Deck 12: Contraception and Abortion

Question 1

Early forms of contraception used animal intestines and half-squeezed lemons to

A) kill sperm.
B) block ovulation.
C) block spermatogenesis.
D) physically prevent the sperm from reaching the ovum.
E) dampen libido.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The oral contraceptive pill takes advantage of knowledge about

A) the hormonal control of ovulation.
B) the hormonal control of spermatogenesis.
C) the chemical composition of the vaginal environment.
D) the chemical composition of semen.
E) behavioral patterns of women.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In the early 20th century, unwanted pregnancies were largely a function of

A) the high cost of contraceptives.
B) the lack of availability of contraceptives.
C) the failure to use contraceptives properly.
D) the prevalence of sexual intercourse outside of marriage.
E) cavalier attitudes toward sexuality.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Particularly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, contraception was viewed as immoral because

A) of the view that the "natural" purpose of sex was procreation.
B) it encouraged women to view sex as pleasurable.
C) having sex without contraception was seen as part of the worship of God.
D) the government wanted to encourage population growth.
E) it was associated with prostitution.

Question 5

According to the Guttmacher Institute, about _______% of pregnancies lead to wanted births.

A) 24
B) 35
C) 44
D) 56
E) 68

Question 6

In the 1965 _______ decision, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that married couples have the right to use birth control.

A) Griswold v. Connecticut
B) Roe v. Wade
C) Eisenstadt v. Baird
D) Lamaze v. Bradley
E) Bradley v. Griswold

Question 7

An early feminist who was important in advancing the birth control movement in the United States was

A) Eleanor Roosevelt.
B) Amelia Earhart.
C) Margaret Sanger.
D) Camille Paglia.
E) Margaret Mead.

Question 8

Margaret Sanger's efforts to promote birth control were largely motivated by a desire to

A) celebrate female sexuality.
B) rebel against her conservative Catholic upbringing.
C) spare women from the burdens of repeated pregnancy and childbirth.
D) encourage sexual freedom among unmarried women.
E) curb global population growth.

Question 9

Which of the following contraceptive options is recommended for men and women who have multiple sexual partners?

A) Oral contraceptive pills
B) Condoms
C) Spermicides
D) Withdrawal
E) IUD

Question 10

_______ and _______ are the most popular reversible contraceptive methods in use in the U.S.

A) The pill; the diaphragm
B) Female sterilization; condoms
C) The pill; condoms
D) The pill; IUDs
E) Condoms; the NuvaRing

Question 11

_______ and _______ are the most popular contraceptive methods used overall in the U.S.

A) The pill; female sterilization
B) Female sterilization; condoms
C) The pill; condoms
D) The pill; vasectomy
E) Vasectomy; the NuvaRing

Question 12

Many contraceptives work by interfering with sperm transport. Which of the following does not provide a physical barrier that keeps sperm away from ova?

A) Male condom
B) Female condom
C) Diaphragm
D) IUD
E) Cervical cap

Question 13

Which of the following does not compromise the effectiveness of latex condoms?

A) Use of the wrong size
B) Failure to remove the condom promptly after ejaculation
C) Inconsistent usage
D) Oil-based lubricants
E) The use of double-up condoms with a lubricant in between

Question 14

Although latex condoms have a higher failure rate with typical use compared to several other contraceptive methods, they have several advantages. Which of the following is not considered an advantage of male condoms?

A) Reduce transmission of STDs
B) Unobtrusiveness
C) Relatively low cost
D) Reversibility
E) Few, if any, side effects

Question 15

Diaphragms are dome-shaped pieces of latex or rubber designed to cover the

A) vagina.
B) clitoris.
C) cervix.
D) labia.
E) oviducts.

Question 16

Since an IUD is a foreign object in the body, it is believed to work by causing

A) altered ovulation.
B) increased cervical mucus.
C) decreased estrogen production.
D) increased progestin production.
E) a minor inflammatory response within the uterus.

Question 17

For women taking combination contraceptive pills, forgetting to take_______ carries the highest risk of breakthrough ovulation.

A) a drug-free pill
B) the first pill after finishing the drug-free series
C) a pill on day 14
D) the last pill before the drug-free series in the pack
E) the last pill in the pack

Question 18

The combination of progestin and estrogen in some hormone-based contraceptives regulates FSH release from the pituitary via

A) positive feedback.
B) stimulation FSH receptors.
C) activation of GnRH.
D) negative feedback.
E) inhibition of FSH receptors.

Question 19

Triphasic combination pills mimic the woman's normal menstrual cycle by

A) providing varying amounts of estrogens and progestins.
B) stimulating LH secretion around day 14.
C) including three different hormones, instead of just two.
D) inducing menstrual bleeding on day zero.
E) including oxytocin to prevent premenstrual cramping.

Question 20

A site of action for combination pills other than the brain is the

A) uterus.
B) pituitary.
C) ovaries.
D) oviducts.
E) vagina.

Question 21

Use of combination pills for over 10 years is associated with reduction of both _______ and _______ cancer.

A) ovarian; cervical
B) cervical; endometrial
C) breast; ovarian
D) ovarian; endometrial
E) cervical; breast

Question 22

Due to elevated health risks, women over the age of _______ and who _______ are advised not to use combination pills.

A) 18; smoke
B) 21; smoke
C) 35; drink
D) 21; drink
E) 35; smoke

Question 23

Estrogens and progestins affect many physiological systems. Smoking while taking oral contraceptives is risky due to the combined effects of the hormones and smoking on

A) cardiovascular function.
B) muscular activity.
C) emotions.
D) digestion.
E) immune function.

Question 24

The menstrual bleeding that occurs when a woman is taking the drug-free pills in an oral contraceptive pill pack is the result of

A) a spike in LH.
B) an increase in estrogen and progestin levels.
C) a decrease in estrogen and progestin levels.
D) inhibition of FSH.
E) an increase in androgen levels.

Question 25

Several newer combination pills eliminate all or some menstrual periods. Which of the following does not result from suppression of menstrual bleeding?

A) Increased risk of endometrial cancers
B) Reduction or elimination of premenstrual symptoms
C) Protection against anemia due to excessive blood loss
D) Increased resistance of the endometrial lining to sperm transport
E) Reduction of menstrual pain

Question 26

Although early formulations of the combination contraceptive pill had many negative health effects, including increased risk of breast cancer, many of these risks have been greatly reduced or eliminated by

A) limiting oral contraceptive use to only young, healthy women.
B) adding androgens to current formulations.
C) adding estrogen receptor blockers to current formulations.
D) lowering the amount of progesterone in current formulations.
E) lowering the amount of estrogen in current formulations.

Question 27

Progestin-only contraceptive pills contain _______ levels of progestins than are found in combination pills, and work primarily by _______.

A) higher; inhibiting hypothalamic hormones
B) higher; inhibiting estrogen production
C) lower; inhibiting hypothalamic hormones
D) lower; inhibiting estrogen production
E) lower; thickening cervical mucus

Question 28

Progestin-only pills

A) reliably shut down ovulation.
B) do not need to be taken every day.
C) should not be used by women who are breast-feeding their babies, even beyond 6 weeks after birth.
D) cause a thickening of the cervical mucus.
E) involve a drug-free holiday every month.

Question 29

Although the most common delivery route of hormone-based contraceptives is via a once-a-day pill, these same hormones can be administered in several other ways. Which of the following methods is not used to deliver hormones for contraceptive purposes?

A) Injection
B) Patch
C) IUD
D) Diaphragm
E) Vaginal ring

Question 30

Contraceptives such as _______ allow hormones to enter the body via intramuscular injections.

A) Implanon
B) Ortho Evra
C) NuvaRing
D) Depo-SubQ Provera
E) Depo-Provera

Question 31

Contraceptive patches such as _______ allow hormones to enter the body via the skin.

A) Implanon
B) Ortho Evra
C) NuvaRing
D) Depo-SubQ Provera
E) Depo-Provera

Question 32

Fertility awareness methods of birth control are also known as _______ methods.

A) rhythm
B) organic
C) total
D) barrier
E) hormonal

Question 33

The "standard day" calendar method of family planning advises women who have regular menstrual cycles to avoid coitus from day _______ to day _______ of their menstrual cycle.

A) 1; 5
B) 1; 19
C) 5; 8
D) 5; 19
E) 8; 19

Question 34

The greatest disadvantage of the rhythm method is that it is

A) irreversible.
B) natural.
C) unreliable.
D) emotionally demanding.
E) too complicated to practice.

Question 35

In order to use fertility awareness methods, a woman must be able to predict when she will _______ and abstain from coitus _______.

A) menstruate; during her menstrual period
B) menstruate; at least 6 days prior and 2 days after the onset of menstruation
C) ovulate; at least 6 days prior and 2 days after the predicted ovulation
D) ovulate; at least 2 days prior and 6 days after the predicted ovulation
E) ovulate; from the time of ovulation until the onset of her next menstrual period

Question 36

The simplest of all the fertility awareness methods is the _______ method.

A) abstinence only
B) calendar rhythm
C) sympto-thermal
D) standard days
E) cervical mucus

Question 37

Which of the following is not used to help predict ovulation?

A) Basal body temperature
B) The consistency of cervical mucus
C) Hormone levels in urine
D) Counting from the first day of the last menstrual cycle
E) Mood swings

Question 38

The withdrawal method of contraception has a _______% failure rate with typical use.

A) 7
B) 17
C) 27
D) 37
E) 46

Question 39

Oral sex, mutual masturbation, and body exploration as a substitute for coitus are called

A) foreplay.
B) outercourse.
C) intercourse.
D) afterplay.
E) effleurage.

Question 40

Emergency contraception prevents

A) fertilization.
B) implantation.
C) capacitation.
D) ovulation.
E) menstruation.

Question 41

Which of the following is the most effective method of birth control under conditions of typical use?

A) ParaGard IUD
B) Tubal ligation
C) Vasectomy
D) Sponge
E) Withdrawal

Question 42

By removing a section of the vas deferens, a vasectomy prevents pregnancy by

A) inhibiting spermatogenesis.
B) blocking sperm from leaving the male reproductive tract.
C) inhibiting ejaculation.
D) impairing seminal vesicle function.
E) inhibiting testosterone secretion.

Question 43

Surgical sterilization is generally not considered to be a viable contraceptive option by most young people because it

A) is highly unreliable.
B) eliminates menstrual periods.
C) is associated with erectile dysfunction.
D) dampens sexual desire.
E) is not reliably reversible

Question 44

Two new methods to prevent pregnancy involve insertion of small plugs or metal coils into the oviducts. The resulting tissue reaction

A) disrupts endometrial development.
B) temporarily blocks sperm transport into the oviduct.
C) permanently blocks sperm transport into the oviduct.
D) provokes inflammation of the uterus.
E) inhibits ovulation.

Question 45

Which of the following statements about intellectually disabled individuals is false?

A) They are more vulnerable than the general population to sexual abuse.
B) Sex with an intellectually disabled person is permissible only if s/he is capable of giving informed consent.
C) They may be unable to follow the dosing regimens associated with oral contraceptive pills.
D) They are usually sexually disabled as well, and lack an interest in engaging in sexual activity.
E) They may not understand the relationship between sexual activity and pregnancy.

Question 46

Clinical trials in China have demonstrated that administration of testosterone is an effective hormonal contraceptive for men. The testosterone most likely works by

A) blocking androgen receptors.
B) feedback inhibition of LH and FSH.
C) stimulating hypothalamic GnRH.
D) reducing libido.
E) stimulating progesterone receptors.

Question 47

Organizations developing new contraceptive methods face some potential challenges, including the risk that a new method may

A) harm the developing fetus if it fails and a pregnancy does occur.
B) cause undesirable side effects.
C) induce permanent infertility.
D) inspire political and religious resistance to contraception research.
E) All of the above

Question 48

Approximately _______% of abortions are performed within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 60
E) 90

Question 49

Approximately 1 in 5 established pregnancies in the United States is terminated by

A) poor maternal nutrition.
B) domestic violence
C) poor prenatal care.
D) elective abortion.
E) environmental toxins.

Question 50

Which of the following statements about abortion is true?

A) The majority of abortion recipients were using some kind of contraception when they became pregnant.
B) Most abortions are performed for medical reasons.
C) The legality of abortion is determined on a state-by-state basis.
D) Having an abortion increases the risk of breast cancer later in life.
E) There is strong evidence that the majority of women who have abortions suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 51

_______ abortions physically remove the fetus from the uterus, whereas _______ abortions use drugs that cause the death and expulsion of the fetus.

A) Surgical; medical
B) Medical; surgical
C) First trimester; second trimester
D) Second trimester; third trimester
E) Elective; therapeutic

Question 52

_______ abortion is the intentional termination of a pregnancy for non-medical reasons.

A) Spontaneous
B) Elective
C) Therapeutic
D) D&G
E) Couvage

Question 53

During the first trimester of pregnancy, most surgical abortions are performed by

A) the introduction of a saline solution into the uterus.
B) the administration of prostaglandins.
C) vacuum aspiration.
D) dilation and evacuation.
E) RU-486.

Question 54

If a pregnancy threatens a woman's health, her physician may recommend a(n) _______ abortion.

A) spontaneous
B) elective
C) therapeutic
D) illegal
E) ectopic

Question 55

The majority of abortions in the United States are performed

A) within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, with mifepristone pills administered in a doctor's office.
B) within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, by vacuum aspiration.
C) within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, by dilation and evacuation (D&E).
D) during the second trimester, by vacuum aspiration.
E) during the second trimester, by dilation and evacuation (D&E).

Question 56

Medical abortion involves

A) the administration of a drug that causes the death of the embryo.
B) the insertion of the seaweed Laminaria into the uterus.
C) the use of a curette to dislodge the placenta from the uterine wall.
D) the use of a suction device to break up and remove the embryo and its membranes.
E) the injection of saline into the amniotic sac to induce premature labor.

Question 57

Mifepristone is an effective abortifacient because it blocks the actions of progesterone, which is essential for

A) maintaining the secretory activity of the corpus luteum.
B) inhibiting uterine contractions during pregnancy.
C) stimulating ovulation.
D) maintaining the structural integrity of the endometrium.
E) maintaining pituitary secretion of LH and FSH.

Question 58

The anticancer drug methotrexate induces abortion by

A) stimulating premature uterine contractions.
B) blocking the action of progesterone on the endometrium.
C) blocking the action of estrogen on the endometrium.
D) causing premature dilation of the cervix.
E) destroying the rapidly dividing cells of a fetus.

Question 59

According to one study, the rates of psychiatric visits among women who had a first abortion were higher than they were among women who had given birth for the first time. According to other studies, the most likely reason is that

A) women are traumatized by the experience of abortion.
B) the women who had abortions had sought psychiatric treatment in greater numbers even before the abortion.
C) the rate of psychiatric visits tends to decline in all women after a first childbirth.
D) the women who had abortions were traumatized by harassment from anti-abortion protesters.
E) the women who gave birth were too busy to schedule an appointment with a psychiatrist.

Question 60

Although the majority of Americans support Roe v. Wade, which permits women to have an early abortion for any reason, many people are uncomfortable with allowing abortion if

A) the pregnancy was the result of rape.
B) the fetus is likely to have a severe developmental disorder.
C) the woman's life is threatened by the pregnancy.
D) the pregnancy arises at an inconvenient time in the woman's life.
E) the pregnancy was the result of incest.

Question 61

Which of the following variables does not correlate with an individual's position on abortion (either pro-choice or pro-life)?

A) Gender
B) Religion
C) Political affiliation
D) Age
E) Education level

Question 62

Which of the following does not influence the availability of abortion services in a particular location?

A) Availability of trained professionals
B) Violence toward abortion providers
C) Availability of funding
D) Political climate in the area
E) Relative number of unplanned pregnancies in the region

Question 63

Which of the following is most likely to decrease the number of abortions performed in the United States?

A) Limiting federal funding for abortion
B) Improving access to and education about contraception
C) Mandating abstinence-only sex education
D) Restricting access to Plan B
E) Establishing parental consent laws

Question 64

Developing countries like China and India hope to foster economic development and control demand on limited resources by

A) limiting population growth.
B) stimulating population growth.
C) encouraging fetal sex selection.
D) allowing only the wealthy to reproduce.
E) limiting access to contraceptive and abortion services.

Question 65

The contraceptive technique described in the biblical story of Onan falls into the category of a(n)

A) behavioral method.
B) emergency contraceptive.
C) barrier method.
D) method controlled by the woman.
E) early abortion.

Question 66

Ernst Gräfenberg invented an effective

A) condom.
B) contraceptive pill.
C) intrauterine device.
D) diaphragm.
E) vibrator.

Question 67

Social approval of the use of condoms was promoted by

A) the AIDS epidemic.
B) their low cost.
C) their availability in schools.
D) their reliability, variety, and availability.
E) their endorsement by sports celebrities in the 1980s.

Question 68

_______ of all pregnancies in the United States are planned and wanted.

A) About one-quarter
B) More than half
C) Almost 90%
D) Less than half
E) About three-quarters

Question 69

The dissemination of information about contraception in the early twentieth century was prohibited via the _______ Law.

A) Chastity
B) Sanger
C) Moral Patriot
D) Comstock
E) Roe v. Wade

Question 70

Which of the following was the earliest of Margaret Sanger's many accomplishments?

A) Founding of the American Birth Control League
B) Establishment of the first U.S. birth control clinic
C) Founding of the Planned Parenthood Federation
D) Funding of research on hormone-based contraceptives
E) None of the above

Question 71

The three contraceptive methods with the best typical-use reliability are

A) the pill, implant, and diaphragm.
B) the pill, sterilization, and the patch.
C) sterilization, IUD, and condom.
D) IUD, diaphragm, and implant.
E) implant, IUD, and sterilization.

Question 72

Which of the following statements about condoms is true?

A) All forms of condoms provide good protection from STDs if used correctly.
B) The spermicide added to some condoms will kill all sperm spilled due to condom breakage.
C) Some people are allergic to latex condoms.
D) Condoms are odorless and tasteless.
E) All of the above are true.

Question 73

Which of the following statements are true?

A) Diaphragms decrease the risk of developing cervical cancer.
B) The female condom may be used for anal sex.
C) The diaphragm is less reliable than hormonal contraceptives.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 74

Intrauterine devices are _______ and must be replaced _______.

A) only moderately reliable; every three months
B) only moderately reliable; after 5-12 years depending on the type of IUD used
C) highly reliable; after 5-12 years depending on the type of IUD used
D) highly reliable; every three months
E) only moderately reliable; every six months

Question 75

ParaGard is a type of

A) condom.
B) combination pill.
C) hormone implant.
D) IUD.
E) spermicidal lubricant.

Question 76

If a woman has an STD, an IUD is worrisome because

A) it is more likely to come out under conditions of uterine inflammation.
B) it can lead to PID or infertility.
C) it is far more painful.
D) is makes the IUD far less effective.
E) All of the above are worrisome.

Question 77

Combination contraceptive pills work primarily through their actions on the

A) brain.
B) vaginal mucus.
C) ovaries.
D) uterus.
E) cervix.

Question 78

The _______ in contraceptive pills manipulates the hypothalamic-pituitary system into secreting less _______.

A) estrogen; FSH
B) progestin; FSH
C) estrogen; LH
D) progestin; LH
E) estrogen; progestin

Question 79

The hormones in contraceptive pills have a secondary mode of action in the _______, which they induce to begin secreting _______.

A) parasympathetic nervous system; norepinephrine
B) uterus; hCG
C) parasympathetic nervous system; acetylcholine
D) uterus; a thick cervical mucus
E) brain; FSH

Question 80

When a combination birth control pill is used continuously without the 7-day "drug-free" interval,

A) side effects are worsened.
B) menses cease.
C) toxic shock syndrome risk is increased.
D) sex drive plummets.
E) None of the above