Deck 2: An Introduction to Body Systems and Psychological Influences on Health

Question 1

Charles Darwin proposed that ________ are a product of evolution that increased the chance of survival.

A) genes
B) chromosomes
C) emotional reactions
D) immune responses

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Simultaneous contraction of the right and left ventricles of the heart sends blood out to the lungs (right ventricle) and the rest of the body (left ventricle) via the ________.

A) veins
B) atria
C) capillaries
D) aorta

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Myocardial infarctions are the result of the process of ________.

A) oxygenation
B) angina
C) fibrillation
D) atherosclerosis

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Angina refers to pain or tightness in the ________.

A) abdomen
B) lungs
C) chest or stomach
D) chest or shoulder

Question 5

The digestive process is controlled both locally and by ________.

A) the liver
B) the brain
C) the stomach
D) the small intestine

Question 6

The brain can speed or slow respiration by controlling the stimulation of the ________.

A) larynx
B) lungs
C) trachea
D) diaphragm

Question 7

The renal system does not ________.

A) regulate blood pressure
B) regulate the immune system
C) remove waste products
D) control the retention and excretion of electrolytes

Question 8

The primary components of the immune system are ________.

A) hormones
B) enzymes
C) individual cells
D) neurotransmitters

Question 9

________ is a classic sign of infection.

A) Bleeding
B) High blood pressure
C) Inflammation
D) Fainting

Question 10

Inflammation is promoted by ________, which is/are secreted by certain cells of the immune system.

A) acetylcholine
B) norepinephrine
C) cytokines and histamine
D) leukocytes

Question 11

Natural immunity protects against ________ threats only.

A) novel
B) common
C) mild
D) extreme

Question 12

B-lymphocytes produce and secrete ________.

A) antibodies
B) toxins
C) cytokines
D) viruses

Question 13

The baroreflex ________.

A) raises blood pressure when less blood is flowing to the brain
B) monitors the presence of glucose in the blood supplying the brain
C) controls renal function to eliminate toxic substances that may affect the brain
D) raises blood pressure when more blood is flowing to the brain

Question 14

The endocrine system does not ________.

A) release hormones
B) complement and extend peripheral nervous system activity
C) remove waste products from the blood
D) influence body function

Question 15

Release of hormones from the central portion of the adrenal gland is controlled by the ________.

A) sympathetic nervous system
B) pituitary gland
C) kidney
D) parasympathetic nervous system

Question 16

Physiologist Walter Cannon identified the broad pattern of response to threat that he called ________ response pattern.

A) the up-and-down
B) the take-no-prisoners
C) the fight-or-flight
D) the head-and-heart

Question 17

Sympathetic nervous system activity ________.

A) stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the gastrointestinal system
B) stimulates the bronchioles of the lungs
C) increases heart rate
D) constricts blood vessels supplying large muscles in the arms and legs

Question 18

Gastrointestinal ulcers have not been linked to ________.

A) bacterial infections
B) viral infections
C) chronic stress
D) depression

Question 19

Vasovagal reactions are thought to occur as a consequence of ________.

A) actual blood loss
B) anticipated blood loss
C) cultural influences
D) non-diagnosed illness

Question 20

Compared to a vasovagal reaction, hypertension is ________.

A) defined by high blood pressure
B) acute
C) characterized by a "dip" in pressure during sleep
D) related to uncontrollable stress

Question 21

Using rats, Selye (1956) observed that removal of the ________ prevented stress-induced ulcers.

A) adrenal glands
B) spleen
C) thyroid gland
D) parathyroid glands

Question 22

Anderson and colleagues found that women with breast cancer who participated in ________ after surgery were significantly less likely to experience a recurrence.

A) hypnosis
B) experimental drug studies
C) stress reduction groups
D) experimental surgical treatment

Question 23

Briefly explain how the expression of emotion can generally increase the chance of survival but also, in certain cases, produce the opposite result.

Question 24

Briefly discuss why the activation of the immune system, which is designed to protect the body, can actually lead to illness.

Question 25

Explain why the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is important in health psychology.

Question 26

Describe the effect of life stress on immune function.

Question 27

Explain why the work of Hans Selye was popular in his time and why it is still relevant today.

Question 28

Explain why the emotional anticipation of an important event that may never occur can be useful for evolution but harmful in modern life.

Question 29

Explain why it is incorrect to declare the ulcer problem "solved" despite Marshall and Warren's discovery of the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacterium.

Question 30

Briefly outline and discuss two examples that demonstrate that the central nervous system controls the digestive process.

Question 31

List a common cause of chronic stress in modern life and explain how this may affect the autonomic and the endocrine systems, leading to certain illnesses.

Question 32

Compare and contrast the responses of the central nervous system and the immune system when defending the body against an outside threat.

Question 33

Discuss the role of the hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that is most profoundly involved in stress response.

Question 34

Discuss the evidence linking chronic stress to gastric ulcers as well as the evidence against this connection.

Question 35

Outline the likely process linking chronic stress, hypertension, endothelial damage, and vascular inflammation to coronary vascular obstruction and, eventually, cardiac ischemia.

Question 36

Using specific examples compare and contrast the effects of (1) damage to the somatic nervous system and (2) disruption of the autonomic nervous system.