Deck 6: Concepts of Justice

Question 1

Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg studied how individuals make decisions about moral dilemmas. His theory:

A) Found that individuals progress through various stages of moral reasoning during their lifetimes
B) Found that spirituality is the major component
C) Found that people do not concern themselves with moral dilemmas
D) Found that people strive for an unachievable justice

Answer 1

A

Question 2

British philosopher John Stuart Mill observed that the ability to engage in informed discussions of complex issues is necessary in order for:

A) People to identify the correct definition of justice
B) Society to make decisions based on the most current ideas and philosophies
C) The laws of society to be obeyed
D) All of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In procedural justice, the proper procedures are laid down by:

A) The Constitution
B) The Bill of Rights
C) Court decisions and legal codes
D) All of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Discrimination, in society or in the criminal justice system, based on race, gender, social class, sexual orientation, or other factors is a violation of:

A) Procedural justice
B) Social justice
C) Individual justice
D) Restorative justice

Question 5

When a robbery occurs, the victim suffers financial losses,the fabric of the community is harmed becauseresidents might subsequently fear or distrust others, leading to a decline in social interactions, and the offender is harmed by separation from the rest of the community. This is the perspective of crime taken by:

A) Procedural justice
B) Social justice
C) Individual justice
D) Restorative justice

Question 6

Restorative justice may be understood as an opportunity for the parties to a crime to:

A) Seek revenge
B) Seek justice
C) Heal
D) All of the above

Question 7

The methods of restorative justice may include:

A) An apology
B) Mediation
C) Sentencing circles
D) All of the above

Question 8

An offender and his or her family, the victim and his or her family, and community members come together, each sharing his or her perspective. This enables the offender to understand the harms that resulted from the offense and to take accountability for them by accepting a sentence formulated in the group's discussions. This is an example of:

A) Sentencing circles
B) Mediation
C) An apology
D) All of the above

Question 9

Someone who believes, "how can society be more like my preferred ideology, which will then lead to justice?" subscribes to:

A) Procedural justice
B) Social justice
C) Individual justice
D) Ideological justice

Question 10

Someone who would argue that the state should not restrict obscene material, require seat belt usage, criminalize drug possession, or levy more than the most minimal of taxes, could be classified as:

A) A conservative
B) A libertarian
C) A socialist
D) An extremist

Question 11

The model of government which supports the belief that economic inequality and social class distinctions should be eliminated is:

A) Democratic socialism
B) Libertarian
C) Extremist
D) Procedural justice

Question 12

The common theme of ideological justice is:

A) The ideology is determined by criminals
B) The ideology of society should determine the laws
C) The ideology to which one subscribes defines one's perception of justice
D) The ideology is the same for every person

Question 13

This type of justice emphasizes dialogue about how justice ought to be conceived.

A) Procedural justice
B) Discourse perspective justice
C) Individual justice
D) Ideological justice

Question 14

Postmodernism:

A) Emphasizes dialogue about how justice ought to be conceived
B) Holds there are many distinct and equally valid realities created by people from a variety of cultures
C) Is an invalid means of assessing the world in its full reality
D) Argues that active government is necessary to promote a free and just world for all citizens.Financial stability

Question 15

When a person convicted of a crime is excused from legal consequences, this is referred to as:

A) In-Social justice
B) Procedural justice
C) Exoneration
D) Ideological justice

Question 16

What is a world where individuals receive what they deserve?

A) United States of America
B) Unrealistic
C) Charma
D) Just world

Question 17

From a sociological perspective:

A) The quest for justice has a tremendous impact on society because no single definition of justice exists
B) The government should more accurately define justice to help society form more meaningful laws
C) Justice is an idea that cannot be defined in a substantive way and therefore it should not be pursued
D) Is sufficient for any free society to govern its people

Question 18

The kind of criminal justice system we prefer is shaped by:

A) Understandings of what justice is or what justice is not
B) Procedural justice
C) Our understanding of freedom and liberty
D) Our application of law

Question 19

One important implication for a postmodernist is that:

A) There is a particular vision of truth and harmony
B) It has guidelines for judging whether an action is just
C) There simply cannot be a single definition of what is just or unjust
D) None of the above

Question 20

Goal(s) of postmodern justice include(s):

A) To help understand why different persons and different groups have different definitions of justice, by exploring their narratives.
B) To help resolve conflicts that emerge based on differing views of justice
C) To see that all persons agree on what is just
D) Both A and B

Question 21

While two witnesses to the same criminal event might report seeing very different things, each swears that his or her testimony is "how it really happened." From the perspective of postmodern justice:

A) One of the witnesses is lying
B) Neither witness is lying.What the witnesses believe they saw becomes the reality to them
C) Both witnesses are lying
D) We will never know what really happened

Question 22

In relation to witnesses, it is the job of the criminal justice professional to:

A) Figure out how to resolve the accounts in a way that represents the truth
B) Determine which witness is lying and arrest him or her
C) Determine which witness is telling the entire truth
D) None of the above

Question 23

Distributive justice, defined as addressing "what people are due," has several implications. One of these implications is:

A) The question of who is due what
B) Determining what, precisely, the individuals are due
C) Determining what procedures should be followed when implementing the law
D) Both A and B

Question 24

In utilitarian justice, one must simply ask the question:

A) What produces the greatest good for the most people?
B) What would justice be?
C) Who determines justice?
D) What preserves the individual's justice?

Question 25

When using cost-benefit analysis to arrive at an answer, what is the first step?

A) To identify the benefits of an action, and then to add up their value
B) To identify the costs of an action, and then to add up their value
C) To compare the value of the costs to the value of the benefits
D) To identify the principles of justice involved

Question 26

When using cost-benefit analysis to arrive at an answer, what is the second step?

A) To identify the benefits of an action, and then to add up their value
B) To identify the costs of an action, and then to add up their value
C) To compare the value of the costs to the value of the benefits
D) To identify the principles of justice involved

Question 27

When using cost-benefit analysis to arrive at an answer, what is the final step?

A) To identify the benefits of an action, and then to add up their value
B) To identify the costs of an action, and then to add up their value
C) To compare the value of the costs to the value of the benefits
D) To identify the principles of justice involved

Question 28

In utilitarian justice, an action is considered just if:

A) The costs are greater than the benefits
B) The benefits and cost are equal
C) The benefits are greater than the costs
D) None of the above

Question 29

Assume that the value of a reductionrobberies, accomplished by adding extra prison time for offenders, would be approximately $300 million, whereas the cost of the added prison time would be approximately $336 million. From a utilitarian perspective, adding the extra prison time would be:

A) An unjust outcome
B) A just outcome
C) Neither an unjust or a just outcome
D) Not necessary to reduce crime

Question 30

Hart and Devlin attempted to identify what they believed would produce "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." What did they determine?

A) Devlin determined that the enforcement of morality produced the greatest happiness by protecting society
B) Hart determined that maximizing freedom produced the greatest happiness by allowing individuals to pursue their preferred (non-criminal) behaviors
C) Devlin and Hart both determined that the criminal justice system currently makes the greatest number of people happy
D) Both A and B

Question 31

Research has found that the Guardian Angels group has:

A) Reduced fear of crime
B) Reduced the frequency of some crimes
C) Provided role models for at-risk youth
D) All of the above

Question 32

Rawls might argue that indigent defendants in felony cases shouldbe provided with legal representation, even if they cannot afford it. Rawls would reach this conclusion based on:

A) Cost-benefit analysis
B) Principles based on original position and the veil of ignorance
C) Ideological justice
D) Commutative justice

Question 33

So long as there is a written code of laws and policies, a police agency that enforces them, a court system that judges them, and a correctional system that punishes violators, the system is assumed to work. This statement describes which model of criminal justice?

A) Mechanical model
B) Authoritarian model
C) Compassionate model
D) Participatory model

Question 34

Desired outcomes are those identified by persons or agencies with authority, and the measure of success is whether those outcomes are achieved. If the outcomes are achieved, then justice has been, as well.This statement describes which model of criminal justice?

A) Mechanical model
B) Authoritarian model
C) Compassionate model
D) Participatory model

Question 35

If the desired outcome of the law isthe elimination of illegal drugs, it should be accomplished by any means possible whether or not it respects the rights of the offender or other individuals. This statement describes which model of criminal justice?

A) Mechanical model
B) Authoritarian model
C) Compassionate model
D) Participatory model

Question 36

This model emphasizes the importance of preventing crime and the importance of rehabilitation. This statement describes which model of criminal justice?

A) Mechanical model
B) Authoritarian model
C) Compassionate model
D) Participatory model

Question 37

In the authoritarian model, persons who argue against strict enforcement or for changes in the law are viewed as:

A) Suspect persons themselves, for daring to question the conventional values established by those in authority
B) Forerunners in thought for having new ideas
C) Novel thinkers for their new ideas
D) None of the above

Question 38

The success of thismodel is measured by the harmony between society and the individuals within it, as they work together to promote justice. This statement describes which model of criminal justice?

A) Mechanical model
B) Authoritarian model
C) Compassionate model
D) Participatory model

Question 39

John Rawls argued:

A) Justice was too obscure to be pursued
B) All persons should have equal access to the same basic rights
C) Only those with an education could expect to be treated fairly by the criminal justice system
D) Justice should be individually defined

Question 40

Who said society must provide equality of opportunity for everyone in society?

A) Karl Marx
B) John Rawls
C) Abraham Lincoln
D) Howard Zehr

Question 41

Ultimately, the criminal justice system is charged with distributing justice throughout society.

Question 42

Kohlberg's work suggests that a focus on justice is the highest point in the development of moral reasoning.

Question 43

Injustices may be recognized by a variety of creatures.

Question 44

Criminal justice professionals have the responsibility, and even the obligation, to understand what justice means and how it informs the workings of the criminal justice system.

Question 45

Justice is a concept so highly valued that societies are willing to engage in life-and-death struggles about it.

Question 46

The decisions we make about criminal justice do not reflect our ideas about justice.

Question 47

To social justice theorists, the pursuit of justice is the pursuit of equality.

Question 48

Restorative justice holds that, when a crime occurs, it causes harm to the victim only.

Question 49

The goal of restorative justice is to take actions to restore the victim, the offender, and society to the desirable conditions that existed before the offense occurred.

Question 50

In ideological justice, the ideology comes first, as a collection of beliefs that are assumed to produce justice as a result.

Question 51

A socialist views any intervention of the law into private property or private rights as unjust.

Question 52

The socialist would argue that an active government is required to promote justice.

Question 53

The kind of criminal justice system we prefer is one that is shaped by our understanding of what is just and what is not.

Question 54

A world where individuals receive what they deserve is a just world.

Question 55

The quest for justice has virtually no impact on society.

Question 56

Exoneration is when a convicted person is relieved of the consequences on their criminal acts..

Question 57

The postmodernist believes that different people create their own narratives of what is real, and, furthermore, if they believe that it is real, then it indeed becomes real to them.

Question 58

For a postmodernist, there is a single definition of what is just or unjust.

Question 59

Arrigo suggests that one goal of postmodern justice is to help understand why different persons and different groups have different definitions of justice, by exploring their narratives.

Question 60

In many ways, postmodern justice reflects the reality of what criminal justice professionals must deal with on a daily basis.

Question 61

Postmodern justice would hold that, when two witnesses give different reports, what has happened is that the actual reality becomes unimportant, because what the witnesses believe they saw becomes the reality to them.

Question 62

Commutative justice states that if a good or service has a price that is proportional to its value, and if a punishment is in proportion with an offender's crime, then justice has been achieved.

Question 63

Commutative justice has its roots in British philosopher Jeremy Bentham's 1776 work.

Question 64

It is not possible to measure utilitarian justice in a purely mathematical fashion.

Question 65

A technique called cost-benefit analysis, derived from economics, is often used to arrive at an answer to the question, "What produces the greatest good for most people?"

Question 66

It is possible to conceptualize utilitarian justice as a metaphor, instead of adding up actual numbers.

Question 67

Hart and Devlin attempted to examine the costs and benefits of regulating morality, and then each reached his own conclusion about whether it was just to do so.

Question 68

For Hart, enforcement of morality produced the greatest happiness by protecting society.

Question 69

For Devlin, maximizing freedom produced the greatest happiness by allowing individuals to pursue their preferred (non-criminal) behaviors.

Question 70

Individuals generally engage in vigilante justice when members of the community agree that it is necessary to do so in order to protect persons or property.

Question 71

The Guardian Angels use legal means to accomplish their goals.

Question 72

All criminal acts are viewed as crimes against the state, which the state then has the sole responsibility for prosecuting and punishing.

Question 73

Rawls believed that, while in an original position, individuals would agree on principles that are fundamentally fair, because they are unable to act in a manner of self-interest that would be fair to some, but not to others.

Question 74

According to Rawls, once individuals are given a fair opportunity, their actual success will vary based on their individual choices, aptitudes, and talents.

Question 75

Rawls then argued that fairness is achieved when society provides the same set of rights and liberties to all persons and when society allows persons an equal opportunity to succeed.

Question 76

Rawls's theory has too many critics, making it unable to stand as one of the more important perspectives on contemporary justice.

Question 77

Rather than specifically considering anyone's needs, be they societal or individual, the mechanical model holds that society is static and unchanging - almost as though it could be permanently captured in a snapshot.

Question 78

In the authoritarian model, outcomes are more important than process.

Question 79

The compassionate model prescribes that in the course of punishment criminal justice professionals should identify and correct the underlying issues that led offenders to commit crime in the first place, thereby lowering the risk for repeat offending.

Question 80

The participatory model achieves distributive justice through collaboration.