Deck 4: Geographies of Culture and Landscape

Question 1

The term culture refers to which of the following?

A) A system of available services
B) A system of interrelationships
C) Social development
D) Religious tolerance
E) The way of life of a society's members

Answer 1

E

Question 2

American geographer Preston James wrote about which of the following human divisions in his 1964 book One World Divided?

A) Society
B) Economy
C) Culture
D) Ethnicity
E) Race

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which term refers to areas with a degree of homogeneity in cultural characteristics or areas with similar cultural landscapes?

A) Cultures
B) Populations
C) Population regions
D) Cultural regions
E) Demographic regions

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Delimiting formal cultural regions requires decisions on which of the following points?

A) Criteria for inclusion
B) Date or time period
C) Spatial scale
D) Boundary lines
E) All of the above

Question 5

Which historian identified civilizations as responses to the environment, both past and present?

A) Fred B. Kniffen
B) A.J. Toynbee
C) Alfred L. Kroeber
D) Richard Joel Russell
E) Lewis Henry Morgan

Question 6

Who were the first geographers to attempt to delimit world regions?

A) Fred K. Schaefer and Richard Hartshorne
B) Richard J. Russell and Fred B. Kniffen
C) Matti Kaups and Vaclav Smil
D) Alfred L. Kroeber and Talcott Parsons
E) Carl Sauer and Alfred L. Kroeber

Question 7

North America can be subdivided into 13 regions based on which of the following criteria?

A) Physical and economic differences
B) Culture
C) Broad regional themes
D) The "feeling" of each region
E) All of the above

Question 8

Which of the following is a concept based on the likely importance of the initial occupancy of an area in determining later landscapes?

A) Second effective settlement
B) Subregional settlement
C) First effective settlement
D) Third effective settlement
E) Regional settlement

Question 9

How many cultural regions can Canada be divided into?

A) 1-5
B) 6-10
C) 11-15
D) 16-20
E) More than 20

Question 10

Which of the following is the core region of Canada, with most of the people, the largest cities, major industry, and intensive agriculture?

A) Interior Plains
B) Northlands
C) Great Lakes-St Lawrence Lowlands
D) Canadian Shield
E) Pacific Northwest

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT an element of homeland, according to Nostrand and Estaville (1993)?

A) Landscapes
B) People
C) Control of place
D) Sense of place
E) Place

Question 12

Which of the following terms are defined as "the feelings of dislike, anxiety, fear, or suffering associated with particular places and landscapes"?

A) Topophilia
B) Gemeinschaft
C) Topophobia
D) Gesellschaft
E) Animism

Question 13

How many named vernacular regions can America be divided into, according to Zelinsky (1980)?

A) 1-5
B) 6-10
C) 11-15
D) 16-20
E) More than 20

Question 14

One of the most important changes in human history was the shift to which of the following?

A) Capitalist mode of production
B) Cultural mode of production
C) Socialistic mode of production
D) Agricultural mode of production
E) Industrial mode of production

Question 15

Which of the following terms refers to changes in technology, organization, and ideology that permit sound relationships to develop between humans and their physical environment?

A) Cultural diffusion
B) Cultural migration
C) Cultural adaptation
D) Technological adaptation
E) Spatial development

Question 16

The sphere of a cultural region is understood to be which of the following?

A) The boundary of the nation
B) The area where the culture is dominant
C) The hearth area of the culture
D) The outer fringe
E) Mentifacts

Question 17

The domain of a cultural region refers to which of the following?

A) The dominant religion of a group
B) An area with particular social characteristics
C) The outer fringe
D) The hearth area of the culture
E) The area where the culture is dominant

Question 18

Who is associated with the core, domain, and sphere model?

A) Matti Kaups
B) A.J. Toynbee
C) Fred B. Kniffen
D) Carl Sauer
E) Donald Meinig

Question 19

Which of the following is an element of a typical Mormon town plan?

A) A grid street pattern
B) Central areas for church and educational buildings
C) Half-acre in size lots
D) Wide streets
E) All of the above

Question 20

The Mormons, who first arrived near Salt Lake City in 1847, are associated with which of the following?

A) Church-influenced settlements
B) High degree of uniformity in landscape change
C) Arable agriculture
D) Networks of irrigation ditches
E) All of the above

Question 21

The rural landscape of the Mormons is distinctive due to its emphasis on which of the following?

A) Pastoral activities
B) Arable agriculture
C) Lombardy poplars
D) Painted fences and barns
E) Both B and C

Question 22

The majority of diffusion research within historical and cultural geography is conducted to understand which three aspects?

A) Cultural origins, cultural identity and cultural landscapes
B) Cultural regions, cultural landscapes and cultural identity
C) Cultural identity, cultural origins and cultural regions
D) Cultural origins, cultural regions and cultural landscapes
E) None of the above

Question 23

Which of the following may contribute to the disappearance of a language with few speakers?

A) Association with low social status and economic disadvantage
B) Natural disaster, such as drought or disease
C) Globalization
D) Both A and C
E) All of the above

Question 24

Of the roughly 7,000 distinct languages that existed four centuries ago, approximately how many have disappeared?

A) 1,000
B) 3,500
C) 4,500
D) 5,000
E) 6,000

Question 25

About how many languages are considered endangered, according to UNESCO?

A) 1,500
B) 2,500
C) 3,500
D) 4,500
E) 5,500

Question 26

According to UNESCO, how often does a language die?

A) Every week
B) Every two weeks
C) Every month
D) Every three months
E) Every year

Question 27

About 96 per cent of the world's population only speak how many of the world's languages?

A) 2 per cent
B) 4 per cent
C) 8 per cent
D) 15 per cent
E) 20 per cent

Question 28

How many languages currently have more than 100 million native speakers?

A) 1-5
B) 6-10
C) 11-15
D) 16-20
E) More than 21

Question 29

Scholars have found evidence of language distribution patterns dating back approximately how many years?

A) 15,000 years
B) 25,000 years
C) 50,000 years
D) 1 million years
E) 2 million years

Question 30

Evidence of language evolution dates from approximately how many years ago?

A) Less than 500,000
B) 500,000-1 million
C) 1 million-5 million
D) 5 million-10 million
E) More than 10 million

Question 31

Which of the following language families has the largest number of speakers?

A) Sino-Tibetan
B) Indo-European
C) Niger-Congo
D) Afro-Asiatic
E) Austronesian

Question 32

What is the language family with the greatest number of languages?

A) Sino-Tibetan
B) Indo-European
C) Niger-Congo
D) Afro-Asiatic
E) Austronesian

Question 33

The numerical importance of languages such as English, Spanish, and Portuguese is mainly attributable to which of the following?

A) Large population of the concerned countries
B) Diversification of the countries
C) Trade activities
D) Colonial activities
E) Popularity

Question 34

Who were the earliest Indo-Europeans to settle in what is now England?

A) Romans
B) Gaelic-speaking people
C) Angles
D) Saxons
E) Jutes

Question 35

Which of the following languages is considered to be the most diversified, with an estimated 500,000 words?

A) German
B) English
C) Hindi
D) French
E) Arabic

Question 36

Which of the following is most appropriately regarded as the first true global language?

A) Mandarin
B) French
C) English
D) Spanish
E) German

Question 37

Which of the following countries is a typical example of a multilingual state?

A) Canada
B) France
C) United States
D) Denmark
E) Mexico

Question 38

Which country is an excellent example of a viable political unit with several official languages?

A) Canada
B) Belgium
C) Switzerland
D) Germany
E) Sweden

Question 39

How many official languages does Switzerland have?

A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
E) Five

Question 40

Which of the following statements best describes the boundaries of language regions?

A) They are rarely clearly defined.
B) They are always clearly defined.
C) They correspond with national boundaries.
D) They correspond with religious boundaries.
E) They correspond with ethnic boundaries.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is TRUE about Belgium?

A) It is divided linguistically between Flemish and French speakers.
B) It was created as an artificial state by the British and Germans to limit the expansion of France.
C) It does not have a bilingual transition zone.
D) Both A and C
E) All of the above

Question 42

In terms of linguistic territorialization, with which of the following countries might Canada be most appropriately compared?

A) Germany
B) Switzerland
C) Spain
D) France
E) Belgium

Question 43

Languages developed as simplified ways of communicating between different language groups are known as which of the following?

A) Creole
B) Lingua franca
C) Exonym
D) Pidgin
E) Minority language

Question 44

Which of the following is an example of a minority language?

A) Gaelic in Britain
B) Cantonese in China
C) Spanish in the United States
D) French in Canada
E) All of the above

Question 45

What is a lingua franca?

A) A language developed to facilitate trade between different language groups
B) Someone from an area where French is not the official language, and it is spoken by 10 per cent or more of the population
C) A region that is heavily influenced by the French language
D) A vernacular term used to describe the Cajun area to the southern United States
E) Any language that is heavily influenced by old French

Question 46

While different cultures have evolved over time, they are all a variation of which of the following basic elements?

A) Religion
B) Political system
C) Language
D) Both A and C
E) All of the above

Question 47

Creoles are relatively common in which of the following areas?

A) The Caribbean
B) The South Pacific
C) Africa
D) China
E) India

Question 48

Which of the following is an example of an artificial language developed to promote the use of a single universal language?

A) Manx
B) Jute
C) Kurga
D) Euro
E) Esperanto

Question 49

What does the term toponym refer to?

A) Landscape in language
B) Place names
C) Material culture
D) Religious preference
E) Language peculiarities

Question 50

An analysis of place names can provide information on which of the following?

A) The spatial and social origins of settlers
B) Former cultural boundaries
C) The cultural history of an area
D) The aspirations of settlers
E) All of the above

Question 51

In terms of numbers, which is the leading religion of the world?

A) Judaism
B) Hinduism
C) Christianity
D) Islam
E) Buddhism

Question 52

Which of the following represent two major religious hearth areas?

A) Indo-Gangetic and Semitic
B) England and Ireland
C) Tigris and Rhine valleys
D) Arabia and India
E) Europe and Asia

Question 53

What percentage of the world population is Christian?

A) 0-20 per cent
B) 21-40 per cent
C) 41-60 per cent
D) 61-80 per cent
E) 81-100 per cent

Question 54

Which of the following religions has the highest number of adherents in Asia as of 2017?

A) Hinduism
B) Islam
C) Sikhism
D) No religion
E) Buddhism

Question 55

Which of the following is considered to be the largest ethnic religion?

A) Islam
B) Judaism
C) Hinduism
D) Christianity
E) Buddhism

Question 56

Which of the following statements most accurately describes a monotheistic religion?

A) Worshipping one single god
B) Worshipping more than one god
C) Having worldwide acceptance
D) Having universal appeal
E) Seeking to convert others to one religion

Question 57

Which of the following statements most accurately describes a polytheistic religion?

A) Having universal appeal
B) Having worldwide acceptance
C) Blending multiple religions
D) Worshipping more than one god
E) Worshipping one single god

Question 58

What is the oldest monotheistic religion?

A) Islam
B) Buddhism
C) Judaism
D) Christianity
E) Hinduism

Question 59

Jainism and Sikhism are offshoots of which religion?

A) Hinduism
B) Shintoism
C) Buddhism
D) Judaism
E) Confucianism

Question 60

Beliefs that attribute a spirit or soul to natural phenomena and inanimate objects are known as which of the following?

A) Exonym
B) Caste
C) Animism
D) Toponym
E) Universalizing religions

Question 61

Judaism, Shinto, Taoism, and Confucianism are all examples of which of the following?

A) Universal religions
B) Ethnic religions
C) Offshoots of Hinduism
D) Animistic religions
E) Offshoots of Christianity

Question 62

Approximately when did Buddhism spread to China?

A) 10 BCE
B) 50 BCE
C) 200 CE
D) 644 BCE
E) 100 BCE

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT a universalizing religion?

A) Christianity
B) Hinduism
C) Islam
D) Buddhism
E) None of the above

Question 64

The Protestants broke away from the Roman Catholic Church for which of the following reasons?

A) Reform Roman Catholic dogma, teachings, and practices
B) Build more churches
C) Make religion central to human life
D) Spread Christianity worldwide
E) Adopt Christianity as an official religion throughout Europe

Question 65

What proportion of the Muslim population is Sunni?

A) 0-20 per cent
B) 21-40 percent
C) 41-60 per cent
D) 61-80 per cent
E) 81-100 per cent

Question 66

Locations in Palestine are contested sacred space between which groups?

A) Hindus, Jews, and Christians
B) Jews, Christians, and Muslims
C) Christians, Muslims, and Buddhists
D) Buddhists, Hindus, and Muslims
E) Jews, Muslims, and Hindus

Question 67

Which of the following religions place God above humans and humans above nature?

A) Judaism
B) Christianity
C) Buddhism
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 68

Generally, what do Eastern religions and Indigenous/Aboriginal worldviews believe?

A) God is above humans.
B) Humans are above nature.
C) Humans are a part of nature.
D) Both A and B
E) Both A and C

Question 69

Improved understanding of and respect for each other are necessary for a more stable and secure cultural and political world within which two religions?

A) Christianity and Judaism
B) Buddhism and Hinduism
C) Christianity and Buddhism
D) Islam and Christianity
E) Judaism and Islam

Question 70

Which of the following Christian groups produces cultural landscapes devoid of religious symbolism?

A) Mormons
B) Doukhobors
C) Amish
D) Mennonites
E) Roman Catholics

Question 71

What caused the Hutterites, Mennonites, and Amish to immigrate to North America?

A) Overpopulation in Europe
B) Free land in Canada
C) Religious persecution in Europe
D) Crop failures in Europe
E) Disease in Europe

Question 72

Culturally based divisions between groups are being reduced because of which of the following?

A) Global languages
B) Cultural globalization
C) Secularism
D) Multiculturalism
E) None of the above

Question 73

Why is it important to acknowledge cultural variables as?

A) Spatially fixed
B) Human constructions
C) Dictated by a deity
D) Often able to unite groups
E) The interrelationships that connect people

Question 74

Culture is the human ability to deliberately change social environments to meet the needs of the physical environment.

Question 75

Cultural regions are areas in which there is a degree of homogeneity in cultural characteristics.

Question 76

North America is a relatively difficult region to subdivide because its cultural regions are very recent.

Question 77

The Interior Plains, which is comprised of agricultural regions, is the largest region in Canada.

Question 78

The term homeland usually suggests a strong emotional attachment to place.

Question 79

Topophilia refers to a negative attitude toward place.

Question 80

Vernacular regions are the product of the geographer who delimits spaces based on an analysis of people and place.