D) adults

Question 57

Richard A. Wasserstrom | Lawyers as Professionals: Some Moral Issues
Wasserstrom discusses moral issues that arise when examining the lawyer-client relationship, focusing in particular on role-differentiated behavior among professionals. Providing a number of supporting reasons, he makes a case for a type of "deprofessionalizing" the legal profession that would counter the effects of the usual paternalistic and impersonal relationship between lawyers and clients.
-Paternalism occurs when

A) clients think they know better than their lawyers.
B) lawyers think they know better than their clients.
C) clients are patronizing toward their lawyers.
D) lawyers behave in a weak and vulnerable manner toward their clients.

Question 58

Richard A. Wasserstrom | Lawyers as Professionals: Some Moral Issues
Wasserstrom discusses moral issues that arise when examining the lawyer-client relationship, focusing in particular on role-differentiated behavior among professionals. Providing a number of supporting reasons, he makes a case for a type of "deprofessionalizing" the legal profession that would counter the effects of the usual paternalistic and impersonal relationship between lawyers and clients.
-"Deprofessionalizing the law," according to Wasserstrom, would

A) strengthen equal partnership in the lawyer-client relationship.
B) strengthen the amoral approach of lawyers toward their clients.
C) weaken the ethical codes of lawyers.
D) weaken features of the lawyer-client relationship that produce paternalistic and impersonal relationships.

Question 59

Do you agree with Wasserstrom that the unequal relationship between lawyers and clients leads to viewing clients not as adult persons but more as children or even objects? Why or why not?

Question 60

Wasserstrom believes that lawyers should be more rather than less moral in fulfilling their duties toward clients and presents a number of reasons in support of this thesis. Present his argument clearly, stating these supporting reasons, and discuss whether or not you are in agreement with the author and why.

Question 61

Samuel Gorovitz | Good Doctors
According to Gorovitz, medical schools ought to impart not just technical knowledge but also ethical values and practical experience. He offers a number of suggestions on how best to achieve this goal to ensure that future doctors are equipped not only with the best of current knowledge and skills but also with the moral sensitivity necessary to communicate well with patients in complex situations.
-Gorovitz believes that medical education fails to incorporate sufficient training in the ___________ that arise in the practice of medicine.

A) technical skills
B) textbook facts
C) ethical issues
D) specialized areas

Question 62

Samuel Gorovitz | Good Doctors
According to Gorovitz, medical schools ought to impart not just technical knowledge but also ethical values and practical experience. He offers a number of suggestions on how best to achieve this goal to ensure that future doctors are equipped not only with the best of current knowledge and skills but also with the moral sensitivity necessary to communicate well with patients in complex situations.
-Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good physician?

A) a high level of technical competence
B) appreciation for the experimental nature of clinical medicine
C) sensitivity to the diversity of interpersonal relationships
D) viewing patients not as whole persons but as ailing bodies

Question 63

Samuel Gorovitz | Good Doctors
According to Gorovitz, medical schools ought to impart not just technical knowledge but also ethical values and practical experience. He offers a number of suggestions on how best to achieve this goal to ensure that future doctors are equipped not only with the best of current knowledge and skills but also with the moral sensitivity necessary to communicate well with patients in complex situations.
-Unlike Plato, Aristotle felt that right action flows from one's ___________, not from understanding alone.

A) will
B) motivation
C) intellect
D) imagination

Question 64

Samuel Gorovitz | Good Doctors
According to Gorovitz, medical schools ought to impart not just technical knowledge but also ethical values and practical experience. He offers a number of suggestions on how best to achieve this goal to ensure that future doctors are equipped not only with the best of current knowledge and skills but also with the moral sensitivity necessary to communicate well with patients in complex situations.
-Gorovitz finds strengths and weaknesses in Aristotle's view that the best way to bring moral judgment within the sphere of education is

A) habitation.
B) habituation.
C) memorization.
D) visualization.

Question 65

Samuel Gorovitz | Good Doctors
According to Gorovitz, medical schools ought to impart not just technical knowledge but also ethical values and practical experience. He offers a number of suggestions on how best to achieve this goal to ensure that future doctors are equipped not only with the best of current knowledge and skills but also with the moral sensitivity necessary to communicate well with patients in complex situations.
-A good physician needs to strike a balance between ___________ and ___________ to successfully interact with patients.

A) habituation; novelty
B) behavior; cognition
C) detachment; sensitivity
D) intellect; intelligence

Question 66

Samuel Gorovitz | Good Doctors
According to Gorovitz, medical schools ought to impart not just technical knowledge but also ethical values and practical experience. He offers a number of suggestions on how best to achieve this goal to ensure that future doctors are equipped not only with the best of current knowledge and skills but also with the moral sensitivity necessary to communicate well with patients in complex situations.
-The film of the badly burned victim focuses on which of the following ethical issues?

A) beginning-of-life issues
B) stem cell research
C) the right to refuse treatment
D) the allocation of medical resources

Question 67

Samuel Gorovitz | Good Doctors
According to Gorovitz, medical schools ought to impart not just technical knowledge but also ethical values and practical experience. He offers a number of suggestions on how best to achieve this goal to ensure that future doctors are equipped not only with the best of current knowledge and skills but also with the moral sensitivity necessary to communicate well with patients in complex situations.
-The author discusses a number of methods for incorporating ethical and moral issues into the medical curriculum. Which is the one he favors?

A) at the beginning of the curriculum
B) intermittently, throughout the curriculum
C) at the end of the curriculum
D) during internships and on-the-job training

Question 68

Samuel Gorovitz | Good Doctors
According to Gorovitz, medical schools ought to impart not just technical knowledge but also ethical values and practical experience. He offers a number of suggestions on how best to achieve this goal to ensure that future doctors are equipped not only with the best of current knowledge and skills but also with the moral sensitivity necessary to communicate well with patients in complex situations.
-Since physicians are often asked to provide expertise in matters of public policy, they also need to have been trained in ___________ responsibility.

A) surgical
B) technical
C) historical
D) social

Question 69

Samuel Gorovitz | Good Doctors
According to Gorovitz, medical schools ought to impart not just technical knowledge but also ethical values and practical experience. He offers a number of suggestions on how best to achieve this goal to ensure that future doctors are equipped not only with the best of current knowledge and skills but also with the moral sensitivity necessary to communicate well with patients in complex situations.
-According to Gorovitz, medical school admission committees could elevate the character of future doctors by selecting students who

A) do not perform well in premed courses but demonstrate concern for the humanistic side of health care.
B) perform superbly well in premed courses in addition to demonstrating concern for the humanistic side of health care.
C) focus exclusively on the premed requirements of the sciences.
D) focus exclusively on the humanities and philosophy.

Question 70

Samuel Gorovitz | Good Doctors
According to Gorovitz, medical schools ought to impart not just technical knowledge but also ethical values and practical experience. He offers a number of suggestions on how best to achieve this goal to ensure that future doctors are equipped not only with the best of current knowledge and skills but also with the moral sensitivity necessary to communicate well with patients in complex situations.
-Since medical science changes through time, medical ethics should NOT be taught as a

A) response to changing technology.
B) response to changing law.
C) changing body of information.
D) fixed body of information.

Question 71

Gorovitz's main thesis is that medical education ought to focus more on ethical issues in the course of teaching students the technical skills and knowledge necessary for becoming physicians. What reasons and examples does he provide in support of this view, and how would you evaluate the importance of this view?

Question 72

Gorovitz mentions a number of avenues that could be pursued by which more adequate and applicable moral education could be brought into medical education, finding one more promising than the others. Do you agree with his assessment in this case? Why or why not? If so, explain what this addition to the medical curriculum would impart to students. If not, what might be a better way to accomplish this task?

Question 73

Preston Stovall | Professional Virtue, Professional Self-Awareness, and Engineering Ethics
Stovall introduces Aristotle's main arguments and definitions from the Nicomachean Ethics and discusses how professional virtue can best be seen as a subset of Aristotle's ethical virtues. He uses the example of professional engineering virtues to make his case, further emphasizing the role of professional self-awareness in developing a flourishing and successful professional career.
-According to Aristotle and many Greek thinkers of his day, the essential function that distinguishes humans from animals is

A) virtue.
B) endurance.
C) rational activity.
D) excellence.

Question 74

Preston Stovall | Professional Virtue, Professional Self-Awareness, and Engineering Ethics
Stovall introduces Aristotle's main arguments and definitions from the Nicomachean Ethics and discusses how professional virtue can best be seen as a subset of Aristotle's ethical virtues. He uses the example of professional engineering virtues to make his case, further emphasizing the role of professional self-awareness in developing a flourishing and successful professional career.
-For Aristotle, ethical virtues, as opposed to intellectual virtues,

A) are pursued as ends in themselves.
B) are pursued as means to some further end.
C) should not be considered as means to an end.
D) exemplified by theoretical wisdom and science.

Question 75

Preston Stovall | Professional Virtue, Professional Self-Awareness, and Engineering Ethics
Stovall introduces Aristotle's main arguments and definitions from the Nicomachean Ethics and discusses how professional virtue can best be seen as a subset of Aristotle's ethical virtues. He uses the example of professional engineering virtues to make his case, further emphasizing the role of professional self-awareness in developing a flourishing and successful professional career.
-Stovall states that professional ethics can be seen as a teleological, or an ___________, subset of Aristotle's ethical virtues.

A) intrinsic
B) extrinsic
C) end-directed
D) experimental

Question 76

Preston Stovall | Professional Virtue, Professional Self-Awareness, and Engineering Ethics
Stovall introduces Aristotle's main arguments and definitions from the Nicomachean Ethics and discusses how professional virtue can best be seen as a subset of Aristotle's ethical virtues. He uses the example of professional engineering virtues to make his case, further emphasizing the role of professional self-awareness in developing a flourishing and successful professional career.
-According to Stovall, professional ethics characterized as Aristotelian ethical virtues support the individual in building

A) self-interest.
B) confidence.
C) financial security.
D) a successful career.

Question 77

Preston Stovall | Professional Virtue, Professional Self-Awareness, and Engineering Ethics
Stovall introduces Aristotle's main arguments and definitions from the Nicomachean Ethics and discusses how professional virtue can best be seen as a subset of Aristotle's ethical virtues. He uses the example of professional engineering virtues to make his case, further emphasizing the role of professional self-awareness in developing a flourishing and successful professional career.
-Stovall states that the ___________ of a profession is that which uniquely specifies it as the profession it is.

A) ethics
B) status
C) function
D) education

Question 78

Preston Stovall | Professional Virtue, Professional Self-Awareness, and Engineering Ethics
Stovall introduces Aristotle's main arguments and definitions from the Nicomachean Ethics and discusses how professional virtue can best be seen as a subset of Aristotle's ethical virtues. He uses the example of professional engineering virtues to make his case, further emphasizing the role of professional self-awareness in developing a flourishing and successful professional career.
-Which of the following is NOT a hazard of professional development, according to Stovall?

A) confusing personal monetary gain with the profession's purpose in society
B) valuing personal social status over the profession's function in society
C) consciously reflecting and judging our own values and behavior
D) conflating the value of careers with the social value of our professions

Question 79

Preston Stovall | Professional Virtue, Professional Self-Awareness, and Engineering Ethics
Stovall introduces Aristotle's main arguments and definitions from the Nicomachean Ethics and discusses how professional virtue can best be seen as a subset of Aristotle's ethical virtues. He uses the example of professional engineering virtues to make his case, further emphasizing the role of professional self-awareness in developing a flourishing and successful professional career.
-Stovall states that the exercise of professional virtue requires, above all else,

A) recognition.
B) ambition.
C) self-interest.
D) self-awareness.

Question 80

Preston Stovall | Professional Virtue, Professional Self-Awareness, and Engineering Ethics
Stovall introduces Aristotle's main arguments and definitions from the Nicomachean Ethics and discusses how professional virtue can best be seen as a subset of Aristotle's ethical virtues. He uses the example of professional engineering virtues to make his case, further emphasizing the role of professional self-awareness in developing a flourishing and successful professional career.
-For Aristotle, it is the virtue of ___________ that mediates between human rationality and professional behavior.

A) practical wisdom
B) theoretical wisdom
C) intuition
D) aspiration