Deck 9: The Blood

Question 1

Which of the following concerning erythrocytes is correct?

A) They contain many nuclei.
B) They survive an average of 150 days.
C) They do not have the ability to use O2 for energy production despite the fact that they transport O2 to all the other tissues of the body.
D) They are not flexible.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which organ removes most of the worn-out red blood cells from the circulation?

A) bone marrow
B) kidney
C) pancreas
D) spleen

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which plasma globulins are the antibodies?

A) alpha
B) beta
C) gamma
D) delta

Answer 3

C

Question 4

If the haematocrit is 40,then the volume occupied by the which of the following?

A) red blood cells is 60 percent of the total blood volume.
B) white blood cells is 40 percent of the total blood volume.
C) red blood cells is 40 percent of the total blood volume.
D) plasma and other cellular elements is 40 percent of the total blood volume.

Question 5

About how many litres of blood are in the human body?

A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 12

Question 6

What is the most abundant type of cellular element in the blood?

A) erythrocytes
B) neutrophils
C) leukocytes
D) lymphocytes

Question 7

The buffy coat,which represents < 1 percent of the whole blood,comprises

A) erythrocytes and platelets.
B) leukocytes and platelets.
C) leukocytes and clotting factors.
D) platelets and clotting factors.

Question 8

Blood is a connective tissue comprising cellular elements and an extracellular matrix of primarily water.What is the name of the blood's extracellular matrix?

A) haematocrit
B) fibrinogen
C) buffy coat
D) plasma

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT found within erythrocytes?

A) carbonic anhydrase
B) glycolytic enzymes
C) haemoglobin
D) Mitochondria

Question 10

Why is it important that biconcavity of the erythrocyte on the cell decreases its flexibility?

A) It prevents osmolarity changes.
B) It increases the rate of gas exchange across the membrane.
C) It provides an additional area for endocytosis.
D) It encourages cellular respiration.

Question 11

Carbonic anhydrase is NOT crucial for which of the following?

A) CO2 transport in blood.
B) conversion of CO2 into bicarbonate ion.
C) production of NO.
D) chemical buffer system

Question 12

Which statement is INCORRECT for antibodies?

A) gamma globulins
B) a type of plasma protein
C) produced by T lymphocytes
D) originated from plasma cells

Question 13

What is the function of plasma albumins?

A) to contribute in the clotting process
B) for body defence
C) to maintain the blood's osmotic pressure
D) for transportation of lipids

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma proteins?

A) Plasma proteins are responsible for the blood colloid osmotic pressure.
B) Plasma proteins provide a source of readily available amino acids to be utilized by the tissue cells for the synthesis of new tissue proteins.
C) Gamma globulins important in the body's defence mechanism are one of the constituents that stay in the plasma.
D) Plasma proteins play a role in buffering changes in pH in the body fluids.

Question 15

Albumin belongs to what group in the blood plasma?

A) hormones
B) electrolytes
C) proteins
D) gases (O2, CO2, N2)

Question 16

What advantages does the biconcavity of the erythrocyte impart on the cell?

A) It increases the overall surface area.
B) It decreases the flexibility of the cell.
C) It prevents toxins from entering the cell.
D) It increases blood osmolarity.

Question 17

Which of the following is correct for erythrocytes?

A) They are large cells.
B) They participate in the clotting of blood.
C) They defend the body against foreign substances.
D) They possess binding sites for oxygen and CO2.

Question 18

Which statement concerning erythrocytes is INCORRECT?

A) Erythrocytes do not contain any organelles.
B) Erythrocytes may take on many different shapes.
C) Erythrocytes originate from the same undifferentiated pluripotential stem cells as leukocytes and platelets.
D) Erythrocytes live only about five days.

Question 19

The red cell count is normally about how many million cells per cubic millimetre?

A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 15

Question 20

Which example of a reticulocyte percentage among the erythrocytes in the circulation indicates a high degree of erythropoiesis?

A) 0.5
B) 0.7
C) 1.2
D) 2.9

Question 21

Which statement is true of Haemoglobin?

A) is found in the nuclei of red blood cells.
B) contains carbonic anhydrase.
C) can combine with O2, CO2, H+, NO, and CO.
D) can combine only with O2 molecules

Question 22

Which of the following is correct for erythropoietin?

A) It is secreted by the bone marrow.
B) It stimulates red blood cell production.
C) It converts prothrombin to thrombin.
D) It is deficient in pernicious anaemia.

Question 23

Which statement concerning white blood cells is correct?

A) They are the most abundant type of blood cell.
B) They do not have nuclei.
C) They are actually only cell fragments.
D) They defend the body against foreign invasion.

Question 24

Which of the following condition(s)would NOT result in increased rates of erythropoiesis?

A) high altitudes
B) increased physical activity
C) loss of blood
D) greater blood flow to the kidney

Question 25

Which of the following leukocytes contains histamine in its granules?

A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) lymphocytes

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of anaemia?

A) dietary deficiency of folic acid
B) deficiency of intrinsic factor
C) malaria
D) living at high altitude

Question 27

What happens in aplastic anaemia?

A) There is insufficient haemoglobin formation due to iron deficiency.
B) There is an acute loss of blood.
C) Destruction of the bone marrow has occurred due to toxic chemicals or radiation.
D) The stomach secretes inadequate intrinsic factor, which is essential for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12.

Question 28

Which of the following is correct for iron?

A) It can combine reversibly with O2.
B) Deficiency in it can lead to polycythemia.
C) It is converted into bilirubin and secreted into the bile when an old red blood cell ruptures and is degraded.
D) It appears reddish when combined with CO2.

Question 29

Anaemia results from a reduced O₂-carrying capacity of the blood,which can be caused by a decrease in the number of ___________________

A) leukocytes.
B) lymphocytes.
C) macrophages.
D) erythrocytes.

Question 30

Which of the following concerning erythropoiesis is correct?

A) It is accomplished in the bone marrow upon stimulation by erythropoietin.
B) It is accomplished in the kidneys in response to reduced O2 delivery to the kidneys.
C) It refers to increased RBC count.
D) It refers to excessive RBC destruction.

Question 31

Why do men have a higher haematocrit than women?

A) greater blood flow to the kidney
B) their larger muscle mass
C) the growth hormone interactions with erythropoietin
D) higher blood pressure

Question 32

Which of the following concerning haemoglobin is correct?

A) It consists of a protein made up of four highly folded polypeptide chains and four iron-containing nonprotein, nitrogenous groups.
B) It appears reddish when combined with CO2.
C) It can combine only with O2 molecules.
D) It is found in the nuclei of red blood cells.

Question 33

Which of the following cellular elements has the lowest count in the blood?

A) platelets
B) neutrophils
C) erythrocytes
D) basophils

Question 34

Pernicious anaemia develops from a deficiency of which of the following?

A) ATP.
B) carbonic anhydrase
C) gastrin hormone
D) the intrinsic factor

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a function of white blood cells?

A) activation of factor XII, which triggers the clotting cascade
B) production of antibodies
C) destruction of cancer cells
D) phagocytosis of foreign invaders

Question 36

Which of the following organs produces the hormone that controls erythropoiesis?

A) Pancreas
B) Brain
C) Heart
D) Kidney

Question 37

What form of polycythemia occurs when an individual lives in a high-altitude environment?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) relative

Question 38

Which of the following types of anaemia is caused by a genetic abnormality?

A) Pernicious
B) haemorrhagic
C) sickle-cell
D) Megaloblastic

Question 39

What is the stimulus for increased erythropoiesis secretion?

A) low oxygen levels in the bone marrow
B) low oxygen levels in the kidney
C) a hormone produced by the bone marrow
D) a hormone produced by the liver

Question 40

Which statement concerning iron is INCORRECT?

A) Iron is found in the heme portion of the haemoglobin molecule.
B) Iron is converted into bilirubin upon erythrocyte degradation.
C) Iron readily combines reversibly with O2.
D) Diets deficient in iron can lead to anaemia.

Question 41

Which are the most common leukocytes in the blood?

A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) lymphocytes

Question 42

The tissue phagocytes,macrophages are derived from which white blood cell?

A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) lymphocytes
D) monocytes

Question 43

What can occur with leukaemia?

A) inadequate defence capabilities against foreign invasion despite an excessive number of white blood cells
B) polycythemia
C) high blood pressure
D) eosinophilia

Question 44

Which of the following leukocytes were NOT given rise from Myeloid stem cells?

A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) lymphocytes

Question 45

What does neutrophilia frequently accompany?

A) bacterial infections
B) viral infections
C) parasitic infestations
D) allergic conditions

Question 46

Which of the following signals the platelet aggregation to be reinforced?

A) ADP
B) fibrinogen
C) thromboxane
D) prostacyclin

Question 47

Which of the following is correct for neutrophils?

A) They are the most abundant type of white blood cell.
B) They attach to a parasitic worm and secrete substances that kill it.
C) They are stimulated to replicate and be released from the lymphoid organs.
D) They are produced in response to erythropoietin.

Question 48

What is the platelet count per cubic millimetre that is within the normal range?

A) 100 000
B) 130 000
C) 250 000
D) 600 000

Question 49

Which of the following is correct for lymphocytes?

A) They are polymorphonuclear granulocytes.
B) They are the most abundant type of leukocyte.
C) They can be produced in lymphoid organs as well as in the bone marrow.
D) They have kidney-shaped nucleus.

Question 50

Which of the following concerning prostacyclin is correct?

A) It activates the clotting cascade.
B) It induces profound vasoconstriction of an injured vessel.
C) It profoundly inhibits platelet aggregation.
D) It is released by aggregated platelets.

Question 51

What leaves the blood after circulating for only a day or two and becomes the large tissue phagocytes known as macrophages?

A) eosinophils
B) Basophils
C) lymphocytes
D) monocytes

Question 52

Which chemical signal makes platelets sticky upon aggregation?

A) ADP
B) ATP
C) prostacyclin
D) thromboxane

Question 53

Which statement concerning platelets is INCORRECT?

A) Platelets are produced in the bone marrow.
B) Platelets form the meshwork of a blood clot upon which the other cellular elements become entrapped.
C) Platelets form a plug when they adhere to the exposed collagen of a damaged vessel.
D) Aggregated platelets release serotonin, epinephrine, and thromboxane A2.

Question 54

Which of the following is correct for basophils?

A) They contain granules that preferentially take up a basic blue dye.
B) They leave the blood to become macrophages.
C) They synthesize antibodies.
D) They are the most abundant type of leukocytes.

Question 55

Which step is NOT involved in haemostasis?

A) vascular spasms
B) platelet aggregation
C) Coagulation
D) Thrombopoeisis

Question 56

An increase in the circulating number of what is associated with parasite infestations?

A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) Basophils
D) lymphocytes

Question 57

Which statement concerning platelets is INCORRECT?

A) Platelets do not adhere to normal vascular surfaces.
B) Aggregated platelets release ADP, which causes other platelets to become sticky and adhere to the platelet plug.
C) Platelets directly convert fibrinogen to fibrin.
D) A platelet plug releases chemicals that cause the injured vessel to constrict.

Question 58

What is the most abundant agranulocyte in the blood?

A) basophil
B) eosinophil
C) lymphocyte
D) monocyte

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a granuloyte?

A) monocytes
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) neutrophils

Question 60

Which of the following leukocytes is implicated in certain allergic reactions and attacks internal parasites such as worms?

A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) Basophils
D) lymphocytes

Question 61

Which of the following is correct for tissue thromboplastin?

A) It is released from traumatized tissue and triggers the extrinsic clotting pathway.
B) It converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
C) It forms the meshwork of the clot.
D) It activates factor XII (Hageman factor).

Question 62

Since fibrinogen is always present in the blood but the blood does not clot,what must normally be absent?

A) prothrombin
B) thrombin
C) calcium
D) red blood cells

Question 63

What slowly dissolves clots?

A) tissue thromboplastin
B) prostacyclin
C) plasmin
D) calcium

Question 64

Which of the following occurs in the last step of blood coagulation?

A) Fibrin is converted to fibrinogen.
B) Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.
C) Platelet factor enters numerous reactions.
D) Prothrombin is converted to thrombin.

Question 65

Which condition results from inadequate amounts of platelets?

A) haemophilia
B) sickle cell anaemia
C) thrombocytopenia
D) Hageman disorder

Question 66

What are platelets normally attracted to?

A) a collection of white blood cells
B) a disrupted surface of a blood vessel
C) a smooth surface
D) a source of ATP production

Question 67

Platelets trapped within the fibrous meshwork of the clot ______________

A) release plasmin.
B) release prostacyclin.
C) retract the clot.
D) inactivate thrombin.

Question 68

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement about heparin?

A) It is normally present in the body.
B) It is present in basophils.
C) It is used in blood samples.
D) It stimulates the coagulation of blood.

Question 69

What does haemophilia result from?

A) a deficiency of platelets
B) inadequate haemoglobin production
C) vitamin B12 deficiency
D) inability to produce one of the factors in the clotting cascade

Question 70

Which of the chemical signals is released by healthy endothelial tissue in order to prevent overgrowth of platelet plugs?

A) ATP
B) Fibrinogen
C) Prostacyclin
D) Thromboxane

Question 71

What forms the meshwork of a clot?

A) red blood cells
B) Fibrin
C) Platelets
D) Thrombin

Question 72

Which statement concerning the extrinsic clotting pathway is correct?

A) It is set off by factor XII.
B) It clots blood in tissues.
C) It has more steps than the intrinsic pathway.
D) It is set off when Hageman factor comes into contact with collagen in an injured vessel.

Question 73

What does exposed collagen in a damaged vessel do?

A) It activates factor XII to initiate blood clotting.
B) It initiates platelet aggregation.
C) It secretes ADP, which causes platelets to become sticky.
D) It activates factor XII to initiate blood clotting and initiates platelet aggregation.

Question 74

Which of the following is correct for platelets?

A) They convert prothrombin to thrombin.
B) They form the meshwork upon which the erythrocytes become trapped to produce a clot.
C) They adhere and aggregate when they contact exposed collagen in the walls of a broken blood vessel.
D) They release fibrinogen once a platelet plug is formed.

Question 75

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to clot formation?

A) prothrombin-thrombin-fibrin-fibrinogen
B) fibrin-prothrombin-fibrinogen-thrombin
C) prothrombin-thrombin-fibrinogen-fibrin
D) fibrin-thrombin-prothrombin-fibrinogen

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT a required factor in the intrinsic clotting mechanism?

A) calcium ions
B) factor XII
C) platelet factor 3
D) factor VII

Question 77

Which of the following chemicals is NOT involved in fibrinolysis?

A) plasmin
B) plasminogen
C) tissue plasminogen activator
D) Thrombin

Question 78

Which blood cellular elements lack nuclei?

A) Platelets
B) Erythrocytes
C) Leukocytes
D) platelets and erythrocytes

Question 79

The deficiency of which vitamin can cause a bleeding tendency?

A) B
B) C
C) D
D) K

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT accomplished by thrombin?

A) stimulates conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
B) activates tissue thromboplastin, which initiates the extrinsic clotting pathway
C) activates factor XIII (fibrin-stabilizing factor)
D) enhances platelet aggregation