Deck 7: Gender

Question 1

_______ is defined as the direction of an individual's sexual attraction.

A) Homosexuality
B) Heterosexuality
C) Bisexuality
D) Asexuality
E) Sexual orientation

Answer 1

E

Question 2

False or overgeneralized beliefs about groups of people are called

A) stereotypes.
B) gender realities.
C) gender schemas.
D) sexual scripts.
E) gender constancies.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

_______ published the book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792.

A) Mary Shelley
B) Mary Wollstonecraft
C) Margaret Mead
D) Germaine Greer
E) Marie Antoinette

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The book Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies was written by the anthropologist

A) Mary Wollstonecraft.
B) Germaine Greer.
C) Sandra Bem.
D) Margaret Mead.
E) Camille Paglia.

Question 5

The book The Female Eunuch was written by

A) Mary Wollstonecraft.
B) Germaine Greer.
C) Sandra Bem.
D) Margaret Mead.
E) Camille Paglia.

Question 6

Sex differences in moral reasoning are smaller in magnitude than cultural differences in moral reasoning. Which of the following scholars would argue that this is proof for socialization?

A) Germaine Greer
B) Lawrence Summers
C) Sandra Bem
D) Julianne Imperato-McGinley
E) David Reimer

Question 7

On average, women outperform men in tasks that involve

A) navigation.
B) aggression.
C) verbal fluency.
D) throwing accuracy.
E) mental rotation.

Question 8

According to the psychologist Carol Gilligan, women's moral universe is based on _______, whereas men's is based on _______.

A) justice; rules
B) caring; justice
C) dominance; caring
D) caring; sympathy
E) permission; dominance

Question 9

Women typically outperform men on tests of

A) navigation.
B) fine manipulation of objects.
C) mental rotation.
D) aggression.
E) sexual jealousy.

Question 10

A certain medical job requires memory of where important nerves and blood vessels are located as well as the ability to make finely-controlled hand movements. Based on these requirements, who would be more likely to excel at this job?

A) Men
B) Women
C) Either men or women
D) Evolutionary biologists
E) Feminists

Question 11

Which of the following scenarios would cause the greatest jealousy in men?

A) Seeing their wife give money to another man
B) Hearing their wife refer to another man as a close friend
C) Seeing their wife kiss another man
D) Hearing their wife say that she doesn't like kissing
E) Hearing their wife say that she doesn't want money

Question 12

Which of the following scenarios would cause the greatest jealousy in women?

A) Seeing their husband give money to another man
B) Hearing their husband refer to another woman as a best friend
C) Seeing their husband kiss another woman
D) Hearing their husband say he doesn't like kissing
E) Hearing their husband say he doesn't want money

Question 13

The reason that heterosexual men report having more sex partners than do heterosexual women is probably that

A) women exaggerate their number of partners.
B) men frequently use the services of prostitutes.
C) men exaggerate their number of partners.
D) men and women report the same number of partners on average.
E) None of the above

Question 14

In regard to sex, men express far more _______ attitudes than women do.

A) permissive
B) regulatory
C) conservative
D) punitive
E) restrictive

Question 15

Men, more than women, are concerned with the _______ of their partners.

A) status
B) wealth
C) sexual history
D) education level
E) physical attractiveness

Question 16

Women, more than men, are concerned with the _______ of their partners.

A) status
B) religiosity
C) physical attractiveness
D) sexual history
E) education level

Question 17

Which of the following is the most pronounced difference between men and women in terms of their sexual behavior?

A) Men start having sexual intercourse at a younger age.
B) Men have more sexual partners.
C) Men experience more emotional jealousy.
D) Men are more likely to masturbate.
E) Men are less likely to masturbate.

Question 18

Men's sexual jealousy serves to reduce the likelihood of their

A) not having a mate.
B) rearing another man's child.
C) not having a child until middle age.
D) being murdered by a rival male.
E) being pursued by another male.

Question 19

Evolutionary biologists predict that gay men have more sex partners than straight men because

A) gay men do not fear unplanned pregnancies.
B) men express more permissive attitudes toward casual sex.
C) women do not like sex as much as men do.
D) men are not as jealous as women.
E) None of the above

Question 20

By _______ months of age, most children distinguish between male and female voices and faces.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 9
D) 12
E) 24

Question 21

Gender constancy is evident in children between _______ of age.

A) 6 and 12 months
B) 12 and 24 months
C) 1 to 2 years
D) 2 to 3 years
E) 3 to 4 years

Question 22

Most children can identify their own sex by _______ of age.

A) 6 to 12 months
B) 6 to 18 months
C) 1 to 2 years
D) 2 to 3 years
E) 3 to 4 years

Question 23

By _______ of age, children show sex differences in terms of their toy preference.

A) 12 months
B) 18 months
C) 2 years
D) 3 years
E) 4 years

Question 24

By _______ of age, boys show greater throwing accuracy than girls.

A) 6 to 12 months
B) 12 to 18 months
C) 18 to 24 months
D) 1 to 2 years
E) 2 to 3 years

Question 25

By 2 to 3 years of age, girls show finer control of their _______ musculature than boys do.

A) leg
B) neck
C) foot
D) face
E) hand

Question 26

As early as the day of birth, female infants preferentially look at faces over objects. An evolutionary biologist might say that this is because

A) girls expend less energy than boys.
B) women are more likely to be creative.
C) women do not require navigating skills.
D) women are the primary care-givers for children.
E) girls are afraid of objects.

Question 27

Which of the following approaches supports the proposition that mental and behavioral traits have been molded by a long period of human existence?

A) Physiological
B) Endocrine
C) Evolutionary
D) Cognitive
E) Developmental

Question 28

Girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) have been exposed during part of their fetal life to high levels of androgens secreted by the

A) testes.
B) ovaries.
C) hypothalamus.
D) adrenal glands.
E) pituitary gland.

Question 29

If prenatal testosterone exposure leads to male gender development, then we would expect girls affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) to exhibit all of the following behaviors more than unaffected girls except

A) exceptional navigation skills.
B) accurate targeting skills.
C) optimal mental rotation skill.
D) overt aggression.
E) malicious gossip.

Question 30

According to observational studies, girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) tend to exhibit all of the following except

A) more rough-and tumble play than other girls.
B) a preference of "boys' toys" to "girls' toys."
C) showing limited interest in dolls.
D) exceling at verbal memory and fluency.
E) exhibiting more aggression than other girls.

Question 31

Which of the following is a biological marker of prenatal androgen exposure?

A) Size of the liver
B) Size of the spleen
C) 2D:4D finger ratio
D) Hip-to hip ratio
E) Ear lobe length

Question 32

A person with a lower 2D:4D ratio is somewhat more likely to be _______ than a person with a higher ratio.

A) caring
B) moral
C) transgendered
D) gender constant
E) aggressive

Question 33

Studies of _______ support the theory that testosterone exposure during fetal development promotes the development of male gender identity.

A) 5-reductase deficiency
B) congenital adrenal hyperplasia
C) gender constancy
D) transexualism
E) metoidioplasty

Question 34

The primary social influence on the development of a child's gender identity is the

A) school system.
B) child's peer network.
C) child's religious upbringing.
D) demographics of their town or city.
E) family.

Question 35

Beginning in the 1960s, feminists placed a great deal of emphasis on _______ theories of gender.

A) physiological
B) evolutionary
C) social learning
D) developmental
E) epigenetic

Question 36

Which federal law banned gender discrimination in schools?

A) Title X
B) Title IX
C) Title V
D) Title III
E) Title I

Question 37

Which of the following approaches proposes that gender-related traits are inculcated by parents, siblings, and society in general?

A) Physiological
B) Endocrine
C) Evolutionary
D) Socialization
E) Developmental

Question 38

Which of the following would not tend to promote feminine gender development in girls, according to socialization theory?

A) Having an older sister
B) Having an older brother
C) Having a stay-at-home mother who likes to cook
D) Receiving dolls as presents from one's parents
E) Being allowed to watch television.

Question 39

If you wanted to influence gender stereotypes among a large group of children, an effective way to do so would be through the use of

A) the media.
B) punishment.
C) feminist book clubs.
D) androgen treatments.
E) estrogen treatments.

Question 40

Cognitive developmental models focus on

A) early androgen exposure.
B) late androgen exposure.
C) genetic sex.
D) thought processes.
E) evolutionary biology.

Question 41

A _______ is a framework of ideas that influence perceptions, judgments, and memories related to sexuality.

A) gender schema
B) gender constancy
C) sexual script
D) gender identity
E) sexual orientation

Question 42

In the case of David Reimer, the boy who was raised a girl following a circumcision accident, what variable was the greatest influence on his ultimate gender development?

A) His twin brother
B) His sister
C) Prenatal testosterone exposure
D) Parents who rewarded feminine behavior
E) Parents who rewarded masculine behavior

Question 43

The gender schema theory would predict that children are likely to

A) repress details of stories that violate gender expectations.
B) repress memories of sexual molestation.
C) retain memories of sexual molestation.
D) retain details of stories that violate gender expectations.
E) recall things told them by their same-sex parent.

Question 44

The gene MAOA helps to regulate the levels of the neurotransmitters _______ and _______.

A) dopamine; GABA
B) GABA; serotonin
C) serotonin; nitric oxide
D) nitric oxide; dopamine
E) dopamine; serotonin

Question 45

A classical M-to-F transexual is noticeably _______ from early childhood.

A) feminine
B) masculine
C) androgynous
D) asexual
E) bisexual

Question 46

A male heterosexual who experiences sexual arousal by wearing women's clothing is exhibiting

A) transexuality.
B) bisexuality.
C) transvestism.
D) homosexuality.
E) asexuality.

Question 47

Nonclassical M-to-F transexuals are usually attracted to

A) other M-to-F transexuals.
B) men only.
C) women only.
D) both women and men.
E) neither women nor men.

Question 48

The name given to M-to-F transgendered individuals in Polynesia is

A) two-spirit.
B) berdache.
C) hijras.
D) Amazon.
E) mahus.

Question 49

The term "autogynephilia" was coined by the Canadian sexologist

A) John Money.
B) Alfred Jost.
C) Germaine Greer.
D) Margaret Mead.
E) Ray Blanchard.

Question 50

The concept of autogynephilia implies that some transexualism

A) is related to fetishism.
B) will not be helped by sex-change surgery.
C) results from sexual fixation on one's mother.
D) results from sexual molestation during childhood.
E) results from atypical prenatal testosterone levels.

Question 51

M-to-F transexuals receiving estrogens can expect all of the following except

A) a female-typical body fat distribution.
B) decreased erections.
C) cessation of ejaculation.
D) enlarged breasts.
E) reversal of baldness.

Question 52

You are working with your transsexual patient to help them transition. Requiring them to live for a year in concordance with their gender identity, but in discordance with their biological sex, is

A) metoidioplasty.
B) the first phase.
C) the second phase.
D) the third phase.
E) the fourth phase.

Question 53

Which of the following about children with gender dysphoria is false?

A) They show gender atypical behavior.
B) They are happier with sex reassignment if it happens early in their life.
C) Most will transition as adults.
D) They can be either male or female.
E) It is seen more the in classical than non-classical forms of transexualism.

Question 54

In a surgically constructed penis, unwanted openings to the outside that develop in the urethra are called

A) fistulas.
B) strictures.
C) cryptorchidism.
D) hypospadias.
E) scrotal fusion.

Question 55

Narrowings of the urethra of a surgically constructed penis are called

A) fistulas.
B) strictures.
C) cryptorchidism.
D) hypospadias.
E) scrotal fusion.

Question 56

Which of the following is not one of the variables that predict good outcomes follow sex-reassignment surgery?

A) Young age
B) Supportive family
C) Good psychological health
D) Sexual orientation
E) Informed consent

Question 57

To date, _______ states have statutes that provide transgendered people with protection from discrimination.

A) 5
B) 9
C) 12
D) 22
E) 36

Question 58

Which of the following statements about gender is false?

A) It is based on traits that differ between men and women.
B) It is what psychologists say about the two sexes.
C) It is based on a biological criterion such as female or male genitalia.
D) It is the subjective sense of maleness or femaleness.
E) All of the above about gender are true.

Question 59

_______ wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman.

A) Margaret Mead
B) Germaine Greer
C) Lawrence Summers
D) Carol Gilligan
E) Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 60

The speech given by former Harvard University president Lawrence Summers speculated that

A) the low numbers of women found in engineering and physics might be due in part to innate differences between men and women.
B) intrinsic differences between men and women might be due in part to socialization factors.
C) intrinsic differences between men and women might be due to discrimination.
D) there exist no differences between men and women that cannot be explained by cognitive theory.
E) there exist no differences between men and women that cannot be explained by biological mechanisms.

Question 61

One cross-cultural study found robust gender differences in six personality traits. On which of the following traits did women not score higher?

A) Agreeableness
B) Openness to ideas
C) Warmth
D) Openness to feelings
E) Neuroticism

Question 62

The sex differences seen in moral reasoning may be related to

A) different styles of conflict resolution between men and women.
B) differential understanding of shared community activities.
C) feminist interpretations.
D) errors in research interpretation.
E) evolved differences emerging from early divisions of labor.

Question 63

When cheated on by their partners, women are more likely than men to experience

A) emotional jealousy.
B) revenge motivation.
C) sexual jealousy.
D) sexual dysfunction.
E) indirect aggression.

Question 64

A sex difference is evident between men and women in reported total number of sex partners. Potential explanations for this sex difference include all of the following except

A) dishonest reporting.
B) female underreporting of sexual partners.
C) female overreporting of sexual partners.
D) men and women use different definitions of the term "sex partners."
E) sampling problems.

Question 65

Researcher Janet Hyde believes that sex differences in cognition, personality, and sexuality

A) are barely evident, if at all.
B) are large and well replicated in research.
C) should be considered in education and public policy decisions.
D) Both b and c
E) None of the above

Question 66

The appreciation that a person's sex is fixed is termed _______ and appears by about the age of _______ years.

A) sex identification; 2-3
B) sex identification; 3-4
C) gender constancy; 3-4
D) gender constancy; 2-3
E) sexual orientation; 5-7

Question 67

Female children enjoy an advantage on tests of

A) visuospatial ability.
B) rapid calculation.
C) throwing to a target.
D) mental rotation
E) None of the above

Question 68

Sex differences on throwing accuracy, favoring _______, and on fine motor skills, favoring _______, emerge by about _______ years of age.

A) girls; boys; 2-3
B) boys; boys; 5-6
C) boys; girls; 5-6
D) boys; girls; 2-3
E) girls; boys; 5-6

Question 69

Evolutionary psychologists believe that the cognitive differences seen among men and women have arisen because

A) of a long-standing difference in the tasks ancestral men and women have performed.
B) men and women evolved different brains and this reflects the cognitive differences.
C) men and women are socialized to be better at different tasks.
D) men have larger brains and therefore are better at some of the more difficult tasks.
E) bodies are different between men and women, so their brains must also be different.

Question 70

According to evolutionary psychology accounts, the jealousy experienced by males is attributable to

A) greater male aggression.
B) testosterone levels in males.
C) monogamy stress.
D) uncertainty of paternity.
E) personality factors such as self-esteem and assertiveness.

Question 71

Research by Alexander and Hines found that when male and female monkeys were given children's toys to play with,

A) males used the toys as weapons and the females "mothered" the toys.
B) monkey testosterone levels increased when they played with a "boy" toy and decreased when they played with a "girl" toy.
C) the monkeys ignored the toys.
D) the monkeys used the toys to imitate objects in their own environment such as leaves and branches.
E) the monkeys showed similar sex-specific toy preferences to that of boys and girls.

Question 72

Girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia are exposed to abnormally high levels of _______, which causes some of their personality and cognitive traits to be shifted toward a _______ pattern.

A) estrogen; masculine
B) androgen; masculine
C) progesterone; feminine
D) glucocorticoid; feminine
E) glucocorticoid; masculine

Question 73

In 5-reductase deficiency, males fail to convert testosterone into the potent steroid _______, resulting in _______.

A) androstenedione; feminine genitalia until puberty
B) androstenedione; permanently feminine genitalia
C) dihydrotestosterone; feminine genitalia until puberty
D) dihydrotestosterone; permanently feminine genitalia
E) DHT; ambiguous male genitalia

Question 74

Socialization research has shown that the gender identity of a child can be influenced by

A) parents.
B) older siblings.
C) media.
D) other children.
E) All of the above

Question 75

Which of the following ideas illustrates "human exceptionalism"?

A) Maternal nurturance of offspring is generated by different mechanisms in humans from those that operate in other animals.
B) Men and women have evolved based on different adaptive pressures.
C) Humans are part of the evolutionary continuum.
D) Evolution has favored the reproduction of humans with unusual qualities such as high intelligence.
E) None of the above

Question 76

Case study research has shown that the accidental removal of the penis of an infant boy, followed by rearing as a girl,

A) changes his gender identity from male to female immediately.
B) changes his gender identity from male to female at puberty.
C) increases his aggressiveness.
D) generally does not modify the gender identity away from male.
E) Both c and d

Question 77

The idea that the actions of males and females come to be perceived categorically is an important component of

A) postmodernism.
B) gender schema theory.
C) behaviorism (when applied to gender).
D) evolutionary psychology.
E) sexual script theory.

Question 78

Some brain scientists are critical of strictly cognitive models of mental development because

A) the brain is too complex.
B) cognitive theory is too vague and ambiguous.
C) consciousness does not necessarily have access to the neural circuitry that underlies feelings and emotions.
D) Both b and c
E) All of the above

Question 79

Which of the following about people with autogynephilia is false?

A) They are attracted to the idea of themselves as women.
B) They are aroused by being in women's clothing.
C) They often seek sex-reassignment surgery later in life.
D) They are also known as "trans men."
E) They often go through a period of being heterosexual transvestites.

Question 80

A hijra is a

A) female-to-male transexual.
B) transvestite.
C) person with the spirit of both a man and a woman.
D) man who took a female role in Polynesian society and performed ritual dances.
E) member of a class of male-to-female transexuals from northern India and Pakistan.