Deck 15: Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

Question 1

What percentage of the energy found in nutrient molecules is lost as heat?

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which statement is INCORRECT for internal work?

A) It is energy required for active transport.
B) It is energy required to pump blood.
C) It is energy required to move the body in relation to the environment.
D) It is energy used during synthetic reactions.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is correct for the energy equivalent of O₂ ?

A) 4.8 kilocalories of energy liberated per litre of O2 consumed
B) used to indirectly measure the metabolic rate
C) the energy required to raise 1 gm of H2O 1°C
D) 4.8 kilocalories of energy equivalent per litre o O2 consumed and used to indirectly measure the metabolic rate

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which statement concerning internal work is correct?

A) It includes all of the energy-expending activities that must go on all of the time to sustain life.
B) It refers to all energy expenditure by tissues other than skeletal muscles.
C) It includes the energy expenditure required to move external objects.
D) It refers to all energy expenditure by skeletal muscles.

Question 5

What is NOT a requirement for measurement of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A) The person must not have exercised for at least 30 minutes.
B) The person must not have eaten any food within 12 hours.
C) The person must have slept at least seven hours the previous night.
D) The person should be at mental rest during the measurement.

Question 6

If more energy is contained in the food eaten than is expended,what happens?

A) A positive energy balance will exist.
B) The excess energy will be stored in adipose tissue.
C) All of the excess energy will be liberated.
D) A positive energy balance will exist and the excess energy will be stored in adipose tissue.

Question 7

What percentage of the energy found in nutrient molecules is transferred to ATP?

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 8

Suppose a young woman consumes 1,200 ml of O₂ in a six-minute basal metabolic rate test period.What is her estimated basal metabolic rate?

A) 72 kcal/hour
B) 57.6 kcal/hour
C) 12 kcal/hour
D) 4 kcal/hour

Question 9

About how many kilocalories of energy is liberated by consumption of 3 litres of oxygen?

A) 4.8
B) 9.6
C) 14.4
D) 19.2

Question 10

What does NOT happen when a negative energy balance exists?

A) The body must make use of stored energy reserves.
B) The caloric content of the food ingested is less than the energy output.
C) The caloric content of the food ingested exceeds the energy lost due to heat or work.

Question 11

What does NOT increases metabolic rate?

A) Sleeping
B) diet-induced thermogenesis
C) Epinephrine
D) epinephrine and diet-induced thermogenesis

Question 12

When does the lowest metabolic rate occur?

A) during sleep
B) during a basal metabolic rate determination
C) during exercise
D) after a meal

Question 13

What is the energy equivalent of oxygen?

A) the number of calories contained in every litre of oxygen consumed
B) the value that equates how much energy is liberated from food for every litre of oxygen consumed
C) the oxygen consumption required for the processing and storage of ingested foodstuff
D) the energy required to raise 1 g of H2O 1°C

Question 14

What increases the metabolic rate to the greatest extent?

A) increased skeletal muscle activity
B) increased mental effort
C) increased dietary fibre intake
D) increased brown fat deposition

Question 15

How many kilocalories is 5,300 calories?

A) 00.53
B) 0.53
C) 5.3
D) 53

Question 16

What is an important satiety signal?

A) ADH
B) leptin
C) glucagon
D) glucose

Question 17

Which statement concerning leptin is correct?

A) It is secreted by adipocytes.
B) It leads to appetite suppression.
C) It targets the thalamus.
D) It is secreted by adipocytes and leads to appetite suppression.

Question 18

What is a theory of satiety involving the hormone leptin?

A) hydrostatic theory
B) glucostatic theory
C) lipostatic theory
D) ischymetric theory

Question 19

Which statement concerning control of food intake is INCORRECT?

A) There are a pair of feeding centres and a pair of satiety centres in the hypothalamus that play a major role in controlling food intake.
B) Stimulation of the feeding centres drives the individual to eat.
C) Stimulation of the satiety centres brings about the feeling of having had enough to eat.
D) Distention of the digestive tract constitutes the major input for regulating food intake.

Question 20

Where in the brain is the satiety centre located?

A) cerebellum
B) hypothalamus
C) medulla
D) thalamus

Question 21

Which statement concerning radiation is correct?

A) It refers to heat emission from a warm object in the form of electromagnetic waves.
B) It is only a source of heat loss for the body (i.e., the body can lose but not gain heat by radiation).
C) It refers to the transfer of heat by direct contact between a warmer and cooler object.
D) It involves the continued cycling of cool air over the body.

Question 22

What does NOT act as a satiety signal?

A) cholecystokinin
B) increased glucose utilization
C) orexins
D) leptin

Question 23

Which system does NOT impact the variance of "Normal" body temperature ?

A) exercise
B) the menstrual cycle
C) glucose level in blood

Question 24

Radiation and conduction are two types of heat exchange between the body and environment.What determines the magnitude of heat loss via these two processes?

A) amount of sweating
B) temperature difference between body surface and its surroundings
C) absolute core temperature
D) extent of evaporation from the body surface

Question 25

Most people suffer convulsions when internal body temperature reaches what temperature?

A) 99.5 F
B) 101°F
C) 102°F
D) 106°F

Question 26

What is the major means of decreasing heat loss in response to a cold environmental temperature?

A) skin vasoconstriction
B) skin vasodilation
C) increasing the temperature gradient between the skin and environment
D) formation of "goose bumps"

Question 27

Which statement about sweating is NOT true?

A) It is an active evaporative heat-loss process under sympathetic nervous control.
B) It is the only means of losing heat when the environmental temperature is warmer than body temperature.
C) It is the only means by which evaporative heat loss can take place in the body.

Question 28

When the surrounding temperature is low,how is heat NOT lost from the body?

A) by means of radiation
B) by means of conduction/convection
C) by means of nonshivering thermogenesis
D) by means of both radiation and conduction/convection

Question 29

What type of heat loss occurs by sitting on a cold car seat?

A) radiation
B) Convection
C) Conduction
D) evaporation

Question 30

Which is NOT a means of generating or holding heat in the body?

A) diminished sweating
B) exercising
C) shivering
D) vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin

Question 31

The leading theory for maintenance of body weight as a result of long-term matching of food intake to energy expenditure relates to what?

A) amount of fat stored in adipose tissue
B) extent of glucose utilization
C) magnitude of cellular ATP production
D) extent of gastrointestinal distention

Question 32

How can a person lose heat to an environment warmer than the body?

A) radiation
B) evaporation
C) conduction

Question 33

What is NOT a means of increasing or conserving heat production?

A) shivering
B) skin vasodilation
C) nonshivering thermogenesis
D) increased muscle tone

Question 34

Heat can be lost directly to the external environment by the vasodilation of blood vessels in what body part?

A) the hypothalamus
B) the cerebellum
C) the skin
D) the cerebral cortex

Question 35

Which statement regarding sweating is correct?

A) It causes vasodilation of the skin vessels.
B) It increases the insulative capacity of the skin so that less heat can be gained from the environment.
C) It is the only heat-loss mechanism available to the body when the environmental temperature is so high that a normal temperature gradient between the skin and the environment cannot be established.

Question 36

Which of the following is correct for the core temperature?

A) It is normally maintained relatively constant around 100°F.
B)
B) It is the temperature of the abdominal and thoracic organs, the central nervous system, and the skeletal muscles.
C) It is the temperature of the skin and subcutaneous fat.
D) a and

Question 37

Which receptors relay thermal information to the temperature control centres?

A) peripheral warm and cold thermoreceptors in the skin
B) central thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus
C) central baroreceptors in internal organs
D) central thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus and peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin

Question 38

Which statement concerning nonshivering thermogenesis is correct?

A) It is stimulated by epinephrine and thyroid hormone.
B) It refers to the general increase in muscle tone in response to abrupt exposure to cold.
C) It enhances the insulative capacity of the skin by promoting increased deposition of brown fat under the skin.
D) It refers to the elevation of body temperature in response to pyrogen release.

Question 39

What is the major means of increasing heat production in response to a cold environmental temperature?

A) skin vasoconstriction
B) wearing warm clothing
C) increased muscle activity, such as through shivering and increased voluntary exercise
D) formation of "goose bumps"

Question 40

On average,about half of the body heat that is lost is due to what?

A) Radiation
B) Convection
C) Conduction
D) evaporation

Question 41

Which mechanism does NOT help to maintain body temperature on hot days?

A) decreased muscle tone
B) skin vessels' vasoconstriction
C) Sweating
D) both by sweating and decreasing muscle tone

Question 42

Which statement concerning obesity is INCORRECT?

A) It means having an excess amount of body fat.
B) It tends to run in families, suggesting there is a genetic association.
C) In Canadian children, obesity has decreased between 1981 and 2001.
D) Obesity rates are different for various populations and geographical locations within Canada.

Question 43

Which statement is correct?

A) Profuse sweating occurs during heat stroke as body temperature climbs rapidly.
B) An elevated body temperature is always indicative of an infection.
C) Aspirin reduces a fever by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins.
D) Shivering is the main voluntary means of increasing the production of heat in the body.

Question 44

Which is true about the development of fever ?

A) results from resetting of the medullary thermoregulatory centre.
B) may develop when mast cells release pyrogens.
C) is mediated by prostaglandins.

Question 45

Upon cold exposure,what does NOT occur?

A) skin vasoconstriction
B) decreased muscle tone
C) nonshivering thermogenesis
D) behavioural adaptations

Question 46

What happens when vasodilation of the blood vessels in the skin occurs?

A) The skin temperature becomes warmer than the core temperature.
B) The insulative capacity of the skin is increased.
C) Heat will be lost from the body if the air temperature is cooler than the skin temperature.
D) The skin will be pale.

Question 47

Which statement concerning hyperthermia is INCORRECT?

A) Sustained exercise is the most common cause of hyperthermia.
B) All causes of hyperthermia are pathological and fatal.
C) Hyperthermia-associated abnormally high levels of thyroid hormone elevate the core temperature by increasing the rate of metabolic activity.
D) Hyperthermia refers to all imbalances between heat gain and heat loss that increase body temperature.

Question 48

What can release an endogenous pyrogen?

A) pathogens
B) platelets
C) erythrocytes
D) neutrophils

Question 49

What is the means of heat energy emission from the surface of a warm body?

A) Radiation
B) conduction/convection
C) Evaporation
D) Shivering

Question 50

Which statement is INCORRECT?

A) The most important factor influencing heat transfer by radiation is the relative humidity of the atmosphere.
B) Skin vasoconstriction reduces the temperature of the skin.
C) Sweating is the only mechanism for heat loss when body temperature is the same as environmental temperature.
D) Upon exposure to heat, skin vasodilation occurs, which increases the temperature gradient between the skin and environment, thus promoting heat loss.

Question 51

Which statement about thermoregulation is INCORRECT?

A) In a cold environment, the body will gain heat by conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
B) In a hot environment when the temperature of the environment exceeds that of the skin surface, evaporation is the only means for the body to lose heat.
C) The temperature control centres in the hypothalamus receive afferent input from peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin and central thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus and internal organs.

Question 52

Which statement concerning thermoneutral zone is correct?

A) It is maintained by sweating and shivering mechanisms.
B) It is the temperature within the body core that remains constant despite changes in environmental temperature.
C) It is the environmental temperature range within which core temperature can be kept constant by skin vasomotor responses without calling supplementary heat-production or heat-loss mechanisms into play.
D) It is the controlled environment within a building equipped with both heating and air-conditioning.

Question 53

What does not characterize heat exhaustion?

A) reduced plasma volume
B) extensive sweating
C) rapidly rising body temperature
D) fainting

Question 54

Which statement is true of the vasoconstriction of the blood vessels to the skin?

A) It is coordinated by the sympathetic nervous system.
B) It lowers heat exchange with the environment.
C) It occurs when core body temperature is elevated.
D) It lowers heat exchange with the environment and is coordinated by the sympathetic nervous system

Question 55

Internal work includes the expended energy when skeletal muscles are contracted to move external objects.

Question 56

What happens in fever?

A) Endogenous pyrogen released from neurons of the cerebral cortex in response to an infection elevates the hypothalamic "set point."
B) Cold response mechanisms are initiated by the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature to the new set point.
C) Heat loss mechanisms are triggered to eliminate the excess heat from the body.

Question 57

Most of the energy contained within food will be lost as heat.

Question 58

Which statement concerning obesity is correct?

A) The percentage of body fat and body mass index are two commonly used determinants of obesity.
B) The health risks are same for a person who is in the obese category and a person who is in the overweight category.
C) Waist circumference (WC) is not a significant measurement in gathering a fat weight distribution.
D) A link between obesity and heredity is not yet scientifically proven.

Question 59

Internal energy expenditure is the energy utilized by the skeletal muscles when external objects are moved.

Question 60

Energy cannot be created or destroyed,but it can be transformed from one form of energy into another.

Question 61

The core temperature is maintained at a fairly constant level,but skin temperature is quite variable.

Question 62

Psychosocial influences can lead to obesity.

Question 63

There is an obligatory increase in metabolic rate resulting from food intake.

Question 64

The most dominant factor influencing the BMR is the level of circulating,active thyroid hormone.

Question 65

Oral temperature is the same as core temperature.

Question 66

Weight loss occurs when the energy derived from the food consumed is less than the energy expended by the body.

Question 67

Metabolic rate can be measured indirectly by measuring the rate of oxygen consumption.

Question 68

Leptin stimulates the release of melanocortins.

Question 69

An animal can be driven to overeat either by selective stimulation of the appetite centres or destruction of the satiety centres.

Question 70

The normal core temperature is 37°C.

Question 71

As the level of circulating,active thyroid hormone increases,the BMR increases correspondingly.

Question 72

Neuropeptide Y is a strong appetite inhibitor.

Question 73

Metabolic rate equals energy expenditure/unit of time.

Question 74

Leptin is a hormone released from adipose tissue.

Question 75

A decrease of insulin in the blood may signal satiety.

Question 76

Oral temperature is lower than the core temperature.

Question 77

The appetite centres stimulate feeding behaviour,whereas the satiety centres inhibit feeding behaviour.

Question 78

The feeding and satiety centres are located in the hypothalamus.

Question 79

The basal metabolic rate is the body's lowest metabolic rate.

Question 80

Fat people tend to eat more on a daily basis than thin people.