Deck 8: Conflicts of Interest and Government Regulation

Question 1

C. S. Lewis | The Inner Ring
Lewis describes the slow and subtle process of indoctrination that can take place when someone yearns to be in a position of power and prestige within a profession, one that can ultimately lead to corruption and punishment. He contrasts this with simply striving to be good at one's profession without seeking this kind of unearned influence.
-Lewis describes a ___________ within professions that appeals to those who desire to belong to "the Inner Ring."

A) fantasy world
B) visible, official hierarchy
C) secondary, unofficial hierarchy
D) prophetic vision

Answer 1

C

Question 2

C. S. Lewis | The Inner Ring
Lewis describes the slow and subtle process of indoctrination that can take place when someone yearns to be in a position of power and prestige within a profession, one that can ultimately lead to corruption and punishment. He contrasts this with simply striving to be good at one's profession without seeking this kind of unearned influence.
-The "Inner Ring" of which Lewis speaks

A) has a fixed name.
B) has no fixed name.
C) is built on snobbery.
D) consists of wealthy people.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

C. S. Lewis | The Inner Ring
Lewis describes the slow and subtle process of indoctrination that can take place when someone yearns to be in a position of power and prestige within a profession, one that can ultimately lead to corruption and punishment. He contrasts this with simply striving to be good at one's profession without seeking this kind of unearned influence.
-Those who are members of the "Inner Ring," according to Lewis, ___________ over time.

A) fluctuate
B) remain consistent
C) decrease in number
D) increase in number

Answer 3

A

Question 4

C. S. Lewis | The Inner Ring
Lewis describes the slow and subtle process of indoctrination that can take place when someone yearns to be in a position of power and prestige within a profession, one that can ultimately lead to corruption and punishment. He contrasts this with simply striving to be good at one's profession without seeking this kind of unearned influence.
-Because of the "Inner Ring," according to Lewis, people in higher and lower professional positions may not correspond to their actual levels of

A) secrecy.
B) merit.
C) seniority.
D) both b and c

Question 5

C. S. Lewis | The Inner Ring
Lewis describes the slow and subtle process of indoctrination that can take place when someone yearns to be in a position of power and prestige within a profession, one that can ultimately lead to corruption and punishment. He contrasts this with simply striving to be good at one's profession without seeking this kind of unearned influence.
-Lewis emphasizes that this desire to belong is a permanent mainspring of

A) formal hierarchies.
B) human action.
C) the natural world.
D) exclusion.

Question 6

C. S. Lewis | The Inner Ring
Lewis describes the slow and subtle process of indoctrination that can take place when someone yearns to be in a position of power and prestige within a profession, one that can ultimately lead to corruption and punishment. He contrasts this with simply striving to be good at one's profession without seeking this kind of unearned influence.
-According to Lewis, it is important to keep this desire to belong from becoming a(n)

A) chief motive of one's life.
B) deterrent to action.
C) limiting restriction.
D) obstacle to achievement.

Question 7

C. S. Lewis | The Inner Ring
Lewis describes the slow and subtle process of indoctrination that can take place when someone yearns to be in a position of power and prestige within a profession, one that can ultimately lead to corruption and punishment. He contrasts this with simply striving to be good at one's profession without seeking this kind of unearned influence.
-Lewis finds it better to avoid this temptation because

A) you can be drawn in little by little toward bad behavior.
B) the mark of perverse desire is to want what cannot be had.
C) it will lead to respect for the profession.
D) both a and b

Question 8

C. S. Lewis | The Inner Ring
Lewis describes the slow and subtle process of indoctrination that can take place when someone yearns to be in a position of power and prestige within a profession, one that can ultimately lead to corruption and punishment. He contrasts this with simply striving to be good at one's profession without seeking this kind of unearned influence.
-The essence of a genuine "Inner Ring," according to Lewis, is

A) sound craftsmanship.
B) exclusion
C) accident.
D) advertisement.

Question 9

C. S. Lewis | The Inner Ring
Lewis describes the slow and subtle process of indoctrination that can take place when someone yearns to be in a position of power and prestige within a profession, one that can ultimately lead to corruption and punishment. He contrasts this with simply striving to be good at one's profession without seeking this kind of unearned influence.
-As soon as you gain access to an "Inner Ring," according to Lewis, you seek to

A) remain in it forever.
B) retreat to an earlier position.
C) advance to yet another "Inner Ring."
D) expose the "Inner Ring" to those outside it.

Question 10

C. S. Lewis | The Inner Ring
Lewis describes the slow and subtle process of indoctrination that can take place when someone yearns to be in a position of power and prestige within a profession, one that can ultimately lead to corruption and punishment. He contrasts this with simply striving to be good at one's profession without seeking this kind of unearned influence.
-According to Lewis, the best goal for professionals is to

A) make the work itself your end.
B) endure periodic scandals and crises.
C) become one of the "people in the know."
D) maintain your image with false advertisement.

Question 11

Lewis gives us two reasons for not giving in to this potentially toxic desire to belong to an "Inner Ring." Briefly describe these two reasons. Do you agree with Lewis that one should resist temptation to belong to such a group and that it invariably leads to corruption and scandal? Why or why not?

Question 12

Provide an example from current events or from your own experience that parallels the two professional hierarchies described here by Lewis. How is power and control exerted by these two systems? Do you feel that one is dangerous and the other conducive to building maintaining a peaceful and just society? Explain your answer.

Question 13

Adam Bellow | Nepotism in American Business
Bellow discusses what he calls "postmodern" nepotism, comparing it to the commonly understood meaning of (now) old "nepotism." Whereas the Old Nepotism described parents hiring their own children or relatives, the New Nepotism refers to the practice of children using the parents' connections opportunistically to further their own careers.
-Postmodern nepotism, according to Bellow, looks like opportunism on the part of the

A) mothers and fathers.
B) sons and daughters.
C) aristocrats.
D) working class laborers.

Question 14

Adam Bellow | Nepotism in American Business
Bellow discusses what he calls "postmodern" nepotism, comparing it to the commonly understood meaning of (now) old "nepotism." Whereas the Old Nepotism described parents hiring their own children or relatives, the New Nepotism refers to the practice of children using the parents' connections opportunistically to further their own careers.
-The term nepotismo originally described the corrupt practice of appointing papal "nephews" to office, usually

A) sisters.
B) brothers.
C) illegitimate daughters.
D) illegitimate sons.

Question 15

Adam Bellow | Nepotism in American Business
Bellow discusses what he calls "postmodern" nepotism, comparing it to the commonly understood meaning of (now) old "nepotism." Whereas the Old Nepotism described parents hiring their own children or relatives, the New Nepotism refers to the practice of children using the parents' connections opportunistically to further their own careers.
-Most people today define nepotism narrowly to mean not just hiring a relative, but hiring one who

A) is highly competent.
B) is grossly incompetent.
C) has relevant experience.
D) is older than oneself.

Question 16

Adam Bellow | Nepotism in American Business
Bellow discusses what he calls "postmodern" nepotism, comparing it to the commonly understood meaning of (now) old "nepotism." Whereas the Old Nepotism described parents hiring their own children or relatives, the New Nepotism refers to the practice of children using the parents' connections opportunistically to further their own careers.
-Old Nepotism violates our basic sense of

A) belonging.
B) understanding.
C) fairness.
D) taste.

Question 17

Adam Bellow | Nepotism in American Business
Bellow discusses what he calls "postmodern" nepotism, comparing it to the commonly understood meaning of (now) old "nepotism." Whereas the Old Nepotism described parents hiring their own children or relatives, the New Nepotism refers to the practice of children using the parents' connections opportunistically to further their own careers.
-___________ view nepotism as an obstacle to healthy change in business that promotes waste and inefficiency.

A) Business owners
B) Politicians
C) Economists
D) Patrons

Question 18

Adam Bellow | Nepotism in American Business
Bellow discusses what he calls "postmodern" nepotism, comparing it to the commonly understood meaning of (now) old "nepotism." Whereas the Old Nepotism described parents hiring their own children or relatives, the New Nepotism refers to the practice of children using the parents' connections opportunistically to further their own careers.
-According to Bellow, systematic nepotism has been practiced as widely by the ___________ as the rich and aristocratic classes.

A) poor and working classes
B) middle classes
C) bourgeoisie
D) oligarchy

Question 19

Adam Bellow | Nepotism in American Business
Bellow discusses what he calls "postmodern" nepotism, comparing it to the commonly understood meaning of (now) old "nepotism." Whereas the Old Nepotism described parents hiring their own children or relatives, the New Nepotism refers to the practice of children using the parents' connections opportunistically to further their own careers.
-Political nepotism has appeared as

A) hereditary family rule under a monarchy.
B) the domination of a landed or commercial oligarchy.
C) a species of corruption linked to patronage.
D) all of the above

Question 20

Adam Bellow | Nepotism in American Business
Bellow discusses what he calls "postmodern" nepotism, comparing it to the commonly understood meaning of (now) old "nepotism." Whereas the Old Nepotism described parents hiring their own children or relatives, the New Nepotism refers to the practice of children using the parents' connections opportunistically to further their own careers.
-New Nepotism, according to Bellow, is essentially a(n) ___________ phenomenon.

A) working class
B) middle-class
C) aristocratic class
D) ruling class

Question 21

Adam Bellow | Nepotism in American Business
Bellow discusses what he calls "postmodern" nepotism, comparing it to the commonly understood meaning of (now) old "nepotism." Whereas the Old Nepotism described parents hiring their own children or relatives, the New Nepotism refers to the practice of children using the parents' connections opportunistically to further their own careers.
-Debates about nepotism highlight the tension between

A) competence and incompetence.
B) poverty and wealth.
C) birth and merit.
D) sons and daughters.

Question 22

Adam Bellow | Nepotism in American Business
Bellow discusses what he calls "postmodern" nepotism, comparing it to the commonly understood meaning of (now) old "nepotism." Whereas the Old Nepotism described parents hiring their own children or relatives, the New Nepotism refers to the practice of children using the parents' connections opportunistically to further their own careers.
-According to Bellow, New Nepotism reflects

A) a more competitive social environment.
B) a more level playing field.
C) more difficulty in masking incompetence.
D) all of the above

Question 23

Describe the differences between what Bellow terms Old and New Nepotism and how each developed within their contemporary cultural frameworks. Do you think Bellow is arguing in favor of New Nepotism? Why or why not?

Question 24

Bellows writes that nepotism as a "violent form of particularism" has led, in some countries, to ethnic nationalism and genocidal violence. Do you agree that nepotism understood on a global scale explains the tragic wars and slaughter that can result from a preference for one's own cultural, linguistic, or religious group? Why or why not? Explain your answer.

Question 25

Stephen Coleman | Conflict of Interest and Police: An Unavoidable Problem
Coleman states that conflicts of interest arise when we must exercise judgment on behalf of another individual. Any sense of loyalty that influences our judgment can compromise our ability to be fair. Coleman discusses what kinds of conflicts of interest arise for police officers and what kinds of problems they lead to, and he offers methods for dealing with them. He concludes that what is unique to police is that they often face unavoidable conflicts of interest while still being duty-bound to curtail the rights of others.
-According to Coleman, conflicts of interest arise only when a person is required to

A) exercise judgment on behalf of oneself.
B) exercise judgment on behalf of another.
C) choose between two different interests.
D) select from more than one choice.

Question 26

Stephen Coleman | Conflict of Interest and Police: An Unavoidable Problem
Coleman states that conflicts of interest arise when we must exercise judgment on behalf of another individual. Any sense of loyalty that influences our judgment can compromise our ability to be fair. Coleman discusses what kinds of conflicts of interest arise for police officers and what kinds of problems they lead to, and he offers methods for dealing with them. He concludes that what is unique to police is that they often face unavoidable conflicts of interest while still being duty-bound to curtail the rights of others.
-A genuine conflict of interest involves a(n) ___________ tending to make a person's judgment less reliable than normal.

A) influence
B) loyalty
C) emotion
D) all of the above

Question 27

Stephen Coleman | Conflict of Interest and Police: An Unavoidable Problem
Coleman states that conflicts of interest arise when we must exercise judgment on behalf of another individual. Any sense of loyalty that influences our judgment can compromise our ability to be fair. Coleman discusses what kinds of conflicts of interest arise for police officers and what kinds of problems they lead to, and he offers methods for dealing with them. He concludes that what is unique to police is that they often face unavoidable conflicts of interest while still being duty-bound to curtail the rights of others.
-A police officer whose judgment is clouded by a conflict of interest may be susceptible to

A) inappropriate conduct.
B) illegal conduct.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 28

Stephen Coleman | Conflict of Interest and Police: An Unavoidable Problem
Coleman states that conflicts of interest arise when we must exercise judgment on behalf of another individual. Any sense of loyalty that influences our judgment can compromise our ability to be fair. Coleman discusses what kinds of conflicts of interest arise for police officers and what kinds of problems they lead to, and he offers methods for dealing with them. He concludes that what is unique to police is that they often face unavoidable conflicts of interest while still being duty-bound to curtail the rights of others.
-Even when an officer acts completely ___________, conflicts of interest tend to create the appearance of bias.

A) subjectively
B) impartially
C) inconsiderately
D) thoughtlessly

Question 29

Stephen Coleman | Conflict of Interest and Police: An Unavoidable Problem
Coleman states that conflicts of interest arise when we must exercise judgment on behalf of another individual. Any sense of loyalty that influences our judgment can compromise our ability to be fair. Coleman discusses what kinds of conflicts of interest arise for police officers and what kinds of problems they lead to, and he offers methods for dealing with them. He concludes that what is unique to police is that they often face unavoidable conflicts of interest while still being duty-bound to curtail the rights of others.
-The appearance of bias is a significant problem only for those in positions of

A) private office.
B) power.
C) public trust.
D) preeminence.

Question 30

Stephen Coleman | Conflict of Interest and Police: An Unavoidable Problem
Coleman states that conflicts of interest arise when we must exercise judgment on behalf of another individual. Any sense of loyalty that influences our judgment can compromise our ability to be fair. Coleman discusses what kinds of conflicts of interest arise for police officers and what kinds of problems they lead to, and he offers methods for dealing with them. He concludes that what is unique to police is that they often face unavoidable conflicts of interest while still being duty-bound to curtail the rights of others.
-Coleman suggests the following method of dealing with a conflict of interest.

A) declare the conflict of interest
B) remove the conflict of interest
C) avoid the conflict of interest
D) all of the above

Question 31

Stephen Coleman | Conflict of Interest and Police: An Unavoidable Problem
Coleman states that conflicts of interest arise when we must exercise judgment on behalf of another individual. Any sense of loyalty that influences our judgment can compromise our ability to be fair. Coleman discusses what kinds of conflicts of interest arise for police officers and what kinds of problems they lead to, and he offers methods for dealing with them. He concludes that what is unique to police is that they often face unavoidable conflicts of interest while still being duty-bound to curtail the rights of others.
-While judges can avoid potential conflicts of interest ahead of time, police are generally ___________ incidents with potential conflicts of interest.

A) in control of
B) not in control over
C) restrained from
D) restricted to

Question 32

Stephen Coleman | Conflict of Interest and Police: An Unavoidable Problem
Coleman states that conflicts of interest arise when we must exercise judgment on behalf of another individual. Any sense of loyalty that influences our judgment can compromise our ability to be fair. Coleman discusses what kinds of conflicts of interest arise for police officers and what kinds of problems they lead to, and he offers methods for dealing with them. He concludes that what is unique to police is that they often face unavoidable conflicts of interest while still being duty-bound to curtail the rights of others.
-Coleman states that the only other professionals who are likely to be faced with a duty to cause physical harm to other people are

A) members of the military.
B) judges.
C) prison officers.
D) both a and c

Question 33

Stephen Coleman | Conflict of Interest and Police: An Unavoidable Problem
Coleman states that conflicts of interest arise when we must exercise judgment on behalf of another individual. Any sense of loyalty that influences our judgment can compromise our ability to be fair. Coleman discusses what kinds of conflicts of interest arise for police officers and what kinds of problems they lead to, and he offers methods for dealing with them. He concludes that what is unique to police is that they often face unavoidable conflicts of interest while still being duty-bound to curtail the rights of others.
-According to Coleman, no professionals other than police, whose duty includes the infringement of the rights of others, face ___________ conflicts of interest.

A) difficult
B) complex
C) avoidable
D) unavoidable

Question 34

Stephen Coleman | Conflict of Interest and Police: An Unavoidable Problem
Coleman states that conflicts of interest arise when we must exercise judgment on behalf of another individual. Any sense of loyalty that influences our judgment can compromise our ability to be fair. Coleman discusses what kinds of conflicts of interest arise for police officers and what kinds of problems they lead to, and he offers methods for dealing with them. He concludes that what is unique to police is that they often face unavoidable conflicts of interest while still being duty-bound to curtail the rights of others.
-If people are required as part of their duty to invade the rights of others, then conflicts of interest that arise in that duty will be

A) extremely important.
B) unimportant.
C) irrelevant.
D) punishable.

Question 35

Coleman suggests that a police officer confronting a conflict of interest could hand over the primary role in an investigation to a partner or delay judgment until a supervisor could be involved. Can you think of ways in which these actions might not resolve the potential conflict of interest? What would happen in a case of corruption internal to the police force? Provide examples to illustrate your point.

Question 36

Consider Coleman's final point that "no other professionals who face unavoidable conflicts of interest will be duty-bound to curtail others' rights" in the light of current shootings of unarmed African-American men by police officers. Do the criteria offered by Coleman for dealing with conflicts of interest (declare/remove/avoid) address any real bias, or even the appearance of bias, in these cases? Why or why not? Explain your answer.

Question 37

Daniel S. Goldberg | Concussions, Professional Sports, and Conflicts of Interest: Why the National Football League's Current Policies are Bad for Its (Players') Health
Goldberg examines the problem of concussions suffered by NFL players from both a policy and case-based level. He looks at the history of employer-based occupational health as a precursor to the less than optimal responses to injury by the NFL, setting the stage for the current heated debates on the delivery of health care to players with concussions. He concludes with proactive ethical recommendations for future NFL health-care providers that aim to avoid today's conflicts of interest within the sport.
-The NFL, unlike other sports that subject participants to heightened risks of traumatic brain injury (TBI), is ___________ by laws intended to minimize the risk of injury.

A) officiated
B) operated
C) regulated
D) not regulated

Question 38

Daniel S. Goldberg | Concussions, Professional Sports, and Conflicts of Interest: Why the National Football League's Current Policies are Bad for Its (Players') Health
Goldberg examines the problem of concussions suffered by NFL players from both a policy and case-based level. He looks at the history of employer-based occupational health as a precursor to the less than optimal responses to injury by the NFL, setting the stage for the current heated debates on the delivery of health care to players with concussions. He concludes with proactive ethical recommendations for future NFL health-care providers that aim to avoid today's conflicts of interest within the sport.
-While ___________ as provided by the railroad and mining industries a century ago are rare today, such a model continues to be employed in the NFL.

A) independent medical services
B) direct medical services
C) hospital-based services
D) community health services

Question 39

Daniel S. Goldberg | Concussions, Professional Sports, and Conflicts of Interest: Why the National Football League's Current Policies are Bad for Its (Players') Health
Goldberg examines the problem of concussions suffered by NFL players from both a policy and case-based level. He looks at the history of employer-based occupational health as a precursor to the less than optimal responses to injury by the NFL, setting the stage for the current heated debates on the delivery of health care to players with concussions. He concludes with proactive ethical recommendations for future NFL health-care providers that aim to avoid today's conflicts of interest within the sport.
-___________ results when physicians are paid by employers to treat a captive work force, according to Goldberg.

A) expensive health services
B) affordable health care
C) optimal health care
D) suboptimal health care

Question 40

Daniel S. Goldberg | Concussions, Professional Sports, and Conflicts of Interest: Why the National Football League's Current Policies are Bad for Its (Players') Health
Goldberg examines the problem of concussions suffered by NFL players from both a policy and case-based level. He looks at the history of employer-based occupational health as a precursor to the less than optimal responses to injury by the NFL, setting the stage for the current heated debates on the delivery of health care to players with concussions. He concludes with proactive ethical recommendations for future NFL health-care providers that aim to avoid today's conflicts of interest within the sport.
-___________ is a significant complicating factor in the discourse regarding concussions and long-term neuropathology.

A) clinical uncertainty
B) clinical certainty
C) consensus
D) correlation

Question 41

Daniel S. Goldberg | Concussions, Professional Sports, and Conflicts of Interest: Why the National Football League's Current Policies are Bad for Its (Players') Health
Goldberg examines the problem of concussions suffered by NFL players from both a policy and case-based level. He looks at the history of employer-based occupational health as a precursor to the less than optimal responses to injury by the NFL, setting the stage for the current heated debates on the delivery of health care to players with concussions. He concludes with proactive ethical recommendations for future NFL health-care providers that aim to avoid today's conflicts of interest within the sport.
-Goldberg reports on a study showing that returning a(n) ___________ athlete to the field too soon may in some cases lead to severe disability or death.

A) conscious.
B) unconscious.
C) concussed.
D) excellent.

Question 42

Daniel S. Goldberg | Concussions, Professional Sports, and Conflicts of Interest: Why the National Football League's Current Policies are Bad for Its (Players') Health
Goldberg examines the problem of concussions suffered by NFL players from both a policy and case-based level. He looks at the history of employer-based occupational health as a precursor to the less than optimal responses to injury by the NFL, setting the stage for the current heated debates on the delivery of health care to players with concussions. He concludes with proactive ethical recommendations for future NFL health-care providers that aim to avoid today's conflicts of interest within the sport.
-Currently there is no ___________ on how many concussions are too many and at what point it is safe for a previously concussed athlete to return to full-contact activity.

A) confusion
B) consensus
C) disagreement
D) argument

Question 43

Daniel S. Goldberg | Concussions, Professional Sports, and Conflicts of Interest: Why the National Football League's Current Policies are Bad for Its (Players') Health
Goldberg examines the problem of concussions suffered by NFL players from both a policy and case-based level. He looks at the history of employer-based occupational health as a precursor to the less than optimal responses to injury by the NFL, setting the stage for the current heated debates on the delivery of health care to players with concussions. He concludes with proactive ethical recommendations for future NFL health-care providers that aim to avoid today's conflicts of interest within the sport.
-Commitment to___________, according to Goldberg, requires a clinician to disclose the existence of clinical uncertainty.

A) theory-based medicine
B) evidence-based medicine
C) conflicts of interest
D) conflict resolution

Question 44

Daniel S. Goldberg | Concussions, Professional Sports, and Conflicts of Interest: Why the National Football League's Current Policies are Bad for Its (Players') Health
Goldberg examines the problem of concussions suffered by NFL players from both a policy and case-based level. He looks at the history of employer-based occupational health as a precursor to the less than optimal responses to injury by the NFL, setting the stage for the current heated debates on the delivery of health care to players with concussions. He concludes with proactive ethical recommendations for future NFL health-care providers that aim to avoid today's conflicts of interest within the sport.
-Current trends concerning NFL injuries, according to Goldberg, demonstrate that

A) concussions are likely underreported.
B) effects of TBI may be initially imperceptible.
C) protective equipment can ameliorate but not eliminate the risk of concussions.
D) all of the above

Question 45

Daniel S. Goldberg | Concussions, Professional Sports, and Conflicts of Interest: Why the National Football League's Current Policies are Bad for Its (Players') Health
Goldberg examines the problem of concussions suffered by NFL players from both a policy and case-based level. He looks at the history of employer-based occupational health as a precursor to the less than optimal responses to injury by the NFL, setting the stage for the current heated debates on the delivery of health care to players with concussions. He concludes with proactive ethical recommendations for future NFL health-care providers that aim to avoid today's conflicts of interest within the sport.
-Goldberg considers the model of health delivery currently endorsed by the NFL ethically suboptimal because it

A) ignores the lessons of occupational health in the United States.
B) follows guidelines based on longitudinal studies of TBI.
C) ignores recent analyses on how conflicts of interest influence human behavior.
D) both a and c

Question 46

Daniel S. Goldberg | Concussions, Professional Sports, and Conflicts of Interest: Why the National Football League's Current Policies are Bad for Its (Players') Health
Goldberg examines the problem of concussions suffered by NFL players from both a policy and case-based level. He looks at the history of employer-based occupational health as a precursor to the less than optimal responses to injury by the NFL, setting the stage for the current heated debates on the delivery of health care to players with concussions. He concludes with proactive ethical recommendations for future NFL health-care providers that aim to avoid today's conflicts of interest within the sport.
-Goldberg agrees with the Vienna concussion summit that ___________ should always override competitive considerations.

A) coach leadership
B) medical decisions
C) team ownership
D) team spirit

Question 47

Why does Goldberg consider the model of health care utilized by the NFL to be suboptimal? Consider and describes his reasons and recommendations for improvement. Do you agree with his argument? Why or why not?

Question 48

Goldberg concludes that while the conflicts of interest and model of health-care delivery in the NFL can be seen as a microcosm of those in US health care and biomedical research in general, these arrangements should not therefore be considered permissible. What does he mean by this? Do you agree? Why or why not?

Question 49

Richard T. De George | Ethical Issues for Accountants
In this reading, De George looks at the inherent conflicts of interest built into the US system in which accounting firms work for and are paid by the companies that hire them. Because of the rule of confidentiality, accountants may find themselves caught between loyalty to their clients and ethical obligations to the public at large. De George suggests a tightening of the guidelines for accountants presented in their professional codes.
-When corporations seek to hide their true financial situation, the pressure to engage in ___________ bookkeeping techniques falls on their accountants.

A) transparent
B) unethical
C) illegal
D) both b and c

Question 50

Richard T. De George | Ethical Issues for Accountants
In this reading, De George looks at the inherent conflicts of interest built into the US system in which accounting firms work for and are paid by the companies that hire them. Because of the rule of confidentiality, accountants may find themselves caught between loyalty to their clients and ethical obligations to the public at large. De George suggests a tightening of the guidelines for accountants presented in their professional codes.
-Professional accounting rules require independence of the firm or accountant from the client to ___________ conflicts of interest.

A) avoid
B) increase
C) compound
D) develop

Question 51

Richard T. De George | Ethical Issues for Accountants
In this reading, De George looks at the inherent conflicts of interest built into the US system in which accounting firms work for and are paid by the companies that hire them. Because of the rule of confidentiality, accountants may find themselves caught between loyalty to their clients and ethical obligations to the public at large. De George suggests a tightening of the guidelines for accountants presented in their professional codes.
-If an accounting firm certifies a company's financial statements, it should have ___________ to make the firm's financial situation look better than it is.

A) motivation
B) a financial incentive
C) no financial incentive
D) an ethical intention

Question 52

Richard T. De George | Ethical Issues for Accountants
In this reading, De George looks at the inherent conflicts of interest built into the US system in which accounting firms work for and are paid by the companies that hire them. Because of the rule of confidentiality, accountants may find themselves caught between loyalty to their clients and ethical obligations to the public at large. De George suggests a tightening of the guidelines for accountants presented in their professional codes.
-While some accountants consider the professional accounting rules as a guide to ethical behavior, critics attack the rules and the system itself as

A) ethically sufficient.
B) ethically deficient.
C) relevant to the profession.
D) irrelevant to the profession.

Question 53

Richard T. De George | Ethical Issues for Accountants
In this reading, De George looks at the inherent conflicts of interest built into the US system in which accounting firms work for and are paid by the companies that hire them. Because of the rule of confidentiality, accountants may find themselves caught between loyalty to their clients and ethical obligations to the public at large. De George suggests a tightening of the guidelines for accountants presented in their professional codes.
-According to critics of the professional accounting rules, conflict of interest is built into the American accounting system because the accounting firm is working

A) on behalf of the general public.
B) on behalf of the state.
C) for the company whose accounts it is auditing.
D) independently of the company whose accounts it is auditing.

Question 54

Richard T. De George | Ethical Issues for Accountants
In this reading, De George looks at the inherent conflicts of interest built into the US system in which accounting firms work for and are paid by the companies that hire them. Because of the rule of confidentiality, accountants may find themselves caught between loyalty to their clients and ethical obligations to the public at large. De George suggests a tightening of the guidelines for accountants presented in their professional codes.
-While accountants are required to certify that a company's accounts are correctly presented, they are not required to

A) verify the information given to them by that company.
B) show that the accounts are in accord with generally accepted auditing standards.
C) make public any internal discrepancies or fraud.
D) both a and c

Question 55

Richard T. De George | Ethical Issues for Accountants
In this reading, De George looks at the inherent conflicts of interest built into the US system in which accounting firms work for and are paid by the companies that hire them. Because of the rule of confidentiality, accountants may find themselves caught between loyalty to their clients and ethical obligations to the public at large. De George suggests a tightening of the guidelines for accountants presented in their professional codes.
-In 1988 the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) proposed requiring that corporations carry as a liability their exposure in terms of

A) retirees' health-care benefits.
B) retirees' pensions.
C) public shareholders.
D) tax audits.

Question 56

Richard T. De George | Ethical Issues for Accountants
In this reading, De George looks at the inherent conflicts of interest built into the US system in which accounting firms work for and are paid by the companies that hire them. Because of the rule of confidentiality, accountants may find themselves caught between loyalty to their clients and ethical obligations to the public at large. De George suggests a tightening of the guidelines for accountants presented in their professional codes.
-Accountants are in an ethically ambiguous position because they must

A) the confidentiality of their clients.
B) protect the public interest.
C) complete company audits.
D) both a and b

Question 57

Richard T. De George | Ethical Issues for Accountants
In this reading, De George looks at the inherent conflicts of interest built into the US system in which accounting firms work for and are paid by the companies that hire them. Because of the rule of confidentiality, accountants may find themselves caught between loyalty to their clients and ethical obligations to the public at large. De George suggests a tightening of the guidelines for accountants presented in their professional codes.
-Some firms have attempted to construct ___________ between their auditing departments and their consulting departments, such that neither knows what the other is doing.

A) set fees
B) contingent fees
C) "Chinese walls"
D) audits

Question 58

Richard T. De George | Ethical Issues for Accountants
In this reading, De George looks at the inherent conflicts of interest built into the US system in which accounting firms work for and are paid by the companies that hire them. Because of the rule of confidentiality, accountants may find themselves caught between loyalty to their clients and ethical obligations to the public at large. De George suggests a tightening of the guidelines for accountants presented in their professional codes.
-According to De George, the AICPA has not demonstrated intent to

A) police itself.
B) enforce its codes
C) take punitive actions against those who violate its codes.
D) all of the above

Question 59

De George implies that the public might be better served if accountants performing audits were paid by the government rather than by the client. They would thus be required to report fraud or financial irregularity directly to the government rather than to the client. Do you agree? Why or why not? Explain your answer.

Question 60

Insofar as corporations oppose laws that regulate reporting of financial misdeeds and are protected by confidentiality of their accounts, public shareholders and pension holders are left with less protection themselves. How would you design a more ethical system that increases fairness and accuracy in reporting and protects all those concerned?

Question 61

Jason E. Klein and Alan R. Fleischman | The Private Practicing Physician-Investigator: Ethical Implications of Clinical Research in the Office Setting
Klein and Fleischman discuss the conflicts of interest in contemporary medical research due to the shift in recent decades from clinical trials based in academic centers to pharmaceutical company-based recruitment of "patient-subjects" directly through private practicing "physician-investigators." They conclude with a number of recommendations to reduce or eliminate these conflicts.
-While 80% of clinical research was based in academic medical centers in 1991, by 1998 this figure had dropped to

A) 20%.
B) 30%.
C) 40%.
D) 50%.

Question 62

Jason E. Klein and Alan R. Fleischman | The Private Practicing Physician-Investigator: Ethical Implications of Clinical Research in the Office Setting
Klein and Fleischman discuss the conflicts of interest in contemporary medical research due to the shift in recent decades from clinical trials based in academic centers to pharmaceutical company-based recruitment of "patient-subjects" directly through private practicing "physician-investigators." They conclude with a number of recommendations to reduce or eliminate these conflicts.
-With the shift of clinical research outside of academic centers, thousands of private physicians have become ___________ while their patients have become patient-subjects.

A) physician-subjects
B) physician-investigators
C) pharmaceutical engineers
D) patient-investigators.

Question 63

Jason E. Klein and Alan R. Fleischman | The Private Practicing Physician-Investigator: Ethical Implications of Clinical Research in the Office Setting
Klein and Fleischman discuss the conflicts of interest in contemporary medical research due to the shift in recent decades from clinical trials based in academic centers to pharmaceutical company-based recruitment of "patient-subjects" directly through private practicing "physician-investigators." They conclude with a number of recommendations to reduce or eliminate these conflicts.
-Potential conflicts arise when clinical research coincides with patient care, because

A) the physician is obliged to serve the interests of the patient.
B) the physician is obliged to contribute to the advancement of knowledge.
C) a pharmaceutical company may be paying the physician directly.
D) all of the above

Question 64

Jason E. Klein and Alan R. Fleischman | The Private Practicing Physician-Investigator: Ethical Implications of Clinical Research in the Office Setting
Klein and Fleischman discuss the conflicts of interest in contemporary medical research due to the shift in recent decades from clinical trials based in academic centers to pharmaceutical company-based recruitment of "patient-subjects" directly through private practicing "physician-investigators." They conclude with a number of recommendations to reduce or eliminate these conflicts.
-By recruiting subjects directly through private physicians, pharmaceutical companies

A) access a large number of subjects.
B) employ their own research design experts.
C) keep costs down.
D) all of the above

Question 65

Jason E. Klein and Alan R. Fleischman | The Private Practicing Physician-Investigator: Ethical Implications of Clinical Research in the Office Setting
Klein and Fleischman discuss the conflicts of interest in contemporary medical research due to the shift in recent decades from clinical trials based in academic centers to pharmaceutical company-based recruitment of "patient-subjects" directly through private practicing "physician-investigators." They conclude with a number of recommendations to reduce or eliminate these conflicts.
-The purpose of a clinical trial is to

A) establish that a drug works.
B) recruit research investigators.
C) establish that a drug is safe.
D) both a and c

Question 66

Jason E. Klein and Alan R. Fleischman | The Private Practicing Physician-Investigator: Ethical Implications of Clinical Research in the Office Setting
Klein and Fleischman discuss the conflicts of interest in contemporary medical research due to the shift in recent decades from clinical trials based in academic centers to pharmaceutical company-based recruitment of "patient-subjects" directly through private practicing "physician-investigators." They conclude with a number of recommendations to reduce or eliminate these conflicts.
-The job of a for-profit site-management organization (SMO) is to ___________ for the pharmaceutical company

A) provide networks of privately practicing physicians
B) collect data from clinical investigators
C) employ research design experts
D) establish that the drug works

Question 67

Jason E. Klein and Alan R. Fleischman | The Private Practicing Physician-Investigator: Ethical Implications of Clinical Research in the Office Setting
Klein and Fleischman discuss the conflicts of interest in contemporary medical research due to the shift in recent decades from clinical trials based in academic centers to pharmaceutical company-based recruitment of "patient-subjects" directly through private practicing "physician-investigators." They conclude with a number of recommendations to reduce or eliminate these conflicts.
-The job of a contract-research organization (CRO) is to ___________ for the pharmaceutical company.

A) provide networks of privately practicing physicians
B) collect data from clinical investigators
C) employ research design experts
D) establish that the drug works

Question 68

Jason E. Klein and Alan R. Fleischman | The Private Practicing Physician-Investigator: Ethical Implications of Clinical Research in the Office Setting
Klein and Fleischman discuss the conflicts of interest in contemporary medical research due to the shift in recent decades from clinical trials based in academic centers to pharmaceutical company-based recruitment of "patient-subjects" directly through private practicing "physician-investigators." They conclude with a number of recommendations to reduce or eliminate these conflicts.
-Conflicts of interest can occur when physicians are committed to their patients' well-being as well as to

A) providing personalized care.
B) research study goals.
C) the best interests of their patients.
D) prescribing appropriate medications for patients.

Question 69

Jason E. Klein and Alan R. Fleischman | The Private Practicing Physician-Investigator: Ethical Implications of Clinical Research in the Office Setting
Klein and Fleischman discuss the conflicts of interest in contemporary medical research due to the shift in recent decades from clinical trials based in academic centers to pharmaceutical company-based recruitment of "patient-subjects" directly through private practicing "physician-investigators." They conclude with a number of recommendations to reduce or eliminate these conflicts.
-___________ can and do influence supposedly unbiased investigators and therefore the quality of research findings.

A) Peer reviews
B) Patient responses
C) Financial incentives
D) Pharmaceutical company audits

Question 70

Jason E. Klein and Alan R. Fleischman | The Private Practicing Physician-Investigator: Ethical Implications of Clinical Research in the Office Setting
Klein and Fleischman discuss the conflicts of interest in contemporary medical research due to the shift in recent decades from clinical trials based in academic centers to pharmaceutical company-based recruitment of "patient-subjects" directly through private practicing "physician-investigators." They conclude with a number of recommendations to reduce or eliminate these conflicts.
-There is greater potential for private practicing physicians to ___________ when the research is taking place in a closed office environment.

A) adhere to research guidelines
B) alter data
C) fabricate data
D) both b and c

Question 71

The authors weigh the benefits of private practice-based medical research against its potential for conflicts of interest. Which do you think outweighs the other, and why? Describe the pros and cons in detail.

Question 72

The authors conclude the essay with recommendations for eliminating or avoiding conflicts of interest in private practice-based medical research. Do you think these recommendations suffice to control and regulate this type of clinical trial? Why or why not? Would you add, delete, or modify their list of recommendations?

Question 73

Karen Sanders | Ethics and Journalism
Sanders explores the issue of conflicts of interest in journalism, noting first that the idea was not even applicable to the field until journalists were expected to tell the truth rather than print (or not print) as a result of bribery (or extortion). Journalistic codes today forbid this formerly common practice, declaring as an ideal transparency to the public.
-According to Sanders, the notion of conflict of interest in journalism arises only when journalists are expected to

A) extort money to suppress the truth.
B) tell the truth.
C) accept bribes.
D) report in a bipartisan manner.

Question 74

Karen Sanders | Ethics and Journalism
Sanders explores the issue of conflicts of interest in journalism, noting first that the idea was not even applicable to the field until journalists were expected to tell the truth rather than print (or not print) as a result of bribery (or extortion). Journalistic codes today forbid this formerly common practice, declaring as an ideal transparency to the public.
-Morally questionable intentions and motives of journalists are generally due to the fact that they are

A) at odds with public expectations.
B) dishonorable in themselves.
C) Transparent to the public.
D) both a and b

Question 75

Karen Sanders | Ethics and Journalism
Sanders explores the issue of conflicts of interest in journalism, noting first that the idea was not even applicable to the field until journalists were expected to tell the truth rather than print (or not print) as a result of bribery (or extortion). Journalistic codes today forbid this formerly common practice, declaring as an ideal transparency to the public.
-Journalists' codes of conduct prohibit any activity that establishes or ___________ an interest that undermines the reporter's credibility.

A) denies
B) disconfirms
C) is perceived to have established
D) is not perceived to have established

Question 76

Karen Sanders | Ethics and Journalism
Sanders explores the issue of conflicts of interest in journalism, noting first that the idea was not even applicable to the field until journalists were expected to tell the truth rather than print (or not print) as a result of bribery (or extortion). Journalistic codes today forbid this formerly common practice, declaring as an ideal transparency to the public.
-The trend today is ___________ the bribes, junkets, and freebies that formerly would influence a journalist's objectivity.

A) away from
B) toward
C) a continuation of
D) an acceptance of

Question 77

Karen Sanders | Ethics and Journalism
Sanders explores the issue of conflicts of interest in journalism, noting first that the idea was not even applicable to the field until journalists were expected to tell the truth rather than print (or not print) as a result of bribery (or extortion). Journalistic codes today forbid this formerly common practice, declaring as an ideal transparency to the public.
-Journalists may NOT use knowledge of financial information

A) for their own profit.
B) to report an investigative story.
C) to pass this information to others.
D) both a and c

Question 78

Karen Sanders | Ethics and Journalism
Sanders explores the issue of conflicts of interest in journalism, noting first that the idea was not even applicable to the field until journalists were expected to tell the truth rather than print (or not print) as a result of bribery (or extortion). Journalistic codes today forbid this formerly common practice, declaring as an ideal transparency to the public.
-It is generally no longer possible to rely on the reports of a journalist who has been found to be

A) truthful.
B) transparent.
C) untrustworthy,
D) accurate.

Question 79

Karen Sanders | Ethics and Journalism
Sanders explores the issue of conflicts of interest in journalism, noting first that the idea was not even applicable to the field until journalists were expected to tell the truth rather than print (or not print) as a result of bribery (or extortion). Journalistic codes today forbid this formerly common practice, declaring as an ideal transparency to the public.
-Advertising can be a source of conflict of interest by

A) accurately depicting use of a product.
B) exerting external pressure to influence editorial content.
C) exerting internal pressure from marketing and public relations to direct journalistic content.
D) both b and c

Question 80

Karen Sanders | Ethics and Journalism
Sanders explores the issue of conflicts of interest in journalism, noting first that the idea was not even applicable to the field until journalists were expected to tell the truth rather than print (or not print) as a result of bribery (or extortion). Journalistic codes today forbid this formerly common practice, declaring as an ideal transparency to the public.
-Traditionally, American newspapers have tried to maintain a wall of separation between

A) editors and journalists.
B) foreign correspondents working in different countries.
C) editors and business departments.
D) journalists and their sources.