Deck 11: Geographies of Globalization

Question 1

Which term reflects the idea that location decisions are made to minimize the effort required to overcome the friction of distance?

A) Time-space convergence
B) Distance
C) Economic reliance
D) Principle of least effort
E) Principle of innovation

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which term refers to a decrease in the friction of distance between locations as a result of improvements in transportation and communication technologies?

A) Principle of least effort
B) Diffusion
C) Time-space convergence
D) Principle of friction
E) Transportation convergence

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the four principle "distances" in Geoffrey Blainey's The Tyranny of Distance in the eighteenth century?

A) Distance between Australia and Europe
B) Distance between Australia and nearer lands
C) Distance between Australian ports and the interior
D) Distance between Australia and China
E) Distance along the Australian coast

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following was the first Australian staple that was instrumental in overcoming the tyranny of distance?

A) Wheat
B) Gold
C) Wool
D) Fur
E) Wood

Question 5

Which term refers to the introduction of a new invention or idea?

A) Potential
B) Diffusion
C) Entropy
D) Interaction
E) Innovation

Question 6

The port of Churchill on Hudson Bay is open to traffic only from mid-July to mid-November due to which of the following reasons?

A) Tourist season
B) Weather conditions
C) Cheaper rates
D) Local complaints
E) Border disputes

Question 7

What decade was Canada's transcontinental railway completed?

A) 1870s
B) 1880s
C) 1890s
D) 1900s
E) 1910s

Question 8

Which method of transportation was the last to develop in Britain between 1650 and 1930?

A) Railways
B) Canals
C) Turnpike roads
D) Navigable rivers
E) Carriers

Question 9

Which canal reduced the distance between the Indian and Atlantic Oceans?

A) The Suez Canal
B) The Panama Canal
C) The Rhine-Main-Danube Canal
D) The North Sea Canal
E) The Black Sea Canal

Question 10

Most planned African railway projects are aimed at moving which of the following?

A) Goods
B) Passengers
C) Natural resources
D) Both A and C
E) All of the above

Question 11

Where is the world's longest high-speed train route located today?

A) England
B) China
C) France
D) United States
E) Japan

Question 12

Scanlink, a series of railways and roads completed in 2000, links which of the following locations?

A) Denmark and France
B) France and England
C) Sweden and Norway
D) Italy and Germany
E) Belgium and The Netherlands

Question 13

Which method of transportation is particularly subject to rapid technological change and to political influence?

A) Water transportation
B) Railway transportation
C) Road transportation
D) Air transportation
E) Canals

Question 14

Which of the following methods of transportation is favoured for small-bulk, high-value products?

A) Air
B) Railway
C) Water
D) Road
E) None of the above

Question 15

Malcolm P. McLean developed the technology for which form of transportation?

A) Air transportation
B) Railway transportation
C) Containerized shipping transportation
D) Road transportation
E) Canal transportation

Question 16

Which ports are accessible to the largest container ships?

A) Rotterdam and New York
B) Singapore and Montreal
C) Montreal and London
D) Singapore and Rotterdam
E) London and New York

Question 17

Prior to containerization, the shipping of goods over long distances was which of the following?

A) Expensive
B) Time-consuming
C) Unreliable
D) Labour-intensive
E) All of the above

Question 18

Nine of the ten busiest container ports in the world are found where?

A) North America
B) South America
C) Europe
D) East Asia
E) Africa

Question 19

Which of the following terms describes when commodity flows are affected by the ease with which a commodity can be transferred?

A) Intervening opportunity
B) Transferability
C) Complementarity
D) Trade theory
E) Regional integration

Question 20

Which of the following terms describes a form of international economic integration that includes a common market and harmonization of certain policies?

A) Economic union
B) Shared market
C) Free trade area
D) Customs union
E) Integrated union

Question 21

Which of the following countries is a member of ASEAN?

A) Brunei
B) Indonesia
C) Thailand
D) Vietnam
E) All of the above

Question 22

Commodity flows could be explained by reference to all of the following variables EXCEPT?

A) Complementarity
B) Prices
C) Transferability
D) Intervening opportunity
E) Commodity flows can be explained by all of the above.

Question 23

What are tariffs?

A) Common currencies that facilitate trade
B) Groups of economic unions
C) Agreements allowing labour mobility between nations
D) Legal agreements between trading nations
E) Taxes or duties imposed on imports

Question 24

Which of the following refers to when member states not only remove trade barriers between themselves but impose a common tariff barrier?

A) Free trade
B) Economic integration
C) Sovereignty sharing
D) Economic union
E) Customs union

Question 25

Which of the following is the loosest form of integration?

A) Customs union
B) Free trade area
C) Common market
D) Economic union
E) Supranational body

Question 26

Which of the following countries is NOT a member of the EU?

A) Denmark
B) Ireland
C) Greece
D) Spain
E) Switzerland

Question 27

Which of the following acronyms represents the Canadian name of the new agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico?

A) NAFTA
B) CUSMA
C) USMCA
D) ACEUM
E) None of the above

Question 28

The South American economic grouping of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela is commonly referred to as which of the following?

A) PABCUB
B) SAFTA
C) MERCOSUR
D) SAN
E) ASEAN

Question 29

Where are most of the transnational companies based?

A) In the United States
B) In the United States and Europe
C) In Japan
D) In the United States and Japan
E) In the United States, Europe, and Japan

Question 30

Approximately how many countries have a gross national income (GNI) larger than the sales of Walmart?

A) Fewer than 10
B) 10-19
C) 20-29
D) 30-39
E) 40-49

Question 31

Direct investment by a government or multinational corporation in another country is known as which of the following?

A) International division of labour
B) Foreign direct investment
C) Common market
D) Multilateral free trade
E) Commodity flow

Question 32

Why are transnational corporations able to undermine national economies?

A) They operate not just within countries but between them.
B) They receive loans and subsidies from the state.
C) They are large in size.
D) They have a significant amount of capital at their disposal.
E) They are usually based in countries with weak economies.

Question 33

What is the approximate foreign employment figure for the Swiss-based Nestlé?

A) 0-20 per cent
B) 21-40 per cent
C) 41-60 per cent
D) 61-80 per cent
E) 81-100 per cent

Question 34

Which of the following transnational companies had the highest revenue in 2017?

A) Exxon Mobil
B) Toyota Motor
C) Walmart
D) State Grid
E) Volkswagen

Question 35

In general, countries that are major sources of foreign direct investment (FDI) are also which of the following?

A) Major hosts for such investment
B) Post-industrial economies
C) Located in the less developed world
D) Limited in resource base and labour force
E) All of the above

Question 36

North America had an FDI inflow of approximately what value in 2017 (US$ billions)?

A) Less than 100
B) 100-199
C) 200-299
D) 300-399
E) 400-499

Question 37

Technology, mass production, and mass marketing are characteristics of which of the following?

A) Postmodernism
B) Developed world
C) Capitalists
D) Transnationals
E) Modern trade

Question 38

Which country has declared Internet access to be a basic human right?

A) Sweden
B) Norway
C) Finland
D) Iceland
E) Denmark

Question 39

A more developed country, such as Iceland, has nearly 100 per cent of their population connected to the Internet, where a less developed country, such as Somalia, only has what per cent of their population connected?

A) 0-20 per cent
B) 21-40 per cent
C) 41-60 per cent
D) 61-80 per cent
E) 81-100 per cent

Question 40

Which of the following is TRUE about the global digital divide?

A) It is increasing because of social media.
B) It is a myth.
C) It is another kind of poverty.
D) It is most evident when comparing developed countries to one another.
E) It is most evident when comparing developing countries to one another.

Question 41

Which of the following was the first form of social media?

A) Twitter
B) MySpace
C) YouTube
D) Facebook
E) Blogs

Question 42

Which of the following are the top three social networking sites?

A) Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat
B) Snapchat, Facebook, and Twitter
C) Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn
D) LinkedIn, Instagram, and Facebook
E) Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter

Question 43

Both Twitter and Facebook were blocked by which of the following countries during the Arab Spring of 2011?

A) Libya
B) Syria
C) Egypt
D) Sudan
E) All of the above

Question 44

What is Thomas L. Friedman's interpretation of globalization?

A) It is intensifying and is making the global economy more even for all.
B) It is in retreat and has increased global inequalities.
C) It is not widespread and influential.
D) Regionalism is leading to decreased global connections.
E) It is intensifying and increasing inequalities in the global marketplace.

Question 45

Which of the following theorists argues that globalization is now in retreat?

A) Tony Blair
B) Thomas Friedman
C) John Maynard Keynes
D) John Ralston Saul
E) David Dodge

Question 46

Which scholar argues that globalization is exaggerated and that, at best, we live in a world of semi-globalization?

A) Thomas L. Friedman
B) Alfred Hettner
C) Carl Ritter
D) John Ralston Saul
E) Pankaj Ghemawat

Question 47

The central feature of which of the following theses is "global civilization based on capitalism and governance"?

A) Hyperglobalist
B) Skeptic
C) Transformationalist
D) Neo-imperialist
E) Anti-globalist

Question 48

The core position of which of the following is transformation of governance at all scales and new networks of power?

A) Hyperglobalist
B) Skeptic
C) Transformationalist
D) Regionalist
E) Neo-imperialist

Question 49

Which of the three these of globalization questions the existence of globalization?

A) Hyperglobalist
B) Skeptic
C) Transformationalist
D) Regionalist
E) Anti-globalist

Question 50

The internationalization of economic activity began with the development of empires, and then of economic links between which of the following?

A) Locations within colonial countries
B) Developed nations
C) Colonial powers and their colonies
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 51

Which of the following countries became the world's principal economic power at the end of World War II?

A) Great Britain
B) Germany
C) The United States
D) The former Soviet Union
E) France

Question 52

Which two economic institutions were created from the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944?

A) International Monetary Fund and the World Bank
B) World Bank and the International Trade Organization
C) International Trade Organization and GATT
D) World Trade Organization and the International Trade Organization
E) International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization

Question 53

Which of the following was a planned international institution as part of the postwar economic system but was refused for ratification by the United States senate?

A) International Trade Organization
B) International Monetary Fund
C) World Bank
D) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
E) The World Trade Organization

Question 54

What international institution was created in 1947 to reduce barriers to trade between countries?

A) World Bank
B) GATT
C) IMF
D) NAFTA
E) Bretton Woods

Question 55

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was finalized after eight rounds of talks in 1994 in which place?

A) Uruguay
B) Singapore
C) Seattle
D) Geneva
E) Hong Kong

Question 56

How has the global economic system changed since the 1940s?

A) New countries started trading globally.
B) Capital can be moved almost instantly and without regulation.
C) Several regional organizations are protectionist.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 57

North America contributes approximately what percentage of world GDP?

A) 0-20 per cent
B) 21-40 per cent
C) 41-60 per cent
D) 61-80 per cent
E) 81-100 per cent

Question 58

Some authors contend that we are moving towards a world comprised of which three principal regional trading blocs?

A) European Union, North America, and North Africa
B) North America, European Community, and East and Southeast Asia
C) European Union, North America, and the Islamic world
D) Islamic world, North America, and East and Southeast Asia
E) European Union, North America, and East and Southeast Asia

Question 59

In Peter Dicken's diagram of the contemporary geo-economy, where does the largest share of world exports originate?

A) South America
B) East and Southeast Africa
C) Europe
D) North America
E) Africa

Question 60

When was the World Trade Organization formed to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade?

A) 1965
B) 1975
C) 1985
D) 1995
E) 2005

Question 61

In which economic sector is protectionism still most significant today?

A) Manufacturing
B) Services
C) Agriculture
D) Natural resource extraction
E) Fishing

Question 62

Landscape features that are global in origin contribute to which of the following?

A) Placelessness
B) Place identity
C) Cultural identity
D) National identity
E) Regionalism

Question 63

A skeptical thesis views globalization as having what impact on culture?

A) New local hybrid cultures
B) The domination of global brands
C) Differentiated and clashing cultural identities
D) Homogeneous consumerism
E) The domination of Western values

Question 64

A hyperglobalist thesis views globalization as having what impact on politics?

A) Boundaries retrenched
B) Multi-layered governance at local, national, and global scales
C) Global governance led by markets, not nation states
D) Centralization and devolution of power
E) Sovereignty held by regional groupings designed by powerful nation states

Question 65

The tendency for groups to assert their right to a state separate from the one they occupy is known as which of the following?

A) Tribalism
B) Belonging
C) Resistance
D) Transformationalist
E) Separatism

Question 66

Opposition to globalization is based on which of the following beliefs?

A) It contributes to the widening gap between the rich and the poor.
B) Human impacts on the environment are exacerbated, especially through resource extraction.
C) More benefits are received by a few investors in transnational corporations.
D) More benefits accrue to the developed world than the developing world.
E) All of the above

Question 67

Which of the following countries did NOT suffer from the abolishment of all quotas and restrictions on clothing imports in 2005?

A) Mexico
B) Bangladesh
C) Philippines
D) India
E) Nigeria

Question 68

Which country is the world's largest clothing exporter?

A) China
B) Bangladesh
C) India
D) Mexico
E) Philippines

Question 69

Employees of the Nike manufacturing plant in Vietnam are beginning to use which mode of transportation more commonly to get to work today?

A) Walking
B) Cycling
C) Scooters
D) Cars
E) Public transportation

Question 70

Which scholar defends capitalistic economic globalization for moral reasons?

A) Norberg
B) Vidal
C) Clark
D) James
E) Singer

Question 71

Which term is characterized by free-market competition and laissez-faire economic development?

A) Capitalism
B) Competitive capitalism
C) Organized capitalism
D) Disorganized capitalism
E) Tariff

Question 72

Which term is defined as the increased growth of major corporations and increased involvement by the state in the economy?

A) Competitive capitalism
B) Disorganized capitalism
C) Tariff
D) Transnational corporation
E) Organized capitalism

Question 73

Which term reflects the most recent form of capitalism?

A) Competitive capitalism
B) Disorganized capitalism
C) Organized capitalism
D) Post-capitalism
E) Corporate capitalism

Question 74

According to some, a major failing of capitalism is that it has a dehumanizing effect on individuals living within it. Which of the following terms describes this effect?

A) Competitive capitalism
B) Empiricism
C) Post-Fordism
D) Alienation
E) Disorganized capitalism

Question 75

David Harvey recognizes what "second way of thinking of globalization"?

A) It makes distance less of a barrier to trade.
B) It makes the world more homogeneous, like a global village.
C) It reinforces local places and identities as distinct from others.
D) It builds a global village.
E) It reinforces inequalities.

Question 76

The principle of least effort refers to slowing down the pace of human development.

Question 77

Time-space convergence refers to an increase in the friction of distance between locations.

Question 78

The distance concept is central to a leading thesis in Canadian history, namely the Laurentian thesis proposed by Harold Innis.

Question 79

With the laying of the first telegraph cable across the North Atlantic seabed in 1858, the distance between Europe and North America was reduced from weeks to minutes.

Question 80

Innovations lead to change in human behaviour or production processes.