Deck 2: Bodies and Gender

Question 1

Which of the following is not an assumption of the "standard story" of sex, gender, and sexuality?

A) Biology is destiny.
B) There are only two sexes, male and female.
C) Sex is just as much of a construct as gender.
D) The two-sex order is universal, a fact of nature.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Why is biological sex difficult to test or measure?

A) Chromosomally there are five variations of sexes.
B) Differences in embryonic development can result in a variety of different formations of genitalia.
C) In many cases biological makeup is far from clear, far from either simply male or female.
D) All of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What does historian Thomas Laqueur's research demonstrate about the history of views of sexed bodies?

A) That ideas and beliefs about men and women shaped the ways people understood sexual anatomy and its function
B) That the understanding of female sexual anatomy has changed drastically in the past three centuries, while ideas about male sexual anatomy have changed very little
C) That the idea of gender was "born" in 1870 with the work of sexologist Havelock Ellis
D) All of the above

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What effect did the rise of capitalism have on understandings of sex and gender?

A) It had very little effect: these notions have remained static through very different economic systems and political histories.
B) The new emphasis on labor and productivity offered women the chance to enter the workforce for the first time, which helped to create a more positive view of women.
C) Economic institutions developed increasing interest in controlling sex and gender to increase productivity.
D) New divisions of labor arose that segregated men and women's work, and the idea of fundamental gender differences developed.

Question 5

What is a "hijra"?

A) A temple of the Hindu goddess Bahuchara Mata
B) A group of people in India who do not have male external genitalia and view themselves as "male minus maleness"
C) A Native American category for "not-man, not-woman"
D) A coming-of-age ritual in Kerala, India, in which some male-identified adolescents wear feminine costumes

Question 6

What does historical and cross-cultural research demonstrate about sex and gender?

A) That sex categories are fixed and universal, but gender can vary considerably depending on place, time, and culture
B) That sex and gender are not static
C) That a fantasy of "proper" sexuality produces a culture's notion of cultural gender and biological sex
D) That what we understand as biological sex is wholly culturally determined

Question 7

Judith Butler identifies the heterosexual matrix as a powerful way of thinking that organizes social patterns and personal identities. What three interrelated components make up the heterosexual matrix?

A) Chromosomes, hormones, and genitals
B) Sex, gender, and sexuality
C) Capitalism, governance, and sexuality
D) Desires, behavior, and identity

Question 8

What does it mean to say that someone is intersex?

A) An individual dresses as the opposite sex
B) An individual has a gender identity different from the sex they were assigned at birth
C) An individual is attracted to both men and women
D) An individual's sex is ambiguous

Question 9

According to Halperin and Warner, what does the umbrella term "transgender" refer to?

A) All people who reject normative gender and sexual identities and challenge sexual and gender logics
B) Only people who have undergone surgical gender transition
C) Only people who have had hormone replacement therapy
D) All people: the term challenges the notion that any person is born with a sex

Question 10

Which of the following is the best definition of gender identity?

A) The gender you think about yourself as being, such as a woman, a genderqueer person, or a man
B) How you demonstrate your gender to other people, ranging for displays of femininity, androgyny, or masculinity
C) Your categorization as female, intersex, or male based on your combination of chromosomes, hormones, and genital appearance
D) Your behaviors, fantasies, and how you categorize yourself when it comes to whom you find sexually attractive

Question 11

Which of the following is the best definition of gender expression?

A) The gender you think about yourself as being, such as a woman, a genderqueer person, or a man
B) How you demonstrate your gender to other people, ranging for displays of femininity, androgyny, or masculinity
C) Your categorization as female, intersex, or male based on your combination of chromosomes, hormones, and genital appearance
D) Your behaviors, fantasies, and how you categorize yourself when it comes to whom you find sexually attractive

Question 12

Which of the following terms applies to a person whose gender identity aligns with the sex they were assigned at birth?

A) Intersex
B) Transgender
C) Cisgender
D) Transsexual

Question 13

Feminists of color have argued that the exclusion of trans women in women's-only spaces, such as at the Michigan Womyn's Festival, reflects racism. How so?

A) Claims that trans women should be excluded because they do not have the same experiences as cisgender women ignore the fact that women's experiences across racial lines are also very different.
B) The claim that the presence of a penis might be associated with violence for some women ignores the fact that white skin might be associated with violence for some women
C) These exclusions are typically accompanied by other explicitly racist policies.
D) Both a. and b. are correct.

Question 14

What does the term Two Spirit refer to?

A) A third gender category found in some First Nations cultures
B) A third gender category recognized in India
C) An intersex individual
D) All of the above

Question 15

The "One-Sex Model" refers to:

A) Modern feminist biologically theories which posit that, biologically, there is too little difference in human bodies to justify the classification of two sexes.
B) Modern Western notions of sex and gender which sees all human beings as having only one sex, female or male.
C) Pre-modern notions of sexual anatomy, like the ideas of Aristotle and Galen, who saw female anatomy as the same as male anatomy, just inverted.
D) A social critique of contemporary built environments which are built to suit the average male body.

Question 16

Separate spheres doctrine, or the idea that social life can be divided into a public sphere of paid labor and a private sphere of home and family life, emerged as a result of:

A) Christianity
B) Capitalism
C) The sexual script
D) Evolution

Question 17

Which of the following is the best definition for Gagnon and Simon's sexual script?

A) a society's rules for when and where it is acceptable to have sex, with whom, and how individuals should initiate and have sex
B) a society's rules for who, according to sex and gender, should engage in paid labor in the public sphere or engage in unpaid housework and childcare in the private sphere
C) stereotypes about how women and men communicate
D) universal trends in how human beings initiate and engage in sex as influenced by our innate sexual drives

Question 18

Which of the following is the best example of an essentialist view of sex and gender?

A) Women tend to take up less physical space than men because society socializes them to move out of the way for others and cross their legs when seated.
B) Boys tend to be rowdier than girls because their parents, teachers, and coaches encourage rough play.
C) Men are more interested in sex because they have an evolutionary drive to procreate with as many women as possible.
D) Children who are raised by single mothers harbor fewer gender stereotypes because they see their mothers handling work and home responsibilities.

Question 19

______ is an umbrella term used to refer to all persons who reject normative gender and sexual identities and challenge existing logics embedded in social institutions.

A) Transgender
B) Intersex
C) Transsexual
D) Feminist

Question 20

Fausto-Sterling observes that chromosomal combinations other than XX and XY are common and posits that there are _______ sexes.

A) Zero
B) Nine
C) Two
D) Five

Question 21

Which of the following is the best example of a social constructionist view of gender roles in sexuality?

A) Gender is rooted in biological sex.
B) Gendered sexual arrangements, such as male dominance and female passivity, are rooted in evolutionary adaptations.
C) Sexual power arrangements are human created and should not be conflated with evolutionary adaptation.
D) Both a. and b. are correct.

Question 22

Which of the following claims supports the idea that bodies are socially produced?

A) Human beings alter their bodies to align with gender expectations, such as through surgery, dieting, and drugs like steroids.
B) Human beings learn and internalize gestures and postures that reflect gendered and sexualized body practices.
C) Sexual arousal and turnoffs are physical responses that are mediated by social relationships and cultural conditioning.
D) All of the above.

Question 23

Who are Maria Martínez-Patiño and Caster Semenya?

A) Olympic athletes whose participation was challenged as the result of the "sex test"
B) Activists who fought to reform the trend of surgically altering intersex babies
C) Authors of the The International Bill of Gender Rights
D) Late 19^th century biologists who popularized the idea that sexuality constitutes a stable, lifelong identity rather than categories of acceptable and unacceptable acts

Question 24

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) are both examples of _________.

A) Transgender identities
B) Intersex conditions
C) Homosexuality
D) Testosterone-related aggression

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a right designated by the International Bill of Gender Rights?

A) The right of parents to consent to surgery to correct ambiguous sexual development on behalf of their infants
B) Access to space and participation in activities regardless of self-defined gender identity
C) The right to define one's own gender identity
D) Freedom from psychiatric diagnosis and treatment solely on the basis of self-defined gender identity