Deck 8: Maintenance and Motivation

Question 1

In the _________ research condition rats were housed in cages, with their feeding restricted to one hour per day but unlimited access to activity wheels.

A) exercise-feeding
B) activity-stress
C) stress-diet
D) diet-activity

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In an activity-stress research condition, if a ________ was administered, then the rats' excessive amounts of running subsided.

A) dopamine agonist
B) dopamine antagonist
C) serotonin agonist
D) serotonin antagonist

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The __________ effect strengthens a particular response when an animal is not rewarded, perhaps because of frustration.

A) learned helplessness
B) negative reinforcement
C) risk-reward
D) reinforcement-omission

Answer 3

D

Question 4

An important step in determining the motivation animals and humans have for various activities is to complete accurate ________.

A) time budgets
B) behavioral analyses
C) physiological examinations
D) genetic profiles

Question 5

In a study of German university students ________ activities were characterized as generating immediate positive emotions while ________ activities represented more complex responses in addition to positive emotions.

A) pleasurable, rewarding
B) pleasurable, reinforcing
C) entertaining, reinforcing
D) entertaining, rewarding

Question 6

The subjective feelings of pleasure and reward are also known as ________ in biopsychology research.

A) subjective happiness
B) subjective well-being
C) subjective welfare
D) subjective contentment

Question 7

________ can be defined as physical or mental effort undertaken to obtain desired resources.

A) Effort
B) Labor
C) Toil
D) Work

Question 8

Rats will voluntarily press a lever up to 2,000 times per hours for electrical stimulation targeting ________.

A) limbic structures
B) the pituitary gland
C) prefrontal cortex
D) the nigrostriatal pathway

Question 9

________ receptor blockers diminish rats' motivation to respond for a food reward.

A) Opioid
B) Serotonin
C) Norepinephrine
D) Dopamine

Question 10

Robert Heath reported that electrical stimulation of the __________________ generates intensely pleasurable responses in human patients.

A) septal nuclei
B) basal ganglia
C) subthalamic nucleus
D) globus pallidus

Question 11

Mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons can be activated by _________________ as well as rewarding stimuli.

A) aversive (or negative) stimuli
B) flashing lights
C) novel sounds
D) intermittent stimuli

Question 12

Berridge and Kringlebach have suggested that dopamine may play a role in ________ with regards to the pleasurable characteristics of a stimulus.

A) aggression
B) shifting arousal and motivation
C) anxiety
D) inattention

Question 13

According to Berridge and colleagues, an example of "liking" would be _________ and an example of "wanting" would be______.

A) a child who has just had a bite of ice cream; a child waiting to open birthday presents
B) a child who has just had a bite of ice cream; a child building associations between events and responses
C) a child building associations between events and responses; a child who has just had a bite of ice cream
D) a child waiting to open birthday presents; a child just given his allowance

Question 14

Activation of rostral areas of the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens enhances ___________ behaviors.

A) scent-marking
B) aggressive/aversive
C) appetitive
D) grooming

Question 15

Activation of caudal areas of the nucleus accumbens enhances ___________ behaviors.

A) scent-marking
B) aggressive/aversive
C) appetitive
D) grooming

Question 16

Rats housed in a more natural environment that was dark, familiar, and quiet showed that their _______.

A) appetitive zone shrank to just 5% of the entire accumbens shell
B) aversive zone expanded to fill approximately 90% of the entire accumbens shell
C) appetitive zone expanded to fill approximately 90% of the entire accumbens shell
D) nucleus accumbens was unchanged

Question 17

Rats housed in a stressful environment that was extra bright and loud showed that their _______.

A) aversive zone expanded to fill more than 80% of the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens
B) appetitive zone expanded to fill more than 80% of the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens
C) aversive zone shrank to just 5% of the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens
D) nucleus accumbens was unchanged

Question 18

Aristotle declared that happiness consisted of two fundamental aspects: ____________

A) peace and love
B) love and hedonia
C) love and work
D) hedonia and eudaimonia

Question 19

____________ refers to possessing excessive weight because of muscle, fluids, fat, or bone composition.

A) Edema
B) Body mass index (BMI)
C) Obesity
D) Overweight

Question 20

BMIs ranging from 25 to 29 are classified as __________.

A) normal weight
B) overweight
C) obese
D) morbidly obese

Question 21

Proteins are rendered more digestible by the process of __________.

A) infusion
B) washing
C) denaturing
D) chewing

Question 22

The denaturing of proteins can occur by the process of ______________.

A) cooking
B) pickling
C) salting
D) All of the above options are correct

Question 23

Primates with smaller intestinal sizes relative to their body sizes generally have ______________.

A) less reproductive success
B) higher-quality diets
C) more aggression
D) larger teeth

Question 24

Bilateral lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in rats lead to ______________

A) unprovoked aggression
B) hypersexuality
C) reduced eating and decreased body weight
D) hyperphagia and obesity

Question 25

Bilateral lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in rats lead to

A) unprovoked aggression
B) hypersexuality
C) reduced eating and decreased body weight
D) hyperphagia and obesity

Question 26

The role of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in ________ suggests that the VMH is not simply a satiety center.

A) insulin secretion
B) initiating eating
C) aggression
D) reproductive behavior

Question 27

Neurons in the monkey lateral hypothalamus (LH) were shown to respond to________

A) music
B) sexual stimuli
C) the taste and sight of food
D) the taste and sight of non-food objects

Question 28

When a monkey reached satiety cells in the ______________ stopped firing but they became activated again when a new, appealing food was presented.

A) arcuate nucleus
B) lateral hypothalamus (LH)
C) ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
D) nigrostriatal bundle

Question 29

________ explains why you cannot eat another bite of your main dinner entrée but seem to have plenty of room for dessert.

A) Desensitization
B) Sensory adaption
C) Sensory-specific satiety
D) Sensory overload

Question 30

Higher levels of ________ in the blood lead to increased glucose absorption and body weight gain.

A) leptin
B) orexin
C) dopamine
D) insulin

Question 31

Higher levels of ________ in the blood can lead decreased hunger.

A) serotonin
B) melatonin
C) dopamine
D) insulin

Question 32

The activation of insulin receptors in the ______________ can enhance satiety.

A) arcuate nucleus
B) lateral hypothalamus (LH)
C) ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
D) nigrostriatal bundle

Question 33

Diets high in fat and sugar have been shown to cause ______________.

A) anhedonia
B) eudaimonia
C) insulin resistance
D) anorexia nervosa

Question 34

Mice deficient in ______________ become obese.

A) dopamine
B) insulin
C) leptin
D) serotinin

Question 35

___________ deficiency does not explain obesity in most humans.

A) Leptin
B) Insulin
C) Dopamine
D) Serotonin

Question 36

___________ is a chemical meal initiator secreted by endocrine cells in the stomach.

A) Ghrelin
B) Leptin
C) Insulin
D) Dopamine

Question 37

The release of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the brain ___________.

A) causes increased food intake
B) causes decreased food intake
C) increases responding to electrical brain stimulation
D) increases the chance of seizures

Question 38

________________ works in conjunction with NPY neurons to increase appetite and decrease energy expenditure when necessary.

A) Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)
B) Leptin
C) Insulin
D) The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

Question 39

Chemical signals that have been identified as appetite stimulating are referred to as ___________.

A) metabotropic
B) orexigenic
C) anorexigenic
D) stimulants

Question 40

Rats cut off for 12 hours from their accustomed 12 hour access to a sweetened solution display ___________.

A) "withdrawal" symptoms characterized by signs of increased anxiety and depression
B) hyperactivity
C) passiveness
D) seizures

Question 41

Researchers have observed a ___________ between sugar consumption and amphetamine.

A) cross-sensitization
B) mutual inhibition
C) no interaction
D) revulsion

Question 42

Rats with a developed "sweet tooth" demonstrate a(n) ___________ to a low dose of amphetamine compared to animals not exposed to drugs or sugar.

A) hyperactivity response
B) reduction in behavioral activity
C) increase in feeding behavior
D) no difference in behavior

Question 43

Rats given extended access to energy dense foods display ___________ compared to rats on a standard diet.

A) gastric distress and stop eating excessively
B) willingness to lever press for very low levels of rewarding electrical brain stimulation
C) weight loss
D) willingness to lever press only for more intense levels of rewarding electrical brain stimulation

Question 44

In addition to high sugar diets, high ___________ diets appear to induce addiction-like deficits in brain reward functions in rats.

A) fat
B) alcohol
C) protein
D) fiber

Question 45

Rats given extended access to energy dense foods display ___________ compared to rats on a standard diet.

A) Fewer dopamine DA2 receptors in the striatum
B) Fewer dopamine DA1 receptors in the striatum
C) More dopamine DA2 receptors in the striatum
D) More dopamine DA1 receptors in the striatum

Question 46

Children watching a cartoon with food commercials ate ___________ goldfish crackers than those watching the same cartoon without food commercials.

A) 90% less
B) the same amount of
C) 90% more
D) 45% more

Question 47

Adult subjects viewing snack food ads consumed ___________ than the subjects viewing non-snack food ads.

A) more unhealthful foods but no difference in healthful foods
B) more unhealthful foods and less healthful foods
C) no more or less of both healthful and unhealthful foods
D) more of both healthful and unhealthful foods

Question 48

Most people eat more when with others, an effect called the ___________.

A) social facilitation of eating
B) gastronomy effect
C) mutual hedonia effect
D) glutton effect

Question 49

Meals eaten in the presence of others are ___________ on average than those consumed alone.

A) 44% larger
B) about the same
C) 10% smaller
D) 10% larger

Question 50

The diagnostic guidelines for _______ include a significantly lower body weight for one's developmental stage, an exaggerated fear of gaining weight, and an unrealistic perception of weight.

A) dysphoria
B) anorexia nervosa
C) bulimia nervosa
D) major depression

Question 51

Anorexia is rare, affecting about 0.3% of the U.S. population, but it has ___________.

A) the best response to treatment of any psychiatric disorder
B) the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder
C) the lowest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder
D) one of the simplest causes of any psychiatric disorder

Question 52

Anorexia nervosa is often associated with ___________.

A) an inability to lose weight on a strict diet
B) drug abuse
C) perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive tendencies
D) unusually high mood

Question 53

___________ is characterized by the behaviors of binging and purging.

A) Dysphoria
B) Anorexia nervosa
C) Bulimia nervosa
D) Major depression

Question 54

Brain scans of anorexia patients in one study revealed ___________ and a few cortical areas such as the primary motor cortex compared with healthy controls.

A) less gray matter area in the cerebellum
B) reduced volume of the caudate putamen
C) more white matter in the frontal lobes
D) higher activity in the amygdala

Question 55

Brain scans of bulimia patients revealed ___________ compared with healthy controls.

A) less gray matter area in the cerebellum
B) reduced volume of the caudate putamen
C) more white matter in the frontal lobes
D) higher activity in the amygdala

Question 56

In a spatial task that required suppressing irrelevant information patients with bulimia exhibited ___________.

A) less distractibility
B) hyperactivity of the nigrostriatal pathway
C) enhanced task performance
D) less activation in the frontostriatal brain area

Question 57

Anorexia patients often exercise compulsively and report ___________.

A) experiencing anhedonia
B) experiencing hallucinations
C) experiencing eudaimonia
D) experiencing hedonia

Question 58

Anorexia patients exhibit ___________.

A) higher blood levels of leptin
B) lower CSF levels of dopamine metabolites
C) higher blood levels of insulin
D) higher CSF levels of insulin

Question 59

Recovered anorexics exhibit ________.

A) lower blood levels of leptin
B) lower CSF levels of dopamine metabolites
C) lower blood levels of insulin
D) higher CSF levels of serotonin metabolites

Question 60

Anorexia patients exhibit ___________.

A) higher blood levels of leptin
B) low CSF levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HT)
C) higher CSF levels of serotonin metabolites
D) higher CSF levels of insulin.

Question 61

Anorexia patients exhibit different patterns of specific ________ receptors.

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) leptin
D) glutamate

Question 62

The ________ responds to taste and the physical properties of foods as well as their rewarding properties.

A) posterior parietal cortex
B) anterior insular cortex
C) parahippocampal cortex
D) angular gyrus

Question 63

________ is the omega (ω)-3 fatty acid that most commonly appears in the cell membranes of neurons.

A) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
B) Lipoic acid (LA)
C) Alpha-linoleic acid (ALA)
D) Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

Question 64

Dietary saturated fats ________.

A) ameliorate cognitive decline in the elderly
B) exacerbate cognitive decline in aging humans
C) enhance cognition when combined with exercise
D) reverse the cognitive effects of choline deficiency

Question 65

High serum ________ is associated with faster cognitive decline in the elderly.

A) calcium
B) copper
C) selenium
D) choline

Question 66

________ refers to rodent pups being raised by a nonbiological "foster" mother.

A) Cross-fostering
B) Cross-adoption
C) Cross-littering
D) Cross-rearing

Question 67

The rat offspring of mothers fed a high fight diet display ________ even when raised by a mother fed a balanced diet.

A) anorexic behaviors
B) bulimic behaviors
C) increased caloric intake and body weight
D) aggressive behaviors

Question 68

After you eat too many salty snacks the fluid outside of your cells may become a ________.

A) hypertonic solution
B) hypotonic soultion
C) isotonic solution
D) hydrotonic solution

Question 69

________, which are cells that are sensitive to cellular dehydration, are found in the anterior wall of the third ventricle of the brain.

A) Baroreceptors
B) Chemoreceptors
C) Hydroreceptors
D) Osmoreceptors

Question 70

When the anterior wall of the third ventricle of the brain was lesioned in goats or rats, they developed ________.

A) anorexia
B) adipsia
C) paralysis
D) bulimia

Question 71

The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and the subfornical organ (SFO) lack ________.

A) a blood-brain barrier
B) white matter
C) gray matter
D) glia

Question 72

In humans, the ________ is activated when a hypertonic saline solution is infused into the brain

A) cingulate cortex
B) posterior parietal cortex
C) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
D) mesolimbic dopamine system

Question 73

________ is the net movement of fluid (e.g., water) through a semipermeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration.

A) Hydrolysis
B) Hydraulics
C) Osmosis
D) Dialysis

Question 74

Low blood volume is also referred to as ________

A) hypovolemia
B) hyperosmotic
C) hydrolysis
D) hypotonic

Question 75

Specific pressure receptors known as ___________ located in the cardiovascular system detect low blood volume.

A) baroreceptors
B) chemoreceptors
C) hydroreceptors
D) osmoreceptors

Question 76

In the brain, the neuropeptide ________ is released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to hypovolemia.

A) renin
B) angiotensin II
C) aldosterone
D) vasopressin

Question 77

When hypovolemia is detected by the kidneys, the release the hormone ________ into the circulatory system.

A) renin
B) angiotensin II
C) aldosterone
D) vasopressin

Question 78

When the peptide ________ is infused into the brains of several animal species, they appear to be suddenly thirsty and begin drinking.

A) renin
B) angiotensin II
C) aldosterone
D) vasopressin

Question 79

The hormone, ________, which stimulates reabsorption of sodium and water, is released by the adrenal cortex.

A) renin
B) angiotensin II
C) aldosterone
D) vasopressin

Question 80

________ behavior is characterized by persistence, vigor, and elevated levels of work output.

A) Motivated
B) Obsessive
C) Compulsive
D) Learned