Deck 10: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

At a young age, children begin to show the ability to differentiate between positive and negative emotions, showing an understanding of emotional

A) intelligence.
B) intuition.
C) objectivity.
D) valence.
E) mindfulness.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A group of 3-year-old and 5-year-old children were shown a picture book of a boy who rescued a bird that had broken its wing. When the bird's wing healed, the boy sadly said goodbye to his new friend and released it into the wild. How did each age group likely interpret the emotional state of the boy in the story?

A) Both age groups understood the boy was both happy and sad about releasing the bird.
B) Both 3- and 5-year-old children understood why the boy was sad, but not happy.
C) Both 3- and 5-year-old children understood why the boy was happy, but not sad.
D) The 5-year-olds identified the boy as being sad, but the 3-year-olds said he was happy.
E) Only the 5-year-old group recognized the presence of mixed emotions.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

_______ are a type of short story used to test young children's knowledge about how a character in a story feels or might act in a particular situation.

A) Experimental narratives
B) Emotion vignettes
C) Assessment features
D) "How does it feel" narratives
E) Theory of mind narratives

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Five-year-old Mandy was read a story about a boy who ordered a kids' meal at his favorite restaurant because it came with a small prize. However, when he got his meal, he did not get a prize. When asked how the boy in the story felt after not getting a prize, Mandy likely said that

A) the boy likely felt sad because he didn't get a prize.
B) the boy didn't care anymore about getting a prize.
C) the boy was happy because he didn't get a prize.
D) the boy was embarrassed about not having a prize.
E) she didn't understand or know how the boy felt.

Question 5

Mischel and Mischel's (1987) famous marshmallow task, in which children were given a choice to either eat one marshmallow immediately or wait for the chance to get a second marshmallow, represents a type of _______, which measures children's ability to forgo an immediate, smaller reward for a larger reward later.

A) inhibition-reward paradigm
B) emotional control task
C) delay of gratification task
D) psychological limits assessment
E) opportunity-reward test

Question 6

Four-year-old Shane and his 2-year-old sister Carlise are both participants in the marshmallow task. Before the experimenter left, he tells them they must wait five minutes before they will be allowed to eat the marshmallow. Which is the most likely outcome?

A) Both children immediately eat their marshmallows.
B) Both children easily manage to wait the five minutes.
C) Shane and Carlise distract each other from eating the marshmallow.
D) Shane engages in a distraction coping strategy, while Carlise eats the marshmallow right away.
E) Shane and Carlise both get angry about having to wait for the marshmallow.

Question 7

Young children often have difficulty waiting for a reward such as a marshmallow because

A) they are neurologically more oriented to sweeter foods because of their resemblance to mothers' milk.
B) children's impulsive "hot" system in the brain tends to override the more rational "cool" system in the brain.
C) although the inhibitory system of the pre-frontal cortex has developed, children do not yet call on strategies of inhibition.
D) parents tend to not be too strict in controlling young children's eating behaviors compared to controlling older children.
E) young children lack the ability to understand the rules associated with delay-of-gratification tasks.

Question 8

Ainsley has difficulty tolerating new social situations and tends to react fearfully when asked to try something new. It is likely that Ainsley has a _______ temperament.

A) adversely motivated
B) overly regulated
C) under controlled
D) highly inhibited
E) well regulated

Question 9

Jose must learn 10 new vocabulary words before he is allowed to play with his new computer game. The extent to which Jose can focus on his studying and not be distracted by thinking of the new computer game would be an indication of his

A) effortful control.
B) intelligence.
C) emotional valence.
D) social skills.
E) attachment style.

Question 10

Gerald was excited to show his mom the ceramic cup he had painted that day in class, but when he opened his backpack, he discovered it had broken in half! His mother responded, "I know you are upset, but with a little glue, we can mend it and you will feel better." His mother's response would be an example of a(n)

A) optimistic strategy.
B) playful conversation.
C) emotional coaching.
D) false hope.
E) indifferent parenting.

Question 11

Research has shown that parents who consistently engage in emotion talk with their children have children that are more likely to demonstrate all the following except

A) being more aware of the connection between emotions and situations.
B) being better at understanding emotional content in story-telling.
C) having better social interactions with peers.
D) having lower externalizing problems in school.
E) experiencing more internalizing problems when attending school.

Question 12

Which would be an example of an internalizing problem in a young child?

A) Choosing to sit alone and color during a free period
B) Frequently getting out their seat to talk to classmates rather than focusing on work
C) Throwing a temper tantrums and grabbing things from others.
D) Sitting away from others during lunch and looking sad
E) Angrily confronting another child during recess and pushing the child to the ground

Question 13

Three-year-old Tina enjoys having pretend-play time with her older sister. 3-year-old Marcelle, on the other hand, does not have a sibling close in age and often plays by herself. Compared to Marcelle, Tina is more likely to

A) be less comfortable playing by herself.
B) be at higher risk for externalizing and internalizing problems.
C) show anxiety when left alone in a room.
D) develop an earlier understanding of false-belief.
E) engage in more aggressive behaviors with peers.

Question 14

Juan, a 4-year-old preschooler, is crying loudly because a classmate took away a favorite toy of his during recess. Which coping intervention would be most effective for Juan?

A) Hug Juan tightly and stay by his side during recess until he has calmed down.
B) Explain to Juan that while it is okay to cry when one is sad, it is also important to share with others.
C) Leave Juan alone because at his age it is important that he work out coping strategies himself.
D) Take the toy away from the classmate and give it back to Juan.
E) Explain to the classmate that his actions caused Juan to cry, and he should give the toy back.

Question 15

High quality early education has been shown to have the most significant impact on the emotional development of children who come from

A) low-income families.
B) middle-income families.
C) high-income families.
D) divorced families.
E) single-parent homes.

Question 16

Countries like China, that tend to emphasize cultural ideologies of collectivism, harmony, and modesty, are more likely than Western cultures to

A) socialize children to have a greater understanding of subtle emotional contexts.
B) struggle to socialize children from their culture.
C) are more likely to reflect intensely of their own mental states.
D) are more likely to talk about emotional states of self and other.
E) are less likely to display strong emotional expressions in social situations.

Question 17

In an experiment, Chinese- and American-born preschoolers are told they can earn tokens for prizes for each math problem they complete. The children are given a choice to either spend their tokens as they earn them for smaller prizes or save the tokens until the end to receive a bigger prize. Which is the most likely outcome of this experiment?

A) The children spend their tokens as they earn them to get as many prizes as possible.
B) The children don't care about spending tokens, only completing the math problems.
C) The Chinese children prove more likely to save their tokens for a single, bigger prize.
D) The American children prove more likely to save their tokens for a single, bigger prize.
E) All the children spend some tokens for small prizes, but save the rest for a bigger prize.

Question 18

A researcher watches from a one-way mirror as a young child, who had been separated from her mother for five minutes, is reunited. The researcher notes that the child seems to avoid eye contact with her mother and prefers to play alone. Based on these observations, the researcher might be likely to classify the child as

A) securely attached.
B) insecure-resistant.
C) insecure-disorganized.
D) insecure avoidant.
E) secure-confident.

Question 19

A trained observer watches a child engage in exploratory behavior at home and uses a set of descriptive cards to rate the child's overall attachment to her mother. Then, the mother uses the same set of cards to evaluate to her child's own attachment behavior. This type of attachment evaluation is known as the

A) Strange Situation Test.
B) Attachment Q-Sort.
C) Secure Attachment Inventory.
D) Proximity Seeking Questionnaire.
E) Home Attachment Test.

Question 20

Bert has been classified as possessing an insecure/disorganized attachment style. It is most probable that he

A) developed effective coping strategies to handle strange situations.
B) will grow out of this phase with time.
C) experienced a low-quality parent-child relationship with at least one caregiver.
D) possesses a shy temperament, making it hard to form new attachments.
E) has a younger sibling, increasing competition for caregiver attention.

Question 21

Research examining fathers' role in attachment development in young children have found that

A) sensitive parenting in fathers is associated with the development of secure attachment in children.
B) the father's parenting style is more strongly associated with child attachment than mothers, but only for girls.
C) the father's parenting style is more strongly associated with child attachment than mothers, but only for boys.
D) father's parenting style is less influential in determining attachment among girls compared to boys.
E) fathers who are low in sensitivity encourage the development of effective emotional coping in children.

Question 22

Terrell and Astrid are working together building a sandcastle at the beach. They take turns carrying the empty pail to gather sand and collect water and discuss how best to build their sandcastle. Later, Terrell shares his cookies with Astrid, and she gives him have half her sandwich. These children are engaging in

A) solitary play.
B) prosocial behaviors.
C) parallel play.
D) competitive play.
E) reciprocity norms.

Question 23

Brittany didn't want Alice joining in her favorite game of tag, so she told all her friends that Alice wasn't a good runner, and shouldn't be allowed in the group. Brittany's behavior would be a good example of

A) hostile aggression.
B) play-based aggression.
C) instrumental aggression.
D) gendered aggression.
E) relational aggression.

Question 24

Whenever Miguel gets angry with his little sister, he pushes her to the ground. In response, his father spanks him. Over time, Miguel's experience will likely lead him to

A) escalate his aggressive behavior.
B) eventually stop pushing his sister.
C) develop more cooperative behaviors.
D) isolate himself from his family members.
E) become more attached to his father.

Question 25

Which is true about the use of corporal punishment on young children?

A) Its effectiveness depends on the child also having a secure attachment with their parent.
B) It is most often used among ethnic minority groups.
C) Its efficacy in controlling unwanted behavior is higher in boys than girls.
D) It is associated with higher rates of antisocial behaviors and mental health problems.
E) The American Pediatric Association states that mild corporal punishment is beneficial.

Question 26

The causal connection between violent media and aggression remains unclear because

A) parents who allow their children to watch violent television do so under strict parental supervision.
B) there has not been enough research conducted on violent programming and aggression in children.
C) children who view violent media may already be prone to aggressive behavior.
D) the relationship between violent media and aggression is only apparent among boys, not girls.
E) high levels of aggression and violent media consumption only co-occur in low SES-households, limiting the populations that can be studied.

Question 27

In Henry's neighborhood, corporal punishment is an accepted, normative practice for controlling unwanted behavior. As a result, it is likely that Henry may do all the following except

A) reject the belief that physical violence is an acceptable practice.
B) make friends with children who share the same experiences as he does.
C) be more likely to engage in aggressive behaviors.
D) escalate his aggression towards others over time.
E) strengthen his positive attitudes towards corporal punishment over time.

Question 28

According to Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, gender identification in young children is ultimately resolved by

A) the child identifying as a boy or girl and seeking out experiences consistent with their gender.
B) consistent parental communication and guidance towards gender-appropriate behavior.
C) children learning to identify with their same-sex parent to reduce undesirable feelings.
D) learning to imitate the behaviors modeled by their peers to avoid social ridicule.
E) the school age years, when language abilities permit conversations about gender.

Question 29

Gina noticed her parents praise her whenever she plays with her new doll but look upset when she plays with her brother with trucks. According to the social learning theory perspective of gender development, Gina likely will

A) choose to play with trucks because that is what she prefers to do.
B) play with her doll because of her parents' praise.
C) encourage her brother to play with her doll, too so he can be praised as well.
D) consider both her parents' reactions and her own preferences when playing.
E) continue engaging in play both with her doll and truck.

Question 30

Gina's parents consistently encourage her to play with her new toy doll rather than playing with trucks with her brother. This would be an example of

A) authoritarian parenting.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) gendered parenting.
D) parental punishment.
E) sex-based interactions.

Question 31

Which would not be an example of a parental behavior that conveys gender stereotypes?

A) Mothers using strong emotion words to discuss a son's bravery during a scary experience
B) A father discussing an exciting moment at a baseball game with his daughter
C) Parents talking to their son about how excited he was to ride a roller coaster for the first time
D) A father sharing his experience working with his many competent male colleagues during dinner with his family
E) A mother telling her son how strong he was to be able to carry his bicycle across the creek

Question 32

Alice has been diagnosed with CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia), as she was exposed to higher-than-normal levels of androgens in utero. As a child, Alice is likely to

A) be more likely to identify as a boy later in life.
B) prefer to socialize with boys, as opposed to girls.
C) engage in more masculine play based behavior.
D) be more likely to think of herself as a boy.
E) have difficulty conceiving a child as an adult.

Question 33

Nicholas told his mother that his friend Chang won the class math contest earlier that day. His mother responded, "well, Chinese people are good at math." This type of sentence is an example of

A) discrimination.
B) narrow thinking.
C) essentialism.
D) ethnocentrism.
E) racial stability.

Question 34

Although Yumi was born in America, her favorite memories are her parents taking her to the annual Asian Festival and making delicious Japanese delicacies during traditional holidays while her grandparents share exciting stories about their lives in Japan. According to Diane Hughes, these experiences would be an example of

A) cultural socialization.
B) implicit bias.
C) egalitarianism.
D) promotion of mistrust.
E) ethnocentric.

Question 35

Kevin and his sister Molly were eating popsicles on their front porch. Kevin ate his quicker than Molly did and, deciding he wanted more, grabbed hers and ate it as well. Freud would say that Kevin's behavior was largely driven by his

A) biases.
B) super ego.
C) ego.
D) id.
E) anger.

Question 36

Piaget's research into the moral development of young children led him to conclude that a major distinction between younger and older children's understanding of moral behavior was that

A) older children focused more on outcomes when judging the severity of a transgression.
B) older children, compared to younger, focused on intention behind a transgression.
C) older children more often endorsed harsh punishments compared to younger children.
D) younger children favored stricter punishments more than did older children.
E) younger children were more likely to consider intentions when judging a transgression.

Question 37

After being read the story of the Heinz Dilemma, Karen was asked whether Heinz was right in breaking into the pharmacists' store to steal the drug for his wife. Karen responded, "Yes, Heinz should have stolen the drug, because it is the role of the husband to protect and save his wife." Karen's response best reflects a _______ of moral reasoning

A) conventional level
B) preconceptual level
C) post-conventional level
D) constructive level
E) pre-conventional level

Question 38

Which statement best describes the connection between moral reasoning and theory of mind?

A) Children cannot develop any form of moral reasoning until they are also able to consistently pass theory of mind related tasks.
B) Moral reasoning skills are essential to the development of theory of mind abilities.
C) The age at which children display moral reasoning skills has little association to their performance on false belief tasks.
D) Theory of mind skills relate to a child's ability to correctly reason about their own, but not others' moral actions.
E) Children who pass false belief tasks are more likely to consider a transgressor's beliefs and intentions about a situation when judging wrongdoing.

Question 39

Isolde was given a batch of her mothers' delicious chocolate chip cookies to bring to school. Upon opening the box, Isolde discovered that some of the cookies were bigger than others. Based on the findings from resource allocation studies, we would expect Isolde to

A) distribute the cookies equally across everyone in the class.
B) give bigger cookies to friends and smaller ones to nonfriends.
C) give only the smaller cookies to other children.
D) share the cookies only with children she did not know.
E) let the children choose which cookie they wanted.

Question 40

Which best describes the role sibling relationships play in moral development?

A) Older children are able to learn more effective moral reasoning skills by imitating the behaviors of their younger siblings.
B) Younger children can mimic effective moral reasoning by copying the behaviors of their older siblings.
C) Younger children who are nurtured and mentored by their older siblings tend to show more empathy towards others.
D) Sibling relationships are often contexts for moral strife and coercion, increasing the risk for unwanted, aggressive behaviors.
E) Older children are more likely to show a decline in moral functioning following the birth of a sibling.

Question 41

Eva, a young girl from Peru, and Charles, a young boy from the United States, are both asked to share a handful of highly coveted play tokens with a child they did not know. Which would best capture the role of cultural orientation in determining resource allocation behaviors?

A) Eva would be more likely to share her tokens equally compared to Charles.
B) Charles would be more likely to share his tokens equally than Eva.
C) Eva would only be more likely to share than Charles if she came from a middle-class family.
D) Charles would be more likely to share than Eva, but only if he was from an upper-class family.
E) Regardless of cultural orientation, Eva and Charles would share the tokens equally.

Question 42

Which would best illustrate the concept of hostile attribution bias?

A) Henry initially thought his brother Mike broke his toy plane to get back at him for winning at the arcades, but then decided it was an accident.
B) Betty purposefully positions herself so that she can trip up boys at school she secretly likes, thinking her aggressive behavior will make her seem more likable.
C) Nancy is convinced Greta used up the teal crayon just to make her mad, ignoring the fact that Greta's picture was of a teal-colored elephant.
D) Vincent is very focused on building his toy train set and tends to react with hostility to whomever approaches and tries to talk to him.
E) Muave doesn't like Rachel, so she purposefully created a set of hurtful rumors about Rachel so no one would want to be friends with her.

Question 43

Explain how researchers can use emotional vignettes to test a child's understanding of how situations can elicit emotions in people.

Question 44

Explain how a child's temperament can at least partially influence their ability to engage in effortful control behaviors.

Question 45

When Randy gets upset, his father typically sits down and talks to him about his feelings and what made him feel that way. Brandon's father, on the other hand, typically ignores him when he is upset or gets angry or tells him that he needs to control himself better. How could these differences in parenting styles impact each child's emotional development?

Question 46

Explain how efforts to minimize emotional expression, typically seen in collectivistic cultures such as China, can both aid and inhibit emotional development in young children, compared to children raised in predominately individualistic cultures.

Question 47

Explain how the Preschool Attachment Classification System (PACS) represents an improvement to the classic Ainsworth's Strange Situation Test.

Question 48

Explain why the use of corporal punishment is less likely to reduce unwanted behaviors in children.

Question 49

Explain how the cognitive developmental view of gender development addresses some major limitations posed by the social learning view.

Question 50

Describe the impact discussions of Black heritage have on Black children's emotional and social development.

Question 51

Explain how Kohlberg's theory of moral development both supports and extends Piaget's earlier theory about how moral development occurs in children.

Question 52

Explain why young children's moral reasoning skills break down when the situation involves equitable treatment between friends and non-friends.

Question 53

Explain the role that attachment in early childhood can have on emotion regulation in children.