Deck 2: How to Be Ethical

Question 1

Walter Stace | On Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism can be understood as an extreme left-wing response to ethical absolutism, which arose naturally out of Christian theology. Stace points out that while the former denies the latter, it also uses the term standard in a different way. While absolutist distinguishes between what is right and what is only thought to be right, the relativist sees them as the same.
-Stace characterizes ethical relativism as

A) the extreme right wing of moral philosophy.
B) the extreme left wing of moral philosophy.
C) conservative.
D) old-fashioned.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Walter Stace | On Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism can be understood as an extreme left-wing response to ethical absolutism, which arose naturally out of Christian theology. Stace points out that while the former denies the latter, it also uses the term standard in a different way. While absolutist distinguishes between what is right and what is only thought to be right, the relativist sees them as the same.
-Ethical absolutism developed out of

A) Christian theology.
B) Greek mythology.
C) Jewish mysticism.
D) Arabic numerology.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Walter Stace | On Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism can be understood as an extreme left-wing response to ethical absolutism, which arose naturally out of Christian theology. Stace points out that while the former denies the latter, it also uses the term standard in a different way. While absolutist distinguishes between what is right and what is only thought to be right, the relativist sees them as the same.
-When a culture has a different sense of what is right and wrong, according to an absolutist, they most likely ___________ the one, true moral code.

A) have varying interpretations of
B) are living in ignorance of
C) understand
D) purposefully disregard

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Walter Stace | On Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism can be understood as an extreme left-wing response to ethical absolutism, which arose naturally out of Christian theology. Stace points out that while the former denies the latter, it also uses the term standard in a different way. While absolutist distinguishes between what is right and what is only thought to be right, the relativist sees them as the same.
-For an absolutist, not recognizing a universal moral truth is akin to not recognizing a ___________ truth.

A) mortal
B) legal
C) scientific
D) professional

Question 5

Walter Stace | On Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism can be understood as an extreme left-wing response to ethical absolutism, which arose naturally out of Christian theology. Stace points out that while the former denies the latter, it also uses the term standard in a different way. While absolutist distinguishes between what is right and what is only thought to be right, the relativist sees them as the same.
-Which of the following is NOT true of ethical absolutism?

A) It is applicable to all people.
B) It is applicable at all times.
C) Its laws and morals are unvarying.
D) Its laws and morals are limited by considerations of time and space.

Question 6

Walter Stace | On Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism can be understood as an extreme left-wing response to ethical absolutism, which arose naturally out of Christian theology. Stace points out that while the former denies the latter, it also uses the term standard in a different way. While absolutist distinguishes between what is right and what is only thought to be right, the relativist sees them as the same.
-Ethical relativism is a denial of

A) ethical standards.
B) ethical absolutism.
C) moral philosophy.
D) unrecognized presuppositions.

Question 7

Walter Stace | On Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism can be understood as an extreme left-wing response to ethical absolutism, which arose naturally out of Christian theology. Stace points out that while the former denies the latter, it also uses the term standard in a different way. While absolutist distinguishes between what is right and what is only thought to be right, the relativist sees them as the same.
-According to Stace, ethical relativists use the term ___________ in a different sense than that used by ethical absolutists.

A) culture
B) custom
C) standard
D) science

Question 8

Walter Stace | On Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism can be understood as an extreme left-wing response to ethical absolutism, which arose naturally out of Christian theology. Stace points out that while the former denies the latter, it also uses the term standard in a different way. While absolutist distinguishes between what is right and what is only thought to be right, the relativist sees them as the same.
-Ethical relativism arose in part as a result of

A) renewed fervor in religious dogma.
B) the decay of belief in the dogmas of orthodox religion.
C) belief in Christian monotheism.
D) reactionary tendencies of the 1960s.

Question 9

Walter Stace | On Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism can be understood as an extreme left-wing response to ethical absolutism, which arose naturally out of Christian theology. Stace points out that while the former denies the latter, it also uses the term standard in a different way. While absolutist distinguishes between what is right and what is only thought to be right, the relativist sees them as the same.
-Ethical absolutists would agree with which of the following statements?

A) What is right is not the same as what is thought to be right.
B) What is right is the same as what is thought to be right.
C) No universal moral standards exist.
D) What is right differs across different times and periods.

Question 10

Walter Stace | On Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism can be understood as an extreme left-wing response to ethical absolutism, which arose naturally out of Christian theology. Stace points out that while the former denies the latter, it also uses the term standard in a different way. While absolutist distinguishes between what is right and what is only thought to be right, the relativist sees them as the same.
-Ethical relativists would agree with which of the following statements?

A) What is right is not the same as what is thought to be right.
B) What is right is the same as what is thought to be right.
C) Universal moral standards exist across different cultures.
D) What is right does not differ across the ages.

Question 11

Stace draws a parallel between ethics and science by stating that someone who holds morals other than those of a universal moral code is simply ignorant of the absolute truths, in the same way that someone believing that the earth is flat is simply ignorant of the scientific truth that the earth is shaped like a globe. Do you agree that this comparison is justified? Why or why not?

Question 12

Do you see a contradiction between believing that the ideas of philosophers are "molded by the civilizations in which they live" and also believing that there exist universal moral truths unaffected by considerations of space and time? Why or why not?

Question 13

Aristotle | On the Good Life
In this excerpt from The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores what it means to lead a good life and how this is related to pleasure, pain, virtue, and character. He concludes that happiness, or pleasure, is the chief good, or end goal, of a well-lived life.
-Aristotle states that the person most qualified to judge a subject

A) is youthful in character.
B) is young in years.
C) has experience in that subject.
D) follows one's passions.

Question 14

Aristotle | On the Good Life
In this excerpt from The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores what it means to lead a good life and how this is related to pleasure, pain, virtue, and character. He concludes that happiness, or pleasure, is the chief good, or end goal, of a well-lived life.
-While most people would agree that the highest good achievable by action is ___________, they differ on what exactly is meant by this term.

A) politics
B) contemplation
C) happiness
D) virtue

Question 15

Aristotle | On the Good Life
In this excerpt from The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores what it means to lead a good life and how this is related to pleasure, pain, virtue, and character. He concludes that happiness, or pleasure, is the chief good, or end goal, of a well-lived life.
-The end, or goal, of a political life is

A) happiness.
B) honor.
C) wealth.
D) pleasure.

Question 16

Aristotle | On the Good Life
In this excerpt from The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores what it means to lead a good life and how this is related to pleasure, pain, virtue, and character. He concludes that happiness, or pleasure, is the chief good, or end goal, of a well-lived life.
-For Aristotle, the chief good must NOT be

A) final.
B) desirable in itself.
C) desired for the sake of something else.
D) chosen for its own sake.

Question 17

Aristotle | On the Good Life
In this excerpt from The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores what it means to lead a good life and how this is related to pleasure, pain, virtue, and character. He concludes that happiness, or pleasure, is the chief good, or end goal, of a well-lived life.
-Self-sufficiency, for Aristotle, is

A) counted as one good thing among others.
B) includes one's ancestors, descendants, and friends of friends.
C) what would make someone sufficient in isolation.
D) what makes life desirable and lacking in nothing.

Question 18

Aristotle | On the Good Life
In this excerpt from The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores what it means to lead a good life and how this is related to pleasure, pain, virtue, and character. He concludes that happiness, or pleasure, is the chief good, or end goal, of a well-lived life.
-One who delights in abstaining from pleasure, according to Aristotle, would be considered

A) brave.
B) a coward.
C) self-indulgent.
D) temperate.

Question 19

Aristotle | On the Good Life
In this excerpt from The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores what it means to lead a good life and how this is related to pleasure, pain, virtue, and character. He concludes that happiness, or pleasure, is the chief good, or end goal, of a well-lived life.
-Eudoxus saw pleasure as good because

A) all things, both rational and irrational, aim for the good.
B) pleasure is not an object of choice.
C) pleasure added to the good makes it unworthy of choice.
D) the good is not pleasure.

Question 20

Aristotle | On the Good Life
In this excerpt from The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores what it means to lead a good life and how this is related to pleasure, pain, virtue, and character. He concludes that happiness, or pleasure, is the chief good, or end goal, of a well-lived life.
-Which of the following is NOT an example Aristotle uses to describe the disgraceful pleasures?

A) something derived from base sources
B) something derived from noble sources
C) a reward of betrayal
D) something derived from disease

Question 21

Aristotle | On the Good Life
In this excerpt from The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores what it means to lead a good life and how this is related to pleasure, pain, virtue, and character. He concludes that happiness, or pleasure, is the chief good, or end goal, of a well-lived life.
-According to Aristotle, each ___________ provides pleasure by being active in relation to its object, or what is perceived.

A) sense
B) pleasure
C) virtue
D) intuition

Question 22

Aristotle | On the Good Life
In this excerpt from The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores what it means to lead a good life and how this is related to pleasure, pain, virtue, and character. He concludes that happiness, or pleasure, is the chief good, or end goal, of a well-lived life.
-Pleasure, to Aristotle, is the ___________ of activity that results when our faculties of sensibility, intelligibility, and contemplation are at their best.

A) function
B) beginning
C) end goal
D) condition

Question 23

In this reading, Aristotle builds an argument that concludes with the statement "Happiness, then, is something final and self-sufficient and is the end of action." Do you agree that happiness is an end in itself rather than gratification we look for on the way to completing a higher goal? Why or why not?

Question 24

Analyze the following statement: "For moral excellence is concerned with pleasures and pains; it is on account of the pleasure that we do bad things, and on account of the pain that we abstain from noble ones." Can you think of examples corroborating or countering Aristotle's assertion about moral excellence in these terms?

Question 25

Plato | The Ring of Gyges
In this excerpt from the dialogue The Republic, Glaucon and Socrates discuss the nature and origin of justice. Glaucon defends injustice, illustrating his argument with the legend of Gyges, to play devil's advocate and force Socrates to explain why people would voluntarily choose to be just.
-To hear Socrates defend ___________ as something praiseworthy in itself, without regard to consequences, Glaucon defends ___________.

A) reason; emotion
B) rationality; irrationality
C) justice; injustice
D) knowledge; ignorance

Question 26

Plato | The Ring of Gyges
In this excerpt from the dialogue The Republic, Glaucon and Socrates discuss the nature and origin of justice. Glaucon defends injustice, illustrating his argument with the legend of Gyges, to play devil's advocate and force Socrates to explain why people would voluntarily choose to be just.
-The traditional view of the nature and origin of justice at the time was that people came to agree on mutually acceptable

A) reasons.
B) laws.
C) realities.
D) explanations.

Question 27

Plato | The Ring of Gyges
In this excerpt from the dialogue The Republic, Glaucon and Socrates discuss the nature and origin of justice. Glaucon defends injustice, illustrating his argument with the legend of Gyges, to play devil's advocate and force Socrates to explain why people would voluntarily choose to be just.
-Glaucon wanted to argue against the view that justice is a(n) ___________ between doing injustice while not being punished and suffering injustice without the power of retaliation.

A) evil
B) extreme
C) exercise
D) mean

Question 28

Plato | The Ring of Gyges
In this excerpt from the dialogue The Republic, Glaucon and Socrates discuss the nature and origin of justice. Glaucon defends injustice, illustrating his argument with the legend of Gyges, to play devil's advocate and force Socrates to explain why people would voluntarily choose to be just.
-Glaucon tells the story of The Ring of Gyges to illustrate that people will not voluntarily desire justice if they have no fear of

A) punishment.
B) reward.
C) death.
D) reasoning.

Question 29

Plato | The Ring of Gyges
In this excerpt from the dialogue The Republic, Glaucon and Socrates discuss the nature and origin of justice. Glaucon defends injustice, illustrating his argument with the legend of Gyges, to play devil's advocate and force Socrates to explain why people would voluntarily choose to be just.
-The ring of Gyges bestowed ___________ on its bearer.

A) omnipotence
B) wisdom
C) invisibility
D) wealth

Question 30

Plato | The Ring of Gyges
In this excerpt from the dialogue The Republic, Glaucon and Socrates discuss the nature and origin of justice. Glaucon defends injustice, illustrating his argument with the legend of Gyges, to play devil's advocate and force Socrates to explain why people would voluntarily choose to be just.
-Gyges contrived to be sent to ___________, where he eventually took charge of the kingdom.

A) court
B) exile
C) Sparta
D) Troy

Question 31

Plato | The Ring of Gyges
In this excerpt from the dialogue The Republic, Glaucon and Socrates discuss the nature and origin of justice. Glaucon defends injustice, illustrating his argument with the legend of Gyges, to play devil's advocate and force Socrates to explain why people would voluntarily choose to be just.
-If both the just and the unjust had access to such a magic ring, according to Glaucon, they would

A) be indistinguishable.
B) suffer consequences.
C) be punished.
D) be distinguishable.

Question 32

Plato | The Ring of Gyges
In this excerpt from the dialogue The Republic, Glaucon and Socrates discuss the nature and origin of justice. Glaucon defends injustice, illustrating his argument with the legend of Gyges, to play devil's advocate and force Socrates to explain why people would voluntarily choose to be just.
-Glaucon's argument depends on the fact that everyone believes in their hearts that injustice is far more ___________ to the individual than justice.

A) profitable
B) despicable
C) fatal
D) tragic

Question 33

Plato | The Ring of Gyges
In this excerpt from the dialogue The Republic, Glaucon and Socrates discuss the nature and origin of justice. Glaucon defends injustice, illustrating his argument with the legend of Gyges, to play devil's advocate and force Socrates to explain why people would voluntarily choose to be just.
-According to Glaucon, his argument proves that a "master of injustice" could be perfectly unjust, thus appearing to be

A) unreasonable.
B) just.
C) reasonable.
D) wise.

Question 34

Plato | The Ring of Gyges
In this excerpt from the dialogue The Republic, Glaucon and Socrates discuss the nature and origin of justice. Glaucon defends injustice, illustrating his argument with the legend of Gyges, to play devil's advocate and force Socrates to explain why people would voluntarily choose to be just.
-A perfectly just person, according to Glaucon, could misleadingly appear to have a(n)

A) blameless personality.
B) honorable demeanor.
C) trustworthy reputation.
D) evil reputation.

Question 35

Briefly describe the myth of the ring of Gyges and how Glaucon utilizes this story in playing devil's advocate against the traditional view of the nature and origin of justice. How well do you think he has achieved his goal?

Question 36

Glaucon, in playing devil's advocate to the standard understanding of the nature of justice, ends his argument by saying that it would be difficult to distinguish between just and unjust persons if neither had any fear of consequences. Do you agree with this argument? Why or why not?

Question 37

Thomas Hobbes | Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery; Of the First and Second Natural Laws and of Contracts
Hobbes first discusses the state of war in which men live before a common power can bring them together in civil society. By virtue of the natural and fundamental laws of nature, peace and cooperation can be attained only when man is willing to renounce a right to benefit someone else. A contract is the mutual transferring of right. Only then can lawful and just civilization develop.
-According to Hobbes, men are generally ___________ in both faculties of body and mind.

A) equal
B) wise
C) strong
D) prudent

Question 38

Thomas Hobbes | Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery; Of the First and Second Natural Laws and of Contracts
Hobbes first discusses the state of war in which men live before a common power can bring them together in civil society. By virtue of the natural and fundamental laws of nature, peace and cooperation can be attained only when man is willing to renounce a right to benefit someone else. A contract is the mutual transferring of right. Only then can lawful and just civilization develop.
-When men desire the same thing, according to Hobbes, they become

A) equal.
B) friends.
C) enemies.
D) weak.

Question 39

Thomas Hobbes | Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery; Of the First and Second Natural Laws and of Contracts
Hobbes first discusses the state of war in which men live before a common power can bring them together in civil society. By virtue of the natural and fundamental laws of nature, peace and cooperation can be attained only when man is willing to renounce a right to benefit someone else. A contract is the mutual transferring of right. Only then can lawful and just civilization develop.
-Which of the following, according to Hobbes, is NOT one of the three principal causes of quarrel?

A) indifference
B) competition
C) diffidence
D) glory

Question 40

Thomas Hobbes | Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery; Of the First and Second Natural Laws and of Contracts
Hobbes first discusses the state of war in which men live before a common power can bring them together in civil society. By virtue of the natural and fundamental laws of nature, peace and cooperation can be attained only when man is willing to renounce a right to benefit someone else. A contract is the mutual transferring of right. Only then can lawful and just civilization develop.
-Hobbes stated that when men live without common power ruling over them, they are in

A) a state of innocence.
B) the condition of ignorance.
C) the condition of war.
D) a state of bliss.

Question 41

Thomas Hobbes | Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery; Of the First and Second Natural Laws and of Contracts
Hobbes first discusses the state of war in which men live before a common power can bring them together in civil society. By virtue of the natural and fundamental laws of nature, peace and cooperation can be attained only when man is willing to renounce a right to benefit someone else. A contract is the mutual transferring of right. Only then can lawful and just civilization develop.
-Justice as well as injustice cannot be found without a ruling power because they

A) incline men to peace.
B) are passions rather than part of reason.
C) relate to men in solitude, not society.
D) relate to men in society, not solitude.

Question 42

Thomas Hobbes | Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery; Of the First and Second Natural Laws and of Contracts
Hobbes first discusses the state of war in which men live before a common power can bring them together in civil society. By virtue of the natural and fundamental laws of nature, peace and cooperation can be attained only when man is willing to renounce a right to benefit someone else. A contract is the mutual transferring of right. Only then can lawful and just civilization develop.
-Hobbes distinguishes between the right to do as one decides and ___________, which may impede one's decision to act.

A) law
B) liberty
C) power
D) reason

Question 43

Thomas Hobbes | Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery; Of the First and Second Natural Laws and of Contracts
Hobbes first discusses the state of war in which men live before a common power can bring them together in civil society. By virtue of the natural and fundamental laws of nature, peace and cooperation can be attained only when man is willing to renounce a right to benefit someone else. A contract is the mutual transferring of right. Only then can lawful and just civilization develop.
-The first and fundamental law of nature, according to Hobbes, is to

A) live for oneself.
B) seek power and defend ourselves.
C) seek peace and follow it.
D) defend oneself by all means possible.

Question 44

Thomas Hobbes | Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery; Of the First and Second Natural Laws and of Contracts
Hobbes first discusses the state of war in which men live before a common power can bring them together in civil society. By virtue of the natural and fundamental laws of nature, peace and cooperation can be attained only when man is willing to renounce a right to benefit someone else. A contract is the mutual transferring of right. Only then can lawful and just civilization develop.
-The second fundamental law of nature works when we are willing to renounce a ___________ of our own to benefit someone else.

A) right
B) power
C) law
D) disposition

Question 45

Thomas Hobbes | Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery; Of the First and Second Natural Laws and of Contracts
Hobbes first discusses the state of war in which men live before a common power can bring them together in civil society. By virtue of the natural and fundamental laws of nature, peace and cooperation can be attained only when man is willing to renounce a right to benefit someone else. A contract is the mutual transferring of right. Only then can lawful and just civilization develop.
-A ___________ is the mutual and voluntary transferring of right between men.

A) condition
B) precondition
C) contract
D) precedent

Question 46

Thomas Hobbes | Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery; Of the First and Second Natural Laws and of Contracts
Hobbes first discusses the state of war in which men live before a common power can bring them together in civil society. By virtue of the natural and fundamental laws of nature, peace and cooperation can be attained only when man is willing to renounce a right to benefit someone else. A contract is the mutual transferring of right. Only then can lawful and just civilization develop.
-Moral philosophy is the ___________ of good and evil.

A) virtue
B) vice
C) religion
D) science

Question 47

In Hobbes's famous words, "the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short," he describes a time before civil society and the elements of society that cannot flourish, such as industry, building, and so on. Do you agree that these human endeavors cannot exist until a lawful society is formed? Why or why not?

Question 48

Hobbes disagrees with other moral philosophers on the origin and nature of good and evil. What does he see lacking in previous accounts, and how does he explain the source and purpose of these ethical concepts in society? Do you agree? Why or why not?

Question 49

Immanuel Kant | Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals
In this excerpt from Kant's moral philosophy, we are first introduced to the concepts of good will, duty, and moral worth, followed by a discussion leading up to the fundamental principle of the categorical imperative. The passage concludes with Kant's examples demonstrating the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties.
-According to Kant, the only good we can call good in itself is

A) good sense.
B) the inclination to be good.
C) good action.
D) good will.

Question 50

Immanuel Kant | Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals
In this excerpt from Kant's moral philosophy, we are first introduced to the concepts of good will, duty, and moral worth, followed by a discussion leading up to the fundamental principle of the categorical imperative. The passage concludes with Kant's examples demonstrating the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties.
-An action lacks moral worth, for Kant, unless it was done out of

A) beneficence.
B) duty.
C) pride.
D) self-awareness.

Question 51

Immanuel Kant | Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals
In this excerpt from Kant's moral philosophy, we are first introduced to the concepts of good will, duty, and moral worth, followed by a discussion leading up to the fundamental principle of the categorical imperative. The passage concludes with Kant's examples demonstrating the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties.
-The type of love that is ___________ follows from principles of action rather than from inclinations of the senses.

A) practical
B) pathological
C) logical
D) unreasonable

Question 52

Immanuel Kant | Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals
In this excerpt from Kant's moral philosophy, we are first introduced to the concepts of good will, duty, and moral worth, followed by a discussion leading up to the fundamental principle of the categorical imperative. The passage concludes with Kant's examples demonstrating the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties.
-An action done from duty derives its moral worth from the

A) purpose for which it is done.
B) realization of its goal.
C) will by which it is done.
D) object that is desired.

Question 53

Immanuel Kant | Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals
In this excerpt from Kant's moral philosophy, we are first introduced to the concepts of good will, duty, and moral worth, followed by a discussion leading up to the fundamental principle of the categorical imperative. The passage concludes with Kant's examples demonstrating the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties.
-Kant defined duty as the necessity of acting from

A) respect for the law.
B) inclination.
C) reason.
D) self-interest.

Question 54

Immanuel Kant | Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals
In this excerpt from Kant's moral philosophy, we are first introduced to the concepts of good will, duty, and moral worth, followed by a discussion leading up to the fundamental principle of the categorical imperative. The passage concludes with Kant's examples demonstrating the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties.
-Understanding of the law is only possible in a(n) ___________ being.

A) instinctive.
B) physical.
C) rational.
D) living.

Question 55

Immanuel Kant | Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals
In this excerpt from Kant's moral philosophy, we are first introduced to the concepts of good will, duty, and moral worth, followed by a discussion leading up to the fundamental principle of the categorical imperative. The passage concludes with Kant's examples demonstrating the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties.
-If an action is good only as a means to something else, it follows from a ___________ imperative.

A) categorical
B) hypothetical
C) scientific
D) practical

Question 56

Immanuel Kant | Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals
In this excerpt from Kant's moral philosophy, we are first introduced to the concepts of good will, duty, and moral worth, followed by a discussion leading up to the fundamental principle of the categorical imperative. The passage concludes with Kant's examples demonstrating the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties.
-Kant's ___________imperative is to act as if your action follows from a universal law.

A) categorical
B) hypothetical
C) scientific
D) practical

Question 57

Immanuel Kant | Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals
In this excerpt from Kant's moral philosophy, we are first introduced to the concepts of good will, duty, and moral worth, followed by a discussion leading up to the fundamental principle of the categorical imperative. The passage concludes with Kant's examples demonstrating the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties.
-Acting toward all persons as ends in themselves, not as means toward an end, follows from Kant's ___________ imperative.

A) categorical
B) hypothetical
C) scientific
D) practical

Question 58

Immanuel Kant | Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals
In this excerpt from Kant's moral philosophy, we are first introduced to the concepts of good will, duty, and moral worth, followed by a discussion leading up to the fundamental principle of the categorical imperative. The passage concludes with Kant's examples demonstrating the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties.
-Duties which may be meritorious, while allowing for a person's individual inclinations, are ___________ duties.

A) perfect
B) imperfect
C) practical
D) impractical

Question 59

Kant's perfect (inflexible) duties and imperfect (less rigorous) duties are best understood in terms of whether or not the categorical imperative is applicable to them. State and explain the meaning of this fundamental principle, followed by Kant's (or your own) examples of each type of duty. Do you agree with Kant's depiction of these two types of duties? Why or why not?

Question 60

Kant criticized previous accounts of morality for a particular failure that he claimed his own deontological ethics fully addressed. What did he see missing in earlier accounts, and what reasons did he provide in support of his own approach? Do you agree with this view of moral philosophy? Why or why not?

Question 61

John Stuart Mill | Utilitarianism
Mill criticizes existing ethical theories based on abstract principles that fail to apply directly to human action and its consequences. He builds on earlier conceptions of utilitarianism from Epicurus to Bentham by distinguishing between different qualities of human pleasure, which include both the intellectual and the sensual (the higher and lower pleasures).
-Mill criticizes a priori, or theoretically deducible, moral principles on the grounds that they do not apply to empirically observable ___________ of actions.

A) laws
B) axioms
C) consequences
D) duties

Question 62

John Stuart Mill | Utilitarianism
Mill criticizes existing ethical theories based on abstract principles that fail to apply directly to human action and its consequences. He builds on earlier conceptions of utilitarianism from Epicurus to Bentham by distinguishing between different qualities of human pleasure, which include both the intellectual and the sensual (the higher and lower pleasures).
-When utility is accepted as the foundation of morals, actions are right that promote happiness and wrong that produce

A) power.
B) pleasure.
C) humility.
D) pain.

Question 63

John Stuart Mill | Utilitarianism
Mill criticizes existing ethical theories based on abstract principles that fail to apply directly to human action and its consequences. He builds on earlier conceptions of utilitarianism from Epicurus to Bentham by distinguishing between different qualities of human pleasure, which include both the intellectual and the sensual (the higher and lower pleasures).
-Philosophies promoting happiness, from Epicurus to Bentham, have been criticized for degrading human nature to the level of

A) children.
B) demons.
C) swine.
D) goats.

Question 64

John Stuart Mill | Utilitarianism
Mill criticizes existing ethical theories based on abstract principles that fail to apply directly to human action and its consequences. He builds on earlier conceptions of utilitarianism from Epicurus to Bentham by distinguishing between different qualities of human pleasure, which include both the intellectual and the sensual (the higher and lower pleasures).
-Opponents of utilitarianism have not understood that human pleasures include those of the intellect as well as those of

A) instruction.
B) sensation.
C) cognition.
D) conscience.

Question 65

John Stuart Mill | Utilitarianism
Mill criticizes existing ethical theories based on abstract principles that fail to apply directly to human action and its consequences. He builds on earlier conceptions of utilitarianism from Epicurus to Bentham by distinguishing between different qualities of human pleasure, which include both the intellectual and the sensual (the higher and lower pleasures).
-According to Mill, even those who reject the principle of utility still agree with utilitarians that ___________ plays a significant role in their ethical doctrines.

A) happiness
B) duty
C) character
D) nobility

Question 66

John Stuart Mill | Utilitarianism
Mill criticizes existing ethical theories based on abstract principles that fail to apply directly to human action and its consequences. He builds on earlier conceptions of utilitarianism from Epicurus to Bentham by distinguishing between different qualities of human pleasure, which include both the intellectual and the sensual (the higher and lower pleasures).
-Selecting a pleasure accompanied by discontent over any quantity of another pleasure suggests that the preferred pleasure holds a superiority in

A) amount.
B) quality.
C) magnitude.
D) number.

Question 67

John Stuart Mill | Utilitarianism
Mill criticizes existing ethical theories based on abstract principles that fail to apply directly to human action and its consequences. He builds on earlier conceptions of utilitarianism from Epicurus to Bentham by distinguishing between different qualities of human pleasure, which include both the intellectual and the sensual (the higher and lower pleasures).
-Mill states that people may choose a pleasure injurious to their health due to

A) infirmity of character.
B) nobility of character.
C) conscience.
D) consciousness.

Question 68

John Stuart Mill | Utilitarianism
Mill criticizes existing ethical theories based on abstract principles that fail to apply directly to human action and its consequences. He builds on earlier conceptions of utilitarianism from Epicurus to Bentham by distinguishing between different qualities of human pleasure, which include both the intellectual and the sensual (the higher and lower pleasures).
-Which of the following would Mill consider a higher as opposed to a lower pleasure?

A) ignoble feelings
B) sensual indulgence
C) bodily pleasure
D) intellectual tastes

Question 69

John Stuart Mill | Utilitarianism
Mill criticizes existing ethical theories based on abstract principles that fail to apply directly to human action and its consequences. He builds on earlier conceptions of utilitarianism from Epicurus to Bentham by distinguishing between different qualities of human pleasure, which include both the intellectual and the sensual (the higher and lower pleasures).
-Who has a greater chance of experiencing complete satisfaction, according to Mill?

A) a being of higher faculties
B) a person who loves liberty and independence
C) someone whose capacity of enjoyment is low
D) someone whose capacity of enjoyment is high

Question 70

John Stuart Mill | Utilitarianism
Mill criticizes existing ethical theories based on abstract principles that fail to apply directly to human action and its consequences. He builds on earlier conceptions of utilitarianism from Epicurus to Bentham by distinguishing between different qualities of human pleasure, which include both the intellectual and the sensual (the higher and lower pleasures).
-Utilitarianism guides human conduct in promoting both the greatest happiness of an individual agent as well as the greatest happiness for

A) everyone.
B) another person.
C) related persons.
D) those who agree with that individual.

Question 71

What does Mill mean by "It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied"? Explain in your own words, providing examples from Mill's essay. Do you agree with the statement? Why or why not?

Question 72

In discussing how best to judge the worth of two pleasures Mill says, "The judgment of those who are qualified by knowledge of both, or, if they differ, that of the majority among them, must be admitted as final." Do you think he intends this to mean that "might equals right," or that the "majority rules"? Why or why not?

Question 73

John Dewey | The Construction of Good
Dewey contrasts his pragmatic approach to morals with earlier theories based on loyalty to ideals or principles. The scientific method is best applied to social and moral questions both because its claims are seen as hypotheses to be tested rather than rigid laws to be followed and because it allows for knowledge that responds to changing conditions over time.
-According to Dewey, insecurity generates the search for

A) security.
B) substance.
C) certainty.
D) uncertainty.

Question 74

John Dewey | The Construction of Good
Dewey contrasts his pragmatic approach to morals with earlier theories based on loyalty to ideals or principles. The scientific method is best applied to social and moral questions both because its claims are seen as hypotheses to be tested rather than rigid laws to be followed and because it allows for knowledge that responds to changing conditions over time.
-The ultimate authority of Christianity was undermined by

A) the arts.
B) modern science.
C) idealism.
D) the Church.

Question 75

John Dewey | The Construction of Good
Dewey contrasts his pragmatic approach to morals with earlier theories based on loyalty to ideals or principles. The scientific method is best applied to social and moral questions both because its claims are seen as hypotheses to be tested rather than rigid laws to be followed and because it allows for knowledge that responds to changing conditions over time.
-The deepest problem of modern life, according to Dewey, is restoring a balance between faith concerning ultimate reality and practical concerns about

A) religious beliefs.
B) the afterlife.
C) the here-and-now.
D) rites and cults.

Question 76

John Dewey | The Construction of Good
Dewey contrasts his pragmatic approach to morals with earlier theories based on loyalty to ideals or principles. The scientific method is best applied to social and moral questions both because its claims are seen as hypotheses to be tested rather than rigid laws to be followed and because it allows for knowledge that responds to changing conditions over time.
-Dewey criticizes the notion that enjoyments are equivalent to

A) goods.
B) values.
C) beliefs.
D) facts.

Question 77

John Dewey | The Construction of Good
Dewey contrasts his pragmatic approach to morals with earlier theories based on loyalty to ideals or principles. The scientific method is best applied to social and moral questions both because its claims are seen as hypotheses to be tested rather than rigid laws to be followed and because it allows for knowledge that responds to changing conditions over time.
-Most conflicts of importance, according to Dewey, are have been about things that are or have been ___________, not between good and evil.

A) satisfying
B) unsatisfying
C) absolute
D) probable

Question 78

John Dewey | The Construction of Good
Dewey contrasts his pragmatic approach to morals with earlier theories based on loyalty to ideals or principles. The scientific method is best applied to social and moral questions both because its claims are seen as hypotheses to be tested rather than rigid laws to be followed and because it allows for knowledge that responds to changing conditions over time.
-We cannot judge the value of an object in isolation from its ___________ with other things.

A) connections
B) differences
C) conflicts
D) similarities

Question 79

John Dewey | The Construction of Good
Dewey contrasts his pragmatic approach to morals with earlier theories based on loyalty to ideals or principles. The scientific method is best applied to social and moral questions both because its claims are seen as hypotheses to be tested rather than rigid laws to be followed and because it allows for knowledge that responds to changing conditions over time.
-Dewey criticizes the traditional dualism between the ideal and the ___________ as well as the distinction between higher and lower types of values.

A) immaterial
B) spiritual
C) immutable
D) material

Question 80

John Dewey | The Construction of Good
Dewey contrasts his pragmatic approach to morals with earlier theories based on loyalty to ideals or principles. The scientific method is best applied to social and moral questions both because its claims are seen as hypotheses to be tested rather than rigid laws to be followed and because it allows for knowledge that responds to changing conditions over time.
-One result of actively adopting experimental theory in social affairs would be challenging subjectivist

A) nihilism.
B) realism.
C) egoism.
D) relativism.